The Nobel Prizes are five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's will of 1895, are awarded to "those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind." In 1968, a sixth prize, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, was established.
Hungarians have won 15 Nobel Prizes since 1905. 8 were born in Budapest.Following is a complete list of the Nobel laureates of Hungary, as recognised by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. [1] [2] However, if persons born as Hungarian citizens are included, then the number rises to 22 in the scientific field. [3]
Hungarians have received Nobel Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Economics – in all fields except Peace.
Year | Winner | Field | Contribution |
---|---|---|---|
1905 | Philipp Lenard | Physics | "for his work on cathode rays" |
1914 | Robert Bárány | Physiology or Medicine | "for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus" |
1925 | Richard Adolf Zsigmondy | Chemistry | "for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry" |
1937 | Albert Szent-Györgyi | Physiology or Medicine | "for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to Vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid" |
1943 | George de Hevesy | Chemistry | "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes" |
1961 | Georg von Békésy | Physiology or Medicine | "for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea" |
1963 | Eugene Wigner | Physics | "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles" |
1971 | Dennis Gabor | Physics | "for his invention and development of the holographic method" |
1986 | John Polanyi | Chemistry | "for his contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes" |
1994 | George Andrew Olah | Chemistry | "for his contribution to carbocation chemistry" |
1994 | John Harsanyi | Economics | "for pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games" |
2002 | Imre Kertész | Literature | "for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history" |
2004 | Avram Hershko (Hungarian spelling: Herskó) | Chemistry | |
2023 | Katalin Karikó | Physiology or Medicine | "for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19" [4] |
2023 | Ferenc Krausz | Physics | "for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter" [5] |
Year(s) | Nominee | Field | Nominated by |
---|---|---|---|
1911, 1914, 1917 | Loránd Eötvös [19] | Physics | Izidor Fröhlich , Radó von Kövesligethy, Jenő Klupathy , Philipp Lenard |
1901 | Vilmos Schulek [20] | Physiology or Medicine | Lajos Thanhoffer , Antal Genersich |
1901 | Endre Hőgyes [21] | Physiology or Medicine | Frigyes Korányi, Antal Genersich |
1901 | Josef von Fodor [22] | Physiology or Medicine | Endre Hőgyes , Antal Genersich |
1901, 1931, 1937 | Sándor Korányi [23] | Physiology or Medicine | Ottó Pertik , Pál Hári , Louis Nékám, Emil Grósz , Zoltán Vámossy , József Frigyesi , István Tóth , Géza Illyés , László Kétly , Tibor Verebélÿ , Philipp Schwartz, Lajos Ádám |
1904 | István Apáthy [24] | Physiology or Medicine | Willem Rommelaere |
1928, 1940 | Géza Mansfeld [25] | Physiology or Medicine | László Rhorer , István Rusznyák |
1943 | Ladislas J. Meduna [26] | Physiology or Medicine | Jakob Klaesi |
1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953 | Hans Selye [27] | Physiology or Medicine | ... |
1950 | Miklós Jancsó [28] | Physiology or Medicine | József Frigyesi , Béla Issekutz , Sándor Mozsonyi |
1901, 1902 | Ferenc Kemény [29] | Literature | Imre Pauer , Gusztáv Heinrich |
1925, 1926, 1927 | Ferenc Herczeg [30] | Literature | Members of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences |
1935 | Dezső Szabó [31] | Literature | Björn Collinder |
1936, 1937 | Cécile Tormay [32] | Literature | János Hankiss , Károly Pap , János Horváth , Jenő Pintér , Fredrik Böök |
1965, 1966 | Gyula Illyés [33] | Literature | John Lotz |
1965-1970 | George Popják [34] | Chemistry | |
1967 | György Lukács [35] | Literature | Erik Lindegren |
1969, 1970 | László Mécs [36] | Literature | Watson Kirkconnell |
1970, 1971 | Sándor Weöres [37] | Literature | Áron Kibédi Varga |
1911, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1932 | Albert Apponyi [38] | Peace | 19 Professors of Law, Members of the Faculty of Law at the University of Pécs, Members of the Faculty of History and Philosophy at the University of Szeged, Members of the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Pécs, Members of the Faculty of Law at the University of Debrecen (József Tisza ), The Hungarian Inter-Parliamentary Group (Albert Berzeviczy), The professors at the Faculty of Law at the Elisabeth University of Pécs, 3 professors at the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Pécs, Professors at the Faculty of History and Philosophy at the University of Szeged |
8.Budapest 4. New York 3.Vienna
[ citation needed ]
Catholic | Protestant[ clarification needed ] | Jewish | Lutheran | Reformed |
---|---|---|---|---|
(father converted from ref. to r.c)
|
Gajdusek (hungarian mother reformed)
| #Bárány #Fried #Friedman #Wiesel #Furchgott #Politzer #Kertész#Herskó #Glück |
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Eliezer "Elie" Wiesel was a Romanian-born American writer, professor, political activist, Nobel laureate, and Holocaust survivor. He authored 57 books, written mostly in French and English, including Night, a work based on his experiences as a Jewish prisoner in the Auschwitz and Buchenwald concentration camps.
The Nobel Prizes are five separate prizes awarded to "those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind," as established by the 1895 will of Swedish chemist, engineer, and industrialist Alfred Nobel, in the year before he died. Prizes were first awarded in 1901 by the Nobel Foundation. Nobel's will indicated that the awards should be granted in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace. A sixth prize for Economic Sciences, endowed by Sweden's central bank, Sveriges Riksbank, and first presented in 1969, is also frequently included, as it is also administered by the Nobel Foundation. The Nobel Prizes are widely regarded as the most prestigious awards available in their respective fields.
Imre Kertész was a Hungarian author and recipient of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Literature, "for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history". He was the first Hungarian to win the Nobel in Literature. His works deal with themes of the Holocaust, dictatorship, and personal freedom.
Alfred Hermann Fried was an Austrian Jewish pacifist, publicist, journalist, co-founder of the German peace movement, and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1911. Fried was also a supporter of Esperanto. He is the author of an Esperanto textbook and an Esperanto-German and German-Esperanto dictionary, first published in 1903 and republished in 1905.
George Charles de Hevesy was a Hungarian radiochemist and Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureate, recognized in 1943 for his key role in the development of radioactive tracers to study chemical processes such as in the metabolism of animals. He also co-discovered the element hafnium.
Vladimir Prelog was a Croatian-Swiss organic chemist who received the 1975 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions. Prelog was born and grew up in Sarajevo. He lived and worked in Prague, Zagreb and Zürich during his lifetime.
Eötvös Loránd University is a Hungarian public research university based in Budapest. Founded in 1635, ELTE is one of the largest and most prestigious public higher education institutions in Hungary. The 28,000 students at ELTE are organized into nine faculties, and into research institutes located throughout Budapest and on the scenic banks of the Danube. ELTE is affiliated with 5 Nobel laureates, as well as winners of the Wolf Prize, Fulkerson Prize and Abel Prize, the latest of which was Abel Prize winner László Lovász in 2021.
Walter Kohn was an Austrian-American theoretical physicist and theoretical chemist. He was awarded, with John Pople, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1998. The award recognized their contributions to the understandings of the electronic properties of materials. In particular, Kohn played the leading role in the development of density functional theory, which made it possible to calculate quantum mechanical electronic structure by equations involving the electronic density. This computational simplification led to more accurate calculations on complex systems as well as many new insights, and it has become an essential tool for materials science, condensed-phase physics, and the chemical physics of atoms and molecules.
Jerome Isaac Friedman is an American physicist. He is institute professor and professor of physics, emeritus, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He won the 1990 Nobel Prize in Physics along with Henry Kendall and Richard Taylor, "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics.", work which showed an internal structure for protons later known to be quarks. Friedman sits on the board of sponsors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.
Avram Hershko is a Hungarian-Israeli biochemist who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2004.
Dan Shechtman is the Philip Tobias Professor of Materials Science at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, an Associate of the US Department of Energy's Ames National Laboratory, and Professor of Materials Science at Iowa State University. On April 8, 1982, while on sabbatical at the U.S. National Bureau of Standards in Washington, D.C., Shechtman discovered the icosahedral phase, which opened the new field of quasiperiodic crystals.
Ferenc Krausz is an Austrian-Hungarian physicist working in attosecond science. He is a director at the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics and a professor of experimental physics at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in Germany. His research team has generated and measured the first attosecond light pulse and used it for capturing electrons' motion inside atoms, marking the birth of attophysics. In 2023, jointly with Pierre Agostini and Anne L'Huillier, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation, and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by the Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
Hugh David Politzer is an American theoretical physicist and the Richard Chace Tolman Professor of Theoretical Physics at the California Institute of Technology. He shared the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics with David Gross and Frank Wilczek for their discovery of asymptotic freedom in quantum chromodynamics.
Science and technology is one of Hungary's most developed sectors. The country spent 1.4% of its gross domestic product (GDP) on civil research and development in 2015, which is the 25th-highest ratio in the world. Hungary ranks 32nd among the most innovative countries in the Bloomberg Innovation Index, standing before Hong Kong, Iceland or Malta. Hungary was ranked 35th in the Global Innovation Index in 2023.
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