List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry

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The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Bernhard Nobel. AlfredNobel adjusted.jpg
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Bernhard Nobel.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Swedish : Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, who died in 1896. These prizes are awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. [1] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. [2] The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, of the Netherlands. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years. [3] In 1901, van 't Hoff received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. [4]

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At least 25 laureates have received the Nobel Prize for contributions in the field of organic chemistry, more than any other field of chemistry. [5] Two Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry, Germans Richard Kuhn (1938) and Adolf Butenandt (1939), were not allowed by their government to accept the prize. They would later receive a medal and diploma, but not the money. Frederick Sanger is one out of three laureates to be awarded the Nobel Prize twice in the same subject, in 1958 and 1980. John Bardeen, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 and 1972, and Karl Barry Sharpless, who won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2001 and 2022, are the others. Two others have won Nobel Prizes twice, one in chemistry and one in another subject: Maria Skłodowska-Curie (physics in 1903, chemistry in 1911) and Linus Pauling (chemistry in 1954, peace in 1962). [6] As of 2022, the prize has been awarded to 189 individuals, including eight women (Maria Skłodowska-Curie being the first to be awarded in 1911). [7]

There have been eight years for which the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was not awarded (1916, 1917, 1919, 1924, 1933, 1940–42). There were also nine years for which the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was delayed for one year. The Prize was not awarded in 1914, as the Nobel Committee for Chemistry decided that none of that year's nominations met the necessary criteria, but was awarded to Theodore William Richards in 1915 and counted as the 1914 prize. [8] This precedent was followed for the 1918 prize awarded to Fritz Haber in 1919, [9] the 1920 prize awarded to Walther Nernst in 1921, [10] the 1921 prize awarded to Frederick Soddy in 1922, [11] the 1925 prize awarded to Richard Zsigmondy in 1926, [12] the 1927 prize awarded to Heinrich Otto Wieland in 1928, [13] the 1938 prize awarded to Richard Kuhn in 1939, [14] the 1943 prize awarded to George de Hevesy in 1944, [15] and the 1944 prize awarded to Otto Hahn in 1945. [16]

In 2020, Ioannidis et al. reported that half of the Nobel Prizes for science awarded between 1995 and 2017 were clustered in just a few disciplines within their broader fields. Atomic physics, particle physics, cell biology, and neuroscience dominated the two subjects outside chemistry, while molecular chemistry was the chief prize-winning discipline in its domain. Molecular chemists won 5.3% of all science Nobel Prizes during this period. [17]

Laureates

YearImageLaureate [A] Country [B] Rationale [C] Ref
1901 Vant Hoff.jpg Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff (1852–1911)Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands "[for his] discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions" [18]
1902 Hermann Emil Fischer c1895.jpg Hermann Emil Fischer (1852–1919)Flag of the German Empire.svg  Germany "[for] his work on sugar and purine syntheses" [19]
1903 Arrhenius2.jpg Svante August Arrhenius (1859–1927)Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden "[for] his electrolytic theory of dissociation" [20]
1904 William Ramsay.jpg Sir William Ramsay (1852–1916)Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom "[for his] discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system" [21]
1905 Adolf von Baeyer (1905).jpg Adolf von Baeyer (1835–1917)Flag of the German Empire.svg  Germany "[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds" [22]
1906 Henri Moissan.jpg Henri Moissan (1852–1907)Flag of France (1794-1815, 1830-1958).svg  France "[for his] investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace called after him" [23]
1907 Eduard Buchner (Nobel 1907).jpg Eduard Buchner (1860–1917)Flag of the German Empire.svg  Germany "for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation" [24]
1908 Ernest Rutherford (Nobel).jpg Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937)Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand
"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances" [25]
1909 Ostwald.jpg Wilhelm Ostwald (1853–1932)Flag of the German Empire.svg  Germany "[for] his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction" [26]
1910 Otto Wallach.jpg Otto Wallach (1847–1931)Flag of the German Empire.svg  Germany "[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds" [27]
1911 Marie Curie (Nobel-Chem).jpg Marie Curie, née Skłodowska (1867–1934)Flag of the Congress of Poland.svg Poland
(Flag of Russia.svg  Russian Empire)
Flag of France (1794-1815, 1830-1958).svg  France
"[for] the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element" [28]
1912 Victor Grignard.jpg Victor Grignard (1871–1935)Flag of France (1794-1815, 1830-1958).svg  France "for the discovery of the [...] Grignard reagent" [29]
Paul Sabatier.jpg Paul Sabatier (1854–1941)Flag of France (1794-1815, 1830-1958).svg  France "for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals" [29]
1913 Alfred Werner.jpg Alfred Werner (1866–1919)Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland "[for] his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules [...] especially in inorganic chemistry" [30]
1914 Theodore william richards.jpg Theodore William Richards (1868–1928)Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States "[for] his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements" [8]
1915 Richard Willstatter ETH-Bib PI 55-BO-0022.jpg Richard Martin Willstätter (1872–1942)Flag of the German Empire.svg  Germany "for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll" [31]
1916
1917
1918 Fritz Haber.png Fritz Haber (1868–1934)Flag of the German Empire.svg  Germany "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements" [9]
1919
1920 Walther Nernst.jpg Walther Hermann Nernst (1864–1941)Flag of Germany (3-2 aspect ratio).svg  Germany "[for] his work in thermochemistry" [10]
1921 Frederick Soddy.jpg Frederick Soddy (1877–1956)Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom "for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes" [11]
1922 Francis William Aston.jpg Francis William Aston (1877–1945)Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom "for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule" [32]
1923 Fritz Pregl.jpg Fritz Pregl (1869–1930)Flag of Austria.svg  Austria
Flag of Yugoslavia (1918-1943).svg  Kingdom of Yugoslavia
"for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances" [33]
1924
1925 Richard Adolf Zsigmondy.jpg Richard Adolf Zsigmondy (1865–1929)Flag of Germany (3-2 aspect ratio).svg  Germany
Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg  Hungary
"for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used" [12]
1926 The-svedberg-1.jpg The (Theodor) Svedberg (1884–1971)Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden "for his work on disperse systems" [34]
1927 Heinrich Wieland.jpg Heinrich Otto Wieland (1877–1957)Flag of Germany (3-2 aspect ratio).svg  Germany "for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances" [13]
1928 Windaus.jpg Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus (1876–1959)Flag of Germany (3-2 aspect ratio).svg  Germany "[for] his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins" [35]
1929 ArthurHarden.jpg Arthur Harden (1865–1940)Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom "for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes" [36]
Euler-chelpin.jpg Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin (1873–1964)Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden
Flag of Germany (3-2 aspect ratio).svg  Germany
1930 Hans Fischer (Nobel).jpg Hans Fischer (1881–1945)Flag of Germany (3-2 aspect ratio).svg  Germany "for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin" [37]
1931 Carl Bosch.jpg Carl Bosch (1874–1940)Flag of Germany (3-2 aspect ratio).svg  Germany "[for] their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods" [38]
Bergius.jpg Friedrich Bergius (1884–1949)Flag of Germany (3-2 aspect ratio).svg  Germany
1932 Langmuir.jpg Irving Langmuir (1881–1957)Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States "for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry" [39]
1933
1934 Urey.jpg Harold Clayton Urey (1893–1981)Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen" [40]
1935 Joliot-fred.jpg Frédéric Joliot (1900–1958)Flag of France (1794-1815, 1830-1958).svg  France "[for] their synthesis of new radioactive elements" [41]
Joliot-curie.jpg Irène Joliot-Curie (1897–1956)Flag of France (1794-1815, 1830-1958).svg  France
1936 Debye100.jpg Peter Debye (1884–1966)Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands "[for his work on] molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases" [42]
1937 Norman Haworth.jpg Walter Norman Haworth (1883–1950)Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom "for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C" [43]
Paul Karrer.jpg Paul Karrer (1889–1971)Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland "for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2"
1938 Richard Kuhn ETH-Bib Dia 248-065.jpg Richard Kuhn (1900–1967)Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg  Germany "for his work on carotenoids and vitamins" [14]
1939 A. Butenandt 07-1935.jpg Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt (1903–1995)Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg  Germany "for his work on sex hormones" [44]
Leopold Ruzicka ETH-Bib Portr 00239.jpg Leopold Ružička (1887–1976)Flag of Yugoslavia (1918-1943).svg  Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland
"for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes" [44]
1940
1941
1942
1943 George de Hevesy.jpg George de Hevesy (1885–1966)Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg  Hungary "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes" [15]
1944 Bundesarchiv Bild 183-46019-0001, Otto Hahn.jpg Otto Hahn (1879–1968)Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg  Germany "for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei" [16]
1945 Virtanen.jpg Artturi Ilmari Virtanen (1895–1973)Flag of Finland.svg  Finland "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method" [45]
1946 James Batcheller Sumner.jpg James Batcheller Sumner (1887–1955)Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized" [46]
John Howard Northrop.jpg John Howard Northrop (1891–1987)Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form" [46]
Wendell Meredith Stanley.jpg Wendell Meredith Stanley (1904–1971)Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States
1947 Robert Robinson organic chemist.jpg Sir Robert Robinson (1886–1975)Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom "for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids" [47]
1948 Arne Tiselius.jpg Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius (1902–1971)Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins" [48]
1949 William Giauque Nobel.jpg William Francis Giauque (1895–1982)Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures" [49]
1950 Otto Paul Hermann Diels.jpg Otto Paul Hermann Diels (1876–1954)Flag of Germany.svg  West Germany "for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis" [50]
Kurt Alder Nobel.jpg Kurt Alder (1902–1958)Flag of Germany.svg  West Germany
1951 Edwin McMillan Nobel.jpg Edwin Mattison McMillan (1907–1991)Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States "for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements" [51]
Glenn Seaborg 1964.jpg Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1912–1999)Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States
1952 Archer John Porter Martin Nobel.jpg Archer John Porter Martin (1910–2002)Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom "for their invention of partition chromatography" [52]
Richard Laurence Millington Synge.jpg Richard Laurence Millington Synge (1914–1994)Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
1953 Hermann Staudinger.jpg Hermann Staudinger (1881–1965)Flag of Germany.svg  West Germany "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry" [53]
1954 Linus Pauling 1962.jpg Linus Pauling (1901–1994)Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances" [54]
1955 Vincent du Vigneaud.jpg Vincent du Vigneaud (1901–1978)Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone" [55]
1956 Cyril Norman Hinshelwood Nobel.jpg Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood (1897–1967)Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom "for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions" [56]
Nikolay Semyonov Nobel.jpg Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov (1896–1986)Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union
1957 Alexander Todd Nobel.jpg Lord (Alexander R.) Todd (1907–1997)Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom "for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes" [57]
1958 Frederick Sanger2.jpg Frederick Sanger (1918–2013)Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin" [58]
1959 Heyrovsky Jaroslav crop.jpg Jaroslav Heyrovský (1890–1967)Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia "for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis" [59]
1960 No image.svg Willard Frank Libby (1908–1980)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science" [60]
1961 Melvin Calvin 1960s.jpg Melvin Calvin (1911–1997)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants" [61]
1962 Max Perutz.jpg Max Ferdinand Perutz (1914–2002)Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins" [62]
John Kendrew Nobel.jpg John Cowdery Kendrew (1917–1997)Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
1963 Karl Ziegler Nobel.jpg Karl Ziegler (1898–1973)Flag of Germany.svg  West Germany "for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers" [63]
Giulio Natta 1960s.jpg Giulio Natta (1903–1979)Flag of Italy.svg  Italy
1964 Dorothy Hodgkin Nobel.jpg Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910–1994)Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances" [64]
1965 Robert Woodward Nobel.jpg Robert Burns Woodward (1917–1979)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis" [65]
1966 Mulliken,Robert 1929 Chicago.jpg Robert S. Mulliken (1896–1986)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method" [66]
1967 Eigen,Manfred 1996 Gottingen.jpg Manfred Eigen (1927–2019)Flag of Germany.svg  West Germany "for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy" [67]
Ronald George Wreyford Norrish.jpg Ronald George Wreyford Norrish (1897–1978)Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
George Porter Nobel.jpg George Porter (1920–2002)Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
1968 Onsager 1968.jpg Lars Onsager (1903–1976)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway
"for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes" [68]
1969 No image.svg Derek H. R. Barton (1918–1998)Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom "for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry" [69]
Odd Hassel.jpg Odd Hassel (1897–1981)Flag of Norway.svg  Norway
1970 Luis Federico Leloir - young.jpg Luis F. Leloir (1906–1987)Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates" [70]
1971 Herzberg,Gerhard 1952 London.jpg Gerhard Herzberg (1904–1999)Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada
Flag of Germany.svg  West Germany
"for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals" [71]
1972 Christian B. Anfinsen, NIH portrait, 1969.jpg Christian B. Anfinsen (1916–1995)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation" [72]
No image.svg Stanford Moore (1913–1982)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule" [72]
No image.svg William H. Stein (1911–1980)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
1973 No image.svg Ernst Otto Fischer (1918–2007)Flag of Germany.svg  West Germany "for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds" [73]
Geoffrey Wilkinson (ca. 1976).jpg Geoffrey Wilkinson (1921–1996)Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
1974 Paul Flory 1973.jpg Paul J. Flory (1910–1985)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules" [74]
1975 John Cornforth 1975.jpg John Warcup Cornforth (1917–2013)Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions" [75]
Vladimir Prelog ETH-Bib Portr 00214.jpg Vladimir Prelog (1906–1998)Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg  Yugoslavia
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland
"for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions" [75]
1976 William n lipscomb jr.jpg William N. Lipscomb (1919–2011)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding" [76]
1977 Ilya Prigogine 1977c.jpg Ilya Prigogine (1917–2003)Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures" [77]
1978 36. Tagung 1986 Chemiker; Pressekonferenz Peter D. Mitchell - W134Nr.125218c - Willy Pragher (cropped).jpg Peter D. Mitchell (1920–1992)Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom "for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory" [78]
1979 No image.svg Herbert C. Brown (1912–2004)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis" [79]
No image.svg Georg Wittig (1897–1987)Flag of Germany.svg  West Germany
1980 Paul Berg in 1980.jpg Paul Berg (1926–2023)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA" [80]
WalterGilbert2.jpg Walter Gilbert (b. 1932)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids" [80]
Frederick Sanger2.jpg Frederick Sanger (1918–2013)Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
1981 Kenichi Fukui.jpg Kenichi Fukui (1918–1998)Flag of Japan (1870-1999).svg  Japan "for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions" [81]
Roald Hoffmann.jpg Roald Hoffmann (b. 1937)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland
1982 Aaron Klug 1979.jpg Aaron Klug (1926–2018)Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes" [82]
1983 Henry Taube - HD.3F.005 (11086397086).jpg Henry Taube (1915–2005)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes" [83]
1984 R. B. Merrifield.jpg Robert Bruce Merrifield (1921–2006)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix" [84]
1985 Herbert Hauptman - UB 2009.jpg Herbert A. Hauptman (1917–2011)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures" [85]
Jerome Karle, 2009.jpg Jerome Karle (1918–2013)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
1986 Herschbach cropped.JPG Dudley R. Herschbach (b. 1932)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes" [86]
Li Yuan Zhe Zi Zheng .jpg Yuan T. Lee (b. 1936)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Republic of China
John Polanyi.jpg John C. Polanyi (b. 1929)Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary
1987 No image.svg Donald J. Cram (1919–2001)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity" [87]
Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F088117-0003, Jean-Marie Lehn.jpg Jean-Marie Lehn (b. 1939)Flag of France.svg  France
No image.svg Charles J. Pedersen (1904–1989)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
1988 39. Tagung 1989 Chemiker; Pressekonferenz Johann Deisenhofer - W134Nr.126215c - Willy Pragher (cropped).jpg Johann Deisenhofer (b. 1943)Flag of Germany.svg  West Germany "for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre" [88]
Robert Huber.JPG Robert Huber (b. 1937)Flag of Germany.svg  West Germany
Michel, Hartmut (1948).jpg Hartmut Michel (b. 1948)Flag of Germany.svg  West Germany
1989 Sidney Altman crop.jpg Sidney Altman (1939–2022)Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada
Flag of the United States.svg  United States
"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA" [89]
Thomas r. cech.jpg Thomas Cech (b. 1947)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
1990 E.J.Coreyx240.jpg Elias James Corey (b. 1928)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis" [90]
1991 Richard R Ernst.jpg Richard R. Ernst (1933–2021)Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy" [91]
1992 Prof. Dr. Rudolph A. Marcus.jpg Rudolph A. Marcus (b. 1923)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada
"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems" [92]
1993 Kary Mullis.jpg Kary B. Mullis (1944–2019)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method" [93]
No image.svg Michael Smith (1932–2000)Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies" [93]
1994 Olah Gyorgy eloadasa 8299.jpg George A. Olah (1927–2017)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary
"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry" [94]
1995 Paul Jozef Crutzen 128.jpg Paul J. Crutzen (1933–2021)Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone" [95]
Mario Molina 1c389 8387.jpg Mario J. Molina (1943–2020)Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico
F. Sherwood Rowland.jpg Frank Sherwood Rowland (1927–2012)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
1996 Robert Curl crop 2009 CHAO.jpg Robert F. Curl Jr. (1933–2022)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for their discovery of fullerenes" [96]
Harold Kroto 1c389 8471.sweden.jpg Sir Harold W. Kroto (1939–2016)Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
Richard Smalley.png Richard E. Smalley (1943–2005)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
1997 Paul D. Boyer.jpg Paul D. Boyer (1918–2018)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)" [97]
John Ernest Walker (cropped).jpg John E. Walker (b. 1941)Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
Skou2008crop.jpg Jens C. Skou (1918–2018)Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark "for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase" [97]
1998 WalterKohnGraz21042006 1.jpg Walter Kohn (1923–2016)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for his development of the density-functional theory" [98]
John Anthony Pople.png John A. Pople (1925–2004)Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom "for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry" [98]
1999 Ahmed Zewail (2010).jpg Ahmed Zewail (1946–2016)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt
"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy" [99]
2000 Heeger, Alan J. (1936).jpg Alan J. Heeger (b. 1936)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for their discovery and development of conductive polymers" [100]
Alan MacDiarmid 2005.017.004e crop.tif Alan G. MacDiarmid (1927–2007)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand
Hideki Shirakawa.jpg Hideki Shirakawa (b. 1936)Flag of Japan.svg  Japan
2001 No image.svg William S. Knowles (1917–2012)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions" [101]
Rioji Noyori.jpg Ryōji Noyori (b. 1938)Flag of Japan.svg  Japan
Barry Sharpless 02.jpg K. Barry Sharpless (b. 1941)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions" [101]
2002 John B Fenn01.jpg John B. Fenn (1917–2010)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules" [102]
Koichi Tanaka 2003.jpg Koichi Tanaka (b. 1959)Flag of Japan.svg  Japan
Kurt-Wuethrich.jpg Kurt Wüthrich (b. 1938)Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution" [102]
2003 Peter Agre.jpg Peter Agre (b. 1949)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of water channels" [103]
Roderick MacKinnon, M.D..jpg Roderick MacKinnon (b. 1956)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels" [103]
2004 Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Ciehanover.jpg Aaron Ciechanover (b. 1947)Flag of Israel.svg  Israel "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation" [104]
Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Hershko.jpg Avram Hershko (b. 1937)Flag of Israel.svg  Israel
Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Rose.jpg Irwin Rose (1926–2015)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
2005 Chauvin, Yves (1930-2015).jpg Yves Chauvin (1930–2015)Flag of France.svg  France "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis" [105]
Robert Grubbs.jpg Robert H. Grubbs (1942–2021)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
R. Schrock 2012b.jpg Richard R. Schrock (b. 1945)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
2006 Roger.Kornberg.JPG Roger D. Kornberg (b. 1947)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription" [106]
2007 Prof Ertl-Portrait.jpg Gerhard Ertl (b. 1936)Flag of Germany.svg  Germany "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces" [107]
2008 Osamu Shimomura-press conference Dec 06th, 2008-2.jpg Osamu Shimomura (1928–2018)Flag of Japan.svg  Japan [108] "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP" [109]
Martin Chalfie-press conference Dec 07th, 2008-4.jpg Martin Chalfie (b. 1947)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
Roger Tsien-press conference Dec 07th, 2008-2.jpg Roger Y. Tsien (1952–2016)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
2009 Nobel Prize 2009-Press Conference KVA-04.jpg Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (b. 1952)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
Flag of India.svg  India
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome" [110]
Nobel Prize 2009-Press Conference KVA-10.jpg Thomas A. Steitz (1940–2018)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
AdaYonath (cropped).jpg Ada E. Yonath (b. 1939)Flag of Israel.svg  Israel
2010 Richard F. Heck2010.jpg Richard F. Heck (1931–2015)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis" [111]
Nobel Prize 2010-Press Conference KVA-DSC 7398.jpg Ei-ichi Negishi (1935–2021)Flag of Japan.svg  Japan
Nobel Prize 2010-Press Conference KVA-DSC 7383.jpg Akira Suzuki (b. 1930)Flag of Japan.svg  Japan
2011 Nobel Prize 2011-Nobel interviews KVA-DSC 8039.jpg Dan Shechtman (b. 1941)Flag of Israel.svg  Israel
Flag of the United States.svg  United States
"for the discovery of quasicrystals" [112]
2012 Lefkowitz3.jpg Robert Lefkowitz (b. 1943)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors" [113]
Brian Kobilka (649437151).jpg Brian Kobilka (b. 1955)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
2013 Nobel Prize 22 2013.jpg Martin Karplus (b. 1930)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria
"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems" [114]
Michael Levitt.jpg Michael Levitt (b. 1947)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel [115]
AW TW PS.jpg Arieh Warshel (b. 1940)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel
2014 Eric Betzig.jpg Eric Betzig (b. 1960)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy" [116]
Stefan W Hell.jpg Stefan W. Hell (b. 1962)Flag of Germany.svg  Germany
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania [117]
WE Moerner.jpg William E. Moerner (b. 1953)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
2015 Tomas Lindahl 0209.jpg Tomas Lindahl (b. 1938)Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair" [118]
Paul L. Modrich 0151.jpg Paul L. Modrich (b. 1946)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
Aziz Sancar 0176.jpg Aziz Sancar (b. 1946)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey
2016 Nobel Laureates 0828 (30679373053).jpg Jean-Pierre Sauvage (b. 1944)Flag of France.svg  France "for the design and synthesis of molecular machines" [119]
Nobel Laureates Fraser Stoddart 2016 (31117136180).jpg Fraser Stoddart (b. 1942)Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
Flag of the United States.svg  United States
FeringaWiki.jpg Ben Feringa (b. 1951)Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands
2017 Jacques Dubochet D81 4506 (38005029785).jpg Jacques Dubochet (b. 1942)Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland "for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution" [120]
Joachim Frank EM1B8792 (27115577469).jpg Joachim Frank (b. 1940)Flag of Germany.svg  Germany
Flag of the United States.svg  United States [121]
Richard Henderson D81 4486 (38005042695).jpg Richard Henderson (b. 1945)Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
2018 Frances Arnold 2012.png Frances Arnold (b. 1956)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for the directed evolution of enzymes" [122]
George Smith EM1B5849 (31295409687).jpg George Smith (b. 1941)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for the phage display of peptides and antibodies"
Gregory Winter in the Master's Garden at Trinity College by Aga Machaj .jpg Sir Gregory Winter (b. 1951)Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
2019 John B. Goodenough (cropped).jpg John B. Goodenough (1922–2023)Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for the development of lithium ion batteries" [123]
Stanley Whittingham 2019.jpg M. Stanley Whittingham (b. 1941)Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
Flag of the United States.svg  United States
Akira Yoshino cropped 3 Akira Yoshino 201910.jpg Akira Yoshino (b. 1948)Flag of Japan.svg  Japan
2020 Emmanuelle Charpentier.jpg Emmanuelle Charpentier (b. 1968)Flag of France.svg  France
"for the development of a method for genome editing" [124]
Professor Jennifer Doudna ForMemRS (cropped).jpg Jennifer Doudna (b. 1964)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
2021 Benjamin List (cropped).jpg Benjamin List (b. 1968)Flag of Germany.svg  Germany
"for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis" [125]
David MacMillan (cropped).jpg David W.C. MacMillan (b. 1968)Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
Flag of the United States.svg  United States
2022 Carolyn Bertozzi IMG 9384.jpg Carolyn Bertozzi (b. 1966)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
"for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry" [126]
MortenMeldal23 (cropped).jpg Morten Meldal (b. 1954)Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark
Barry Sharpless 02.jpg K. Barry Sharpless (b. 1941)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
2023 Moungi G. Bawendi (b. 1961)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
Flag of France.svg  France
Flag of Tunisia.svg  Tunisia
"for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots" [127]
Louis E Brus.jpg Louis E. Brus (b. 1943)Flag of the United States.svg  United States
Alexey Ekimov (b. 1945)Flag of Russia.svg  Russia

See also

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References

Notes

^ A. The form and spelling of the names in the name column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. Alternative spellings and name forms, where they exist, are given at the articles linked from this column. Where available, an image of each Nobel laureate is provided. For the official pictures provided by the Nobel Foundation, see the pages for each Nobel laureate at nobelprize.org.

^ B. The information in the country column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. This information may not necessarily reflect the recipient's birthplace or citizenship.

^ C. The citation for each award is quoted (not always in full) from nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. The links in this column are to articles (or sections of articles) on the history and areas of chemistry for which the awards were presented. The links are intended only as a guide and explanation. For a full account of the work done by each Nobel laureate, please see the biography articles linked from the name column.

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