List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physics

Chien-Shiung Wu, the first woman from Asia to be nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics

The Nobel Prize in Physics (Swedish : Nobelpriset i fysik) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists who have made outstanding contributions in Physics. ^[1] It is one of the five Nobel Prizes which were established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. ^[2]

Every year, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences sends out forms, which amount to a personal and exclusive invitation, to about three thousand selected individuals to invite them to submit nominations. The names of the nominees are never publicly announced, and neither are they told that they have been considered for the Prize. Nomination records are strictly sealed for fifty years. As of 2022 ^[update] , the nominations for the years 1901 to 1970 are publicly available. Despite the annual sending of invitations, the prize was not awarded in six years (1916, 1931, 1934, 1940–1942) and have been delayed for a year nine times (1914, 1917, 1918, 1921, 1924, 1925, 1928, 1932, 1943).

From 1901 to 1970, 578 scientists were nominated for the prize, 92 of which were awarded either jointly or individually. 31 more scientists from these nominees were awarded after 1970 and John Bardeen was awarded a second time in 1972. Of the 11 women nominees, only two were awarded the prize. The first woman to be nominated was Marie Curie in 1902 by German scientist Emil Warburg and French mathematician Gaston Darboux, and she won the prize the next year. She is the only woman to win a Nobel Prize twice: Physics (1903) and Chemistry (1911). ^[3] Besides 23 and 3 scientists from these nominees won the prizes in Chemistry (including two more women) and in Physiology or Medicine correspondingly (including years after 1970). Only one informal corporation and one organization have been nominated: the Nuclear scientists (1946 and 1947) and CERN (1970).

Despite the long list of nominated noteworthy physicists, astronomers, engineers, and chemists, there have been other famed scientists who were overlooked for the prize in physics, such as physicists G.Fr.FitzGerald, G.Stokes, J.W.Gibbs, P.Drude, H.Minkowski, W.Ritz, G.J.Stoney, Osb.Reynolds, Fr.C.Alw.Pockels, V.Schumann, N.Umov, Ernst Pringsheim Sr., M.Smoluchowski, W.Voigt, M.Abraham, Al.Friedmann, G.Wulff, Ant. van den Broek, F.Kurlbaum, G.Sagnac, Em.Wiechert, R.Pictet, P.Ehrenfest, P.Knipping, L.Shubnikov, M.P.Bronstein, Ett.Majorana, Edw.Hall, S.P.Schubin, D.S.Roschdestwenski, Ol.Lodge, J.Larmor, J.Ishiwara, N.Dm.Papaleksi, R.Ch.Tolman, A.H.Pfund, W. W. Hansen, H.Nagaoka, Y.Nishina, Ya.Frenkel, Th.Kaluza, J.Lennard-Jones, H.Weyl, Al.Proca, J. von Neumann, G.Mie, D.Hartree, Ad.Smekal, P. Pringsheim, H. von Halban, Fr.Houtermans, B.Podolsky, A.I.Alikhanov and Ern.Marsden; astronomers and astrophysicists: Ot.W.v.Struve and his grandson Otto Struve, P.J.C.Janssen, B. Paczyński, Ch.Aug.Young, S.Newcomb, G.V.Schiaparelli, K.Schwarzschild, P.Lowell, W.de Sitter, brothers Edw.Ch. and W.H.Pickering, R.H.Fowler, G.W.Ritchey, J.Jeans, Gr.Shajn, Otto Schmidt, G.Adr.Tikhov, C.K.Seyfert and Dm.Dm.Maksutov; inventors and engineers: Al.St.Popov, B.Rosing, G.B.Pegram, Ig.Kurchatov and S.Korolev.

In addition, nominations of 10 scientists and two corporations more were declared invalid by the Nobel Committee.

Nominees by their first nomination

1901–1909

• 1901
• 1902
• 1903
• 1904
• 1905
• 1906
• 1907
• 1908
• 1909

Picture	Name	Born	Died	Years Nominated	Notes
1901
	Wilhelm Röntgen	March 27, 1845 Lennep, German Confederation	February 10, 1923 Munich, Germany	1901	Won the 1901 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 1] and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [lower-alpha 2] [4]
	Henri Becquerel	December 15, 1852 Paris, France	August 25, 1908 Le Croisic, France	1901, 1902, 1903	Shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 3] with P. and M.Curie [5]
	Philipp Lenard	June 7, 1862 Preßburg, now Slovakia	May 20, 1947 Messelhausen, Germany	1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1924, 1925	Won the 1905 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 4] [6]
	Gabriel Lippmann	August 16, 1845 Bonnevoie, German Confederation	July 13, 1921 SS France, Atlantic Ocean	1901, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908	Won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 5] [7]
	Guglielmo Marconi	April 25, 1874 Bologna, Kingdom of Italy	July 20, 1937 Rome, Kingdom of Italy	1901, 1902, 1903, 1908, 1909, 1929, 1933	Shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with K.F.Braun [lower-alpha 6] [8]
	Johannes Diderik van der Waals	November 23, 1837 Leiden, Netherlands	March 8, 1923 Amsterdam, Netherlands	1901, 1907, 1909, 1910	Won the 1910 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 7] [9]
	Svante Arrhenius	February 19, 1859 Vik Castle, Sweden	October 2, 1927 Stockholm, Sweden	1901, 1902, 1903	Won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Chemistry and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [lower-alpha 8] [10]
	William Wallace Campbell	April 11, 1862 Hancock County, Ohio, United States	June 14, 1938 San Francisco, United States	1901	[11]
	Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld	November 18, 1832 Helsingfors, Grand Duchy of Finland	August 12, 1901 Dalbyö, Sweden	1901	Nominated the only time by El. Sidenbladh  [ sv ]. Died before the only chance to be rewarded [12]
	Henry Augustus Rowland	November 27, 1848 Honesdale, Pennsylvania, United States	April 16, 1901 Baltimore, United States	1901 [lower-alpha 9]	H.Aug.Rowland died before the only chance to be rewarded Self-nominations
	Robert Henry Thurston	October 25, 1839 Providence, Rhode Island, United States	October 25, 1903 Ithaca, New York, United States
	William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin	June 26, 1824 Belfast, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland	December 17, 1907 Largs, United Kingdom	1901, 1902, 1903, 1906, 1907	[13]
	Pieter Zeeman	May 25, 1865 Zonnemaire, Netherlands	October 9, 1943 Amsterdam, Netherlands	1901, 1902	[14] Shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 10] [15]
1902
	Hendrik Lorentz	July 18, 1853 Arnhem, Netherlands	February 4, 1928 Haarlem, Netherlands	1902, 1912, 1913, 1918, 1919, 1923 [lower-alpha 9]
	Pierre Curie	May 15, 1859 Paris, France	April 19, 1906 Paris, France	1902, 1903	[16] Shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 11] with H.Becquerel M.Curie won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry too [17]
	Marie Curie	November 7, 1867 Warsaw, Congress of Poland	July 4, 1934 Passy, Haute-Savoie, France
	John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh	November 12, 1842 Langford Grove, Maldon, United Kingdom	June 30, 1919 Terling Place, Witham, England	1902, 1903, 1904, 1905 [lower-alpha 9]	Won the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 12] [18]
	J. J. Thomson	December 18, 1856 Cheetham, United Kingdom	August 30, 1940 Cambridge, England	1902, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907 [lower-alpha 9] , 1912	Won the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 13] [19]
	Charles Édouard Guillaume	February 15, 1861 Fleurier, Switzerland	May 13, 1938 Sèvres, France	1902, 1903, 1904, 1908, 1910, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1920	Won the 1920 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 14] [20]
	Pierre Chappuis  [ de ]	Oktober 9, 1855 Bremblens, Switzerland	February 15, 1916 Basel, Switzerland	1902, 1903, 1904	Nominated jointly with Ch.Éd.Guillaume and J.-M.-R.Benoît only by P.Kr.Prytz. [21]
	Justin-Mirande René Benoit [22]	November 28, 1844 Montpellier, France	May 4, 1922 Dijon, France	1902, 1903, 1904, 1908, 1910, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1916	[23]
	John Kerr	December 17, 1824 Ardrossan, United Kingdom	August 15, 1907 Glasgow, Scotland	1902, 1903	[24]
	Johann Wilhelm Hittorf	March 27, 1824 Bonn, German Confederation	November 28, 1914 Münster, German Empire	1902, 1903, 1904	[25]
1903
	Gustave Le Bon	May 7, 1841 Nogent-le-Rotrou, France	December 13, 1931 Marnes-la-Coquette, France	1903	Nominated the only time by Belgian physicist Pierre De Heen (1851–1915). [26]
	Ludwig Boltzmann	February 20, 1844 Vienna, Austria	September 5, 1906 Tybein, Austria-Hungary	1903, 1905, 1906	[27]
1904
	Albert A. Michelson	December 19, 1852 Strzelno, Congress of Poland	May 9, 1931 Pasadena, California, United States	1904, 1907	Won the 1907 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 15] [28]
	William Ramsay	October 2, 1852 Glasgow, United Kingdom	July 23, 1916 High Wycombe, United Kingdom	1904, 1905 [lower-alpha 9]	Won the 1904 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [29]
	Walter Kaufmann	June 5, 1871 Elberfeld, German Empire	January 1, 1947 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany	1904	Nominated jointly with J. J. Thomson , J.Dewar and K.Olszewski the only time by N.Umov. [30]
	Ernst Abbe	January 23, 1840 Eisenach, German Confederation	January 14, 1905 Jena, German Empire	1904, 1905	Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [lower-alpha 16] [31] [32]
	Édouard Branly	November 23, 1844 Amiens, France	March 24, 1940 Paris, France	1904, 1909	Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [33]
	Friedrich Kohlrausch	October 14, 1840 Rinteln, German Confederation	January 17, 1910 Marburg, German Empire	1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909	[34]
	Julius Elster	December 24, 1854 Blankenburg (Harz), German Confederation	April 6, 1920 Bad Harzburg, Germany	1904, 1905, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911	[35] Only nominated jointly [36]
	Hans Friedrich Geitel	July 16, 1855 Braunschweig, German Confederation	August 15, 1923 Wolfenbüttel, Germany	1904, 1905, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911
	Henri Poincaré	April 29, 1854 Nancy, France	July 17, 1912 Paris, France	1904, 1906, 1907, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912	[37]
	James Dewar	September 20, 1842 Kincardine, Fife, United Kingdom	March 27, 1923 London, United Kingdom	1904, 1905, 1912, 1913	Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [38]
	Karol Olszewski	January 29, 1846 Broniszów, Podkarpackie Voivodeship, now Poland	March 24, 1915 Kraków, now Poland	1904, 1913	Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [39]
	Oliver Heaviside	May 18, 1850 Camden Town, United Kingdom	February 3, 1925 Torquay, England	1904, 1905, 1907, 1909, 1911, 1912, 1914	Nominated by V.Bjerknes only. [40]
	Arthur Schuster	September 12, 1851 Frankfurt am Main, German Confederation	October 14, 1934 Yeldall Manor, Berkshire, United Kingdom	1904, 1914, 1917, 1925	[41]
1905
	Karl Ferdinand Braun	June 6, 1850 Fulda, German Confederation	April 20, 1918 Brooklyn, New York, United States	1905, 1906, 1907, 1909	Shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with G.Marconi [lower-alpha 6] [42]
	Prosper-René Blondlot	July 3, 1849 Nancy, France	November 24, 1930 Nancy, France	1905	Nominated the only time by Ch.J.Bouchard. [43]
	Pyotr Lebedev	February 24, 1866 Moscow, Russian Empire	March 1, 1912 Moscow, Russian Empire	1905, 1912	[44]
	Heinrich Kayser	March 16, 1853 Bingen am Rhein, German Confederation	October 14, 1940 Bonn, Germany	1905, 1916, 1917	[45]
	Augusto Righi	August 27, 1850 Bologna, Papal States	June 8, 1920 Bologna, Kingdom of Italy	1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920	[46]
1906
	Julius von Hann	March 23, 1839 Wartberg ob der Aist, Austria	October 1, 1921 Vienna, Austria	1906, 1911, 1913	[47]
1907
	Wilhelm Wien	January 13, 1864 Gaffken near Fischhausen, German Confederation	August 30, 1928 Munich, Germany	1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1926, 1927, 1929	Won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 17] [48]
	Max Planck	April 23, 1858 Kiel, German Confederation	October 4, 1947 Göttingen, Germany	1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920 [lower-alpha 9]	Won the 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics in 1919 [lower-alpha 18] [49]
	Ernest Rutherford	August 30, 1871 Brightwater, British Empire	October 19, 1937 Cambridge, United Kingdom	1907, 1908, 1909 [lower-alpha 9] , 1922, 1923, 1924, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1935, 1937	Won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. [50]
	Ernst Bessel Hagen	January 31, 1851 Königsberg, Kingdom of Prussia	January 15, 1923 Munich, Germany	1907	Nominated jointly with H.Rubens the only time by G.H.Quincke. [51]
	Heinrich Rubens	March 30, 1865 Wiesbaden, German Confederation	July 17, 1922 Berlin, Germany	1907, 1909	[52]
	Pierre Duhem	June 9, 1861 Paris, France	September 14, 1916 Cabrespine, France	1907, 1916	[53]
	William Crookes	June 17, 1832 London, United Kingdom	April 4, 1919 London, England	1907, 1910, 1911, 1914, 1918	Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [54]
1908
	Gustaf de Laval	May 9, 1845 Orsa Municipality, Sweden	February 2, 1913 Stockholm, Sweden	1908	Nominated the only time by Sven Otto Pettersson  [ sv ] and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [55]
	Joseph Norman Lockyer [lower-alpha 9]	May 17, 1836 Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom	August 16, 1920 Salcombe Regis, England	1908, 1909
	Émile Amagat	January 2, 1841 Saint-Satur, France	February 15, 1915 Saint-Satur, France	1908, 1913, 1914	[56]
1909
	Heike Kamerlingh Onnes	September 21, 1853 Groningen, Netherlands	February 21, 1926 Leiden, Netherlands	1909, 1910, 1912, 1913, 1914 [lower-alpha 9]	Won the 1913 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 19] and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [57]
	Henri Farman	May 26, 1874 Paris, France	July 17, 1958 Paris, France	1909	[58] Nominated jointly with brothers Wright only [59]
	Gabriel Voisin	February 5, 1880 Belleville, France	December 25, 1973 Ozenay, France
	Orville Wright	August 19, 1871 Dayton, United States	January 30, 1948 Dayton, United States	1909, 1913	[60] Only nominated jointly [61]
	Wilbur Wright	April 16, 1867 Millville, United States	May 30, 1912 Dayton, United States
	John Henry Poynting	September 9, 1852 Monton, United Kingdom	March 30, 1914 Birmingham, England	1909, 1911, 1912	[62]
	Valdemar Poulsen	November 23, 1869 Copenhagen, Denmark	July 23, 1942 Gentofte, Denmark	1909, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923	[63]
	George Ellery Hale	June 29, 1868 Chicago, United States	February 21, 1938 Pasadena, United States	1909, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1934	[64]

1910–1919

• 1910
• 1911
• 1912
• 1913
• 1914
• 1915
• 1916
• 1917
• 1918
• 1919

Picture	Name	Born	Died	Years Nominated	Notes
1910
	Albert Einstein	March 14, 1879 Ulm, German Empire	April 18, 1955 Princeton, New Jersey, United States	1910, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923	Won the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922 [lower-alpha 20] [65]
	Allvar Gullstrand	June 5, 1862 Landskrona, Sweden	July 28, 1930 Stockholm, Sweden	1910, 1911, 1912	Won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. [66]
	Knut Ångström	January 12, 1857 Uppsala parish  [ sv ], Sweden	March 4, 1910 Uppsala parish, Sweden	1910	Nominated the only time by W.Röntgen . [67] Died before the only chance to be rewarded.
	Otto Lummer	July 17, 1860 Gera, German Confederation	July 5, 1925 Breslau, now Poland	1910, 1911	Nominated jointly with W.Wien and M.Planck by Em.Warburg only. [68]
	Henri Abraham	July 12, 1868 Paris, France	December 22, 1943 Oświęcim, now Poland	1910, 1916	[69]
	Paul Langevin	January 23, 1872 Paris, France	December 19, 1946 Paris, France	1910, 1916, 1921, 1922, 1925, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932 [lower-alpha 9] , 1933, 1934, 1935, 1937, 1946	[70]
1911
	Walther Nernst	June 25, 1864 Briesen, now Poland	November 18, 1941 Zibelle, now Poland	1911, 1912, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1921	Won the 1920 Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1921. [71]
	Ernst Mach	February 18, 1838 Brünn, now Czechia	February 19, 1916 Munich, German Empire	1911, 1912, 1914	[72]
	Loránd Eötvös	July 27, 1848 Buda, Hungary	April 8, 1919 Budapest, Hungary	1911, 1914, 1917, 1923 [lower-alpha 9]	[73]
	Eugen Goldstein	September 5, 1850 Gleiwitz, now Poland	December 25, 1930 Berlin, Germany	1911, 1913, 1926	[74]
	Charles Fabry	June 11, 1867 Marseille, France	December 11, 1945 Paris, France	1911, 1914, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1922, 1925, 1928 [lower-alpha 9] , 1932	[75]
1912
	Gustaf Dalén	November 30, 1869 Stenstorp, Sweden	December 9, 1937 Lidingö, Sweden	1912	Won the 1912 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 21] [76]
	Robert Hadfield	November 28, 1858 Sheffield, United Kingdom	September 30, 1940 Surrey, England	1912, 1913	[77]
1913
	Jean Baptiste Perrin	September 30, 1870 Lille, France	April 17, 1942 New York City, United States	1913, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926	Won the 1926 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 22] and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [78]
	Theodor Svedberg	August 30, 1884 Fleräng, Sweden	February 25, 1971 Kopparberg, Sweden	1913, 1919	Won the 1926 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. [79]
	Hermann Frahm  [ de ]	December 8, 1867 Büdelsdorf, North German Confederation	December 28, 1939 Remscheid, Germany	1913	Nominated the only time by Sv.Arrhenius . [80]
	Adolf Slaby	April 18, 1849 Berlin, German Confederation	April 6, 1913 Charlottenburg, German Empire	1913	Nominated the only time by Pehr af Bjerkén  [ sv ]. [81] Died before the only chance to be rewarded.
	Ferdinand von Zeppelin	July 8, 1838 Konstanz, German Confederation	March 8, 1917 Berlin, German Empire	1913	Nominated jointly with brothers Wrights the only time by V.Czerny. [82]
	Henry Frederic William Burstall [lower-alpha 9]	September 3, 1865 Old Machar, Aberdeenshire, United Kingdom	July 15, 1934 Hopwood, Worcestershire, United Kingdom	1913	Self-nomination
	Hugh Longbourne Callendar	April 18, 1863 Hatherop, United Kingdom	January 21, 1930 Ealing, England	1913, 1918, 1921	[83]
	Otto Lehmann	January 13, 1855 Konstanz, German Confederation	June 17, 1922 Karlsruhe, Germany	1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922	Nominated by C.Benedicks only. [84]
	Henri-Alexandre Deslandres	July 24, 1853 Paris, France	January 15, 1948 Paris, France	1913, 1915, 1916, 1923	[85]
	Carl von Linde	June 11, 1842 Berndorf, German Confederation	November 16, 1934 Munich, Germany	1913, 1918, 1926	[86]
1914 - Prize has been awarded a year later
	Johannes Stark	April 15, 1874 Schickenhof, German Empire	June 21, 1957 Traunstein, Germany	1914, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919	Won the 1919 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 23] [87]
	Henry Louis Le Chatelier	October 8, 1850 Paris, France	September 17, 1936 Miribel-les-Échelles, France	1914	Nominated jointly with W.Nernst the only time by Sven Otto Pettersson  [ sv ] and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [88]
	Louis Georges Gouy	February 19, 1854 Vals-les-Bains, France	January 27, 1926 Vals-les-Bains, France	1914, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1922	[89]
	Friedrich Paschen	January 22, 1865 Schwerin, German Confederation	February 25, 1947 Potsdam, Germany	1914, 1915, 1918, 1919, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933	[90]
	Martin Knudsen	February 15, 1871 Hasmark  [ da ], Denmark	May 27, 1949 Gentofte, Denmark	1914, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1937	[91]
	Robert W. Wood	May 2, 1868 Concord, Massachusetts, United States	August 11, 1955 Amityville, New York, United States	1914, 1915, 1920, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1937, 1942, 1950	[92]
	Max von Laue	October 9, 1879 Pfaffendorf, German Empire	April 24, 1960 West Berlin, Germany	1914, 1915	Won the 1914 Nobel Prize in Physics in 1915 [lower-alpha 24] [93]
	William Henry Bragg	July 2, 1862 Wigton, United Kingdom	March 12, 1942 London, England	1914, 1915	W.H.Bragg nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too [94] Shared the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 25] . [95]
1915
	Lawrence Bragg	March 31, 1890 Adelaide, Australia	July 1, 1971 Waldringfield, United Kingdom	1915
	Charles Galton Darwin	December 18, 1887 Cambridge, United Kingdom	December 31, 1962 Cambridge, England	1915	[96] Nominated jointly with W.H.Bragg the only time by Sv.Arrhenius and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. Moseley has been killed before the only chance to be rewarded. [97]
	Henry Moseley	November 23, 1887 Weymouth, Dorset, United Kingdom	August 10, 1915 Gallipoli campaign, Turkey
	Charles Thomson Rees Wilson	February 14, 1869 Glencorse, United Kingdom	November 15, 1959 Carlops, Scotland	1915, 1918, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927	Shared the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 26] with A.Compton [98]
	Thomas Edison	February 11, 1847 Milan, Ohio, United States	October 18, 1931 West Orange, New Jersey, United States	1915	Nominated the only time by H.F.Osborn. [99]
	Giacomo Casalis	1869 Italy	after 1931	1915	[100] Nominated jointly [101] the only time by T.Boggio [102]
	Nicola Pavia [103]	1872 Torino, Kingdom of Italy	February 22, 1937 Torino, Kingdom of Italy
	Kristian Birkeland	December 13, 1867 Christiania, Norway	June 15, 1917 Tokyo, Japan	1915, 1916, 1917	Nominated jointly with C.Størmer only and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [104]
	Carl Størmer	September 3, 1874 Skien, Norway	August 13, 1957 Oslo, Norway	1915, 1916, 1917, 1925, 1927, 1934	[105]
	Aimé Cotton	October 9, 1869 Bourg-en-Bresse, France	April 16, 1951 Sèvres, France	1915, 1916, 1920, 1922, 1925, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1944, 1949	[106]
1916 - this year Prize was not awarded
	Henri Mouton	September 5, 1869 Cambrai, France	June 13, 1935 Bezons, France	1916	Nominated jointly with A.Cotton, L.G.Gouy, P.Duhem and Ch.Fabry the only time by M.Brillouin. [107]
	Robert Andrews Millikan	March 22, 1868 Morrison, Illinois, United States	December 19, 1953 San Marino, California, United States	1916, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924 [lower-alpha 9] , 1926	Won the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 27] [108]
	Irving Langmuir	January 31, 1881 Brooklyn, New York City, United States	August 16, 1957 Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States	1916, 1928, 1929, 1933, 1940	Won the 1932 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. [109]
	Peter Debye	March 24, 1884 Maastricht, Netherlands	November 2, 1966 Ithaca, New York, United States	1916, 1917, 1921, 1922, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1936, 1939	Won the 1936 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. [110]
	Carl Runge	August 30, 1856 Bremen, German Confederation	January 3, 1927 Göttingen, Germany	1916, 1917	Nominated jointly with H.Kayser only. [111]
	Alexandre Dufour  [ fr ]	May 8, 1875 Paris, France	June 19, 1942 Paris, France	1916	Nominated jointly with H.Abraham and G.-A.Ferrié the only time by M.Brillouin. [112]
	Gustave-Auguste Ferrié	November 19, 1868 Saint-Michel-de-Maurienne, France	February 16, 1932 Paris, France	1916, 1930, 1931	[113]
	Peder Oluf Pedersen	June 19, 1874 Sig, Denmark	August 30, 1941 Copenhagen, Denmark	1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923	Nominated jointly with V.Poulsen only. [114]
	Pierre Weiss	March 25, 1865 Mulhouse, France	October 24, 1940 Lyon, France	1916, 1921, 1922, 1924, 1925, 1927 [lower-alpha 9] , 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1937	[115]
1917 - Prize has been awarded a year later
	Niels Bohr	October 7, 1885 Copenhagen, Denmark	November 18, 1962 Copenhagen, Denmark	1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923 [lower-alpha 9]	Won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 28] and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too [116]
	Johannes Rydberg	November 8, 1854 Halmstad, Sweden	December 28, 1919 Lund, Sweden	1917, 1920 [lower-alpha 9]	[117]
	Arnold Sommerfeld	December 5, 1868 Königsberg, North German Confederation	April 26, 1951 Munich, Germany	1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1940, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951	[118]
1918 - Prize has been awarded a year later
	Charles Glover Barkla	June 7, 1877 Widnes, United Kingdom	October 23, 1944 Edinburgh, United Kingdom	1918, 1919 [lower-alpha 9]	Won the 1917 Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918 [lower-alpha 29] [119]
	Alfred Perot	November 3, 1863 Metz, France	November 28, 1925 Paris, France	1918	Nominated jointly with R.A.Millikan , H.L.Callendar and Th.Lyman IV the only time by H.Crew. [120]
	Fernando Sanford	February 12, 1854 Franklin Grove, Illinois, United States	May 21, 1948 Santa Clara, California, United States	1918, 1919, 1920	Nominated by D.St.Jordan only. [121]
	Theodore Lyman IV	November 23, 1874 Boston, Massachusetts, United States	October 11, 1954 Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States	1918, 1926	Nominated jointly with R.A.Millikan only. [122]
1919
	Percy Williams Bridgman	April 21, 1882 Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States	August 20, 1961 Randolph, New Hampshire, United States	1919, 1924, 1928, 1929, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1945, 1946	Won the 1946 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 30] and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [123]

1920–1930

• 1920
• 1921
• 1922
• 1923
• 1924
• 1925
• 1926
• 1927
• 1928
• 1929
• 1930

Picture	Name	Born	Died	Years Nominated	Notes
1920
	Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald	September 2, 1853 Riga, Russian Empire	April 4, 1932 Großbothen, Germany	1920, 1921, 1923, 1924	Won the 1909 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [124] and self-nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 9]
	Walter Sydney Adams	December 20, 1876 Antakya, Turkey	May 11, 1956 Pasadena, California, United States	1920	Nominated the only time by Alfred Fowler. [125]
	Carl Barus	February 19, 1856 Cincinnati, United States	September 20, 1935 Providence, Rhode Island, United States	1920, 1921	[126]
	Louis Lumière	October 5, 1864 Besançon, France	June 6, 1948 Bandol, France	1920, 1921, 1922, 1924, 1927	Nominated jointly with A.Lumière by H.L.Le Chatelier only. [127]
	Auguste Lumière	October 19, 1862 Besançon, France	April 10, 1954 Lyon, France		Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [lower-alpha 31] [128] [129]
1921 - Prize has been awarded a year later
	Ernst Gehrcke	July 1, 1878 Berlin, German Empire	January 25, 1960 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany	1921, 1923, 1924, 1928	[130]
	Abbott Lawrence Rotch	January 6, 1861 Boston, United States	April 7, 1912 Boston, United States	1921 [lower-alpha 9]	Nominated posthumously with V.Fr.K.Bjerknes and W.N.Shaw by Al.G.McAdie the only time
	Léon Teisserenc de Bort	November 5, 1855 Paris, France	January 2, 1913 Cannes, France
1922
	Francis William Aston	September 1, 1877 Harborne, United Kingdom	November 20, 1945 Cambridge, England	1922	Won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. [131]
	Charles Greeley Abbot	May 31, 1872 Wilton, New Hampshire, United States	December 17, 1973 Riverdale Park, Maryland, United States	1922	Nominated jointly with Fr.W.Aston, R.A.Millikan , W.D.Coolidge and G.Ell.Hale the only time by Ch.D.Walcott. [132]
	Leo Graetz	September 26, 1856 Breslau, now Poland	November 12, 1941 Munich, Germany	1922, 1924	Nominated by G. von Mayr  [ de ] only. [133]
	William D. Coolidge	October 23, 1873 Hudson, Massachusetts, United States	February 3, 1975 Schenectady, New York, United States	1922, 1927, 1935	[134]
1923
	Frederick Soddy	September 2, 1877 Eastbourne, United Kingdom	September 22, 1956 Brighton, England	1923	Won the 1921 Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1922. [135]
	Kazimierz Fajans	May 27, 1887 Warsaw, Congress of Poland	May 18, 1975 Michigan, United States	1923	Nominated with Fr.Soddy by Em.G.Warburg and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too [136]
	Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft	October 30, 1920		1923 [lower-alpha 9]	Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too by Sv.Aug.Arrhenius only
	Wolfgang Gaede	May 25, 1878 Bremerhaven, German Empire	June 24, 1945 Munich, Germany	1923, 1924, 1925, 1929, 1935, 1936, 1937	[137]
	Vilhelm Bjerknes	March 14, 1862 Christiania, Norway	April 9, 1951 Oslo, Norway	1921 [lower-alpha 9] , 1923, 1924, 1926, 1929, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1942, 1944, 1945	[138]
	James Franck	August 26, 1882 Hamburg, German Empire	May 21, 1964 Göttingen, Germany	1923, 1924, 1925, 1926	[139] Shared the 1925 Nobel Prize in Physics in 1926 [lower-alpha 32] [140]
1924 - Prize has been awarded a year later
	Gustav Ludwig Hertz	July 22, 1887 Hamburg, German Empire	October 30, 1975 East Berlin, Germany	1924, 1926
	Owen Willans Richardson	April 26, 1879 Dewsbury, United Kingdom	February 15, 1959 Alton, Hampshire, England	1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929	Won the 1928 Nobel Prize in Physics in 1929 [lower-alpha 33] [141]
	Jules Richard	1862 [lower-alpha 34] France		1924	Nominated the only time by prominent meteorologist and climatologist Alfred Angot  [ fr ]. [142]
	Napier Shaw	March 4, 1854 Birmingham, United Kingdom	March 23, 1945 London, England	1921 [lower-alpha 9] , 1924, 1927	Nominated by Al.G.McAdie only. [143]
	John Sealy Townsend	June 7, 1868 Galway, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland	February 16, 1957 Oxford, United Kingdom	1924, 1942, 1944	[144]
1925
	Manne Siegbahn	December 3, 1886 Örebro, Sweden	September 26, 1978 Stockholm, Sweden	1923 [lower-alpha 9] , 1925	Won the 1924 Nobel Prize in Physics in 1925 [lower-alpha 35] [145]
	Arthur Compton	September 10, 1892 Wooster, Ohio, United States	March 15, 1962 Berkeley, California, United States	1925, 1926, 1927, 1928 [lower-alpha 9]	Shared the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 36] with Ch.Th.R.Wilson [146]
	Louis de Broglie	August 15, 1892 Dieppe, France	March 19, 1987 Louveciennes, France	1925, 1926, 1928, 1929, 1950	Won the 1929 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 37] [147]
	Otto Stern	February 17, 1888 Sohrau, now Poland	August 17, 1969 Berkeley, California, United States	1925, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1943, 1944, 1945	Won the 1943 Nobel Prize in Physics in 1944 [lower-alpha 38] [148]
	Walther Gerlach	August 1, 1889 Biebrich, German Empire	August 10, 1979 Munich, Germany	1925, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1934, 1936, 1937, 1940, 1944	Nominated jointly with Otto Stern only. [149]
	Siegmund Strauss  [ de ]	January 4, 1875 Znaim, now Czechia	March 29, 1942 New York City, United States	1925	Nominated the only time by F.Ehrenhaft. [150]
	John Ambrose Fleming	November 29, 1849 Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom	April 18, 1945 Sidmouth, England	1925, 1927, 1928, 1934	[151]
	Maurice de Broglie	April 27, 1875 Paris, France	July 14, 1960 Neuilly-sur-Seine, France	1925, 1926, 1928, 1930 [lower-alpha 9] , 1939, 1946	[152]
1926
	Dayton Miller	March 13, 1866 Strongsville, Ohio, United States	February 22, 1941 Cleveland, United States	1926	Nominated the only time by J.Sw.Ames. [153]
	Werner Kolhörster	December 28, 1887 Schwiebus, Brandenburg, now Poland	August 5, 1946 Munich, Germany	1926, 1935 [lower-alpha 9]	Nominated jointly with E.Goldstein the only time by Ernst Gehrcke. [154]
1927
	Viktor Kaplan	November 27, 1876 Mürzzuschlag, Austria-Hungary	August 23, 1934 Unterach am Attersee, Austria	1927	Nominated the only time by Fr.Niethammer  [ de ]. [155]
	Carl Ramsauer	February 6, 1879 Osternburg, Oldenburg, German Empire	December 24, 1955 Berlin, Germany	1927, 1931	Nominated by R.W.Pohl only. [156]
1928 - Prize has been awarded a year later
	Ludwig Prandtl	February 4, 1875 Freising, German Empire	August 15, 1953 Göttingen, Germany	1928, 1937	[157]
	Jacob Bjerknes	November 2, 1897 Stockholm, Sweden	July 7, 1975 Los Angeles, United States	1928, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939	[158]
	Tor Bergeron	August 15, 1891 Godstone, United Kingdom	June 13, 1977 Uppsala, Sweden	1928, 1937, 1938, 1939	[159] Nominated jointly with J.Bjerknes only [160]
	Halvor Solberg	February 5, 1895 Ringsaker, Norway	January 31, 1974 Oslo, Norway	1928, 1937, 1938, 1939
	Werner Heisenberg	December 5, 1901 Würzburg, German Empire	February 1, 1976 Munich, Germany	1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1969	Won the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933 [lower-alpha 39] [161]
	Erwin Schrödinger	August 12, 1887 Vienna, Austria-Hungary	January 4, 1961 Vienna, Austria	1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933	[162] Shared the 1933 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 40] [163]
1929
	Paul Dirac	August 8, 1902 Bristol, United Kingdom	October 20, 1984 Tallahassee, Florida, United States	1929, 1933
	Clinton Davisson	October 22, 1881 Bloomington, Illinois, United States	February 1, 1958 Charlottesville, Virginia, United States	1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1937	Shared the 1937 Nobel Prize in Physics with G.P.Thomson [lower-alpha 41] [164]
	Lester Germer	October 10, 1896 Chicago, United States	October 3, 1971 Shawangunk Ridge, United States	1929, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1937	Nominated jointly with Cl.Davisson only. [165]
	Emil Warburg	March 9, 1846 Altona, Hamburg, German Confederation	July 28, 1931 Bayreuth, Germany	1929	Nominated the only time by J.Franck . [166]
	Edwin Howard Armstrong	December 18, 1890 Chelsea, Manhattan, New York, United States	February 1, 1954 Manhattan, New York City, United States	1929	[167] Only nominated jointly [168]
	Alexander Meissner	September 14, 1883 Vienna, Austria-Hungary	January 3, 1958 West Berlin, Germany
	Mihajlo Pupin	October 9, 1858 Idvor, now Serbia	March 12, 1935 New York City, United States	1929	[169]
	David Hilbert	January 23, 1862 Wehlau, now Russia	February 14, 1943 Göttingen, Germany	1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933	[170]
	Jean Cabannes	August 12, 1885 Marseille, France	October 31, 1959 Saint-Cyr-sur-Mer, France	1929, 1931, 1943, 1953	[171]
	C. V. Raman	November 7, 1888 Tiruchirappalli, India	November 21, 1970 Bangalore, India	1929, 1930	Won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 42] [172]
1930
	Grigory Landsberg	January 22, 1890 Vologda, Russian Empire	February 2, 1957 Moscow, Russia	1930	Nominated jointly with C. V. Raman and L.Mandelstam the only time by Or.Khvolson. [173]
	Leonid Mandelstam	May 4, 1879 Mogilev, now Belarus	November 27, 1944 Moscow, Russia	1930	[174]
	Max Born	December 11, 1882 Breslau, now Poland	January 5, 1970 Göttingen, Germany	1930, 1934, 1939, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954	Shared the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 43] with W.W.G.Bothe . [175]
	Henry Norris Russell	October 25, 1877 Oyster Bay, United States	February 18, 1957 Princeton, New Jersey, United States	1930, 1950, 1953	[176]
	Meghnad Saha	October 6, 1893 Shaoratoli near Dhaka, now Bangladesh	February 16, 1956 New Delhi, India	1930, 1937, 1939, 1940, 1951, 1955	[177]
	Ira Sprague Bowen	December 21, 1898 Seneca Falls, New York, United States	February 6, 1973 Hollywood, United States	1930, 1934, 1939, 1950, 1968	[178]

1931–1939

• 1931
• 1932
• 1933
• 1934
• 1935
• 1936
• 1937
• 1938
• 1939

Picture	Name	Born	Died	Years Nominated	Notes
1931 - this year Prize was not awarded
	Victor Francis Hess	June 24, 1883 Schloss Waldstein, Peggau, Austria-Hungary	December 17, 1964 Mount Vernon, New York, United States	1931, 1933, 1935 [lower-alpha 9] , 1936	Shared the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 44] with C.D.Anderson . [179]
	George Paget Thomson Wave properties of electrons experimenters	May 3, 1892 Cambridge, United Kingdom	September 10, 1975 Cambridge, England	1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1937	Won the 1937 Nobel Prize in Physics with Cl.Davisson [lower-alpha 41] [180]
				1931 [lower-alpha 9]	They nominated by Ern.G.Merritt the only time Ch.Alg.Parsons nominated by J.Ern.Petavel the only time but died before the only chance to be rewarded. [181]
	Charles Algernon Parsons	June 13, 1854 London, United Kingdom	February 11, 1931 Kingston Harbour, Colony of Jamaica, British Empire
	Georges Claude	September 24, 1870 Paris, France	May 23, 1960 Saint-Cloud, France	1931
1932 - Prize has been awarded a year later
	Kotaro Honda	February 23, 1870 Okazaki, Aichi, Japan	February 12, 1954 Tokyo, Japan	1932	[182]
	Auguste Piccard	January 28, 1884 Basel, Switzerland	March 24, 1962 Lausanne, Switzerland	1932, 1933	[183]
	Arthur Eddington	December 28, 1882 Kendal, United Kingdom	November 22, 1944 Cambridge, England	1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1944	[184]
1933
	Wolfgang Pauli	April 25, 1900 Vienna, Austria-Hungary	December 15, 1958 Zürich, Switzerland	1933, 1934, 1935, 1937, 1938, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946	Won the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 45] [185]
	René-Paul-Eugène Thiry [186]	June 26, 1886 Langres, France	October 5, 1968 Mar Vivo, La Seyne-sur-Mer, France	1933	Nominated the only time by O.Colard from Belgium. [187]
1934 - this year Prize was not awarded
	Carl David Anderson	September 3, 1905 New York City, United States	January 11, 1991 San Marino, California, United States	1934, 1935, 1936, 1941, 1942, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953	Shared the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 46] with the V.Fr.Hess . [188]
	Walther Bothe	January 8, 1891 Oranienburg, German Empire	February 8, 1957 Heidelberg, Germany	1934, 1935 [lower-alpha 9] , 1936 [lower-alpha 9] , 1946, 1949, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954	Shared the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 47] with M.Born [189]
	James Chadwick	October 20, 1891 Bollington, United Kingdom	July 24, 1974 Cambridge, England	1934, 1935, 1936 [lower-alpha 9] , 1939	Won the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 48] [190]
	Frédéric Joliot-Curie	March 19, 1900 Paris, France	August 14, 1958 Paris, France	1934, 1935, 1936 [lower-alpha 9]	[191] Shared the 1935 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [192]
	Irène Joliot-Curie	September 12, 1897 Paris, France	March 17, 1956 Paris, France
	Harold Urey	April 29, 1893 Walkerton, Indiana, United States	January 5, 1981 La Jolla, California, United States	1934	Won the 1934 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. [193]
	Ferdinand Graft Brickwedde	March 26, 1903 Baltimore, United States	March 29, 1989 Linwood, New Jersey, United States		[194] Nominated jointly with H.Urey the only time by Fr.Horton [195]
	George Moseley Murphy [196]	June 1, 1903 Wilmington, North Carolina, United States	December 7, 1968 New York City, United States
	Gustav Waldemar Elmen	December 22, 1876 Stockholm, Sweden	December 10, 1957 Englewood, New Jersey, United States	1934	Nominated the only time by H.F.Osborn. [197]
	Lars Vegard	February 3, 1880 Vegårshei, Norway	December 21, 1963 Oslo, Norway	1934	Nominated jointly with C.Størmer the only time by Alfred Kalähne  [ de ]. [198]
	Giancarlo Vallauri  [ it ]	October 19, 1882 Rome, Kingdom of Italy	May 7, 1957 Turin, Italy	1934, 1935, 1941	[199]
1935
	Enrico Fermi	September 29, 1901 Rome, Kingdom of Italy	November 28, 1954 Chicago, United States	1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1947, 1948	Won the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 49] and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [200]
	Edward Victor Appleton	September 6, 1892 Bradford, United Kingdom	April 21, 1965 Edinburgh, United Kingdom	1935, 1939, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1946, 1947	Won the 1947 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 50] [201]
	Arthur E. Kennelly	December 17, 1861 Colaba, now India	June 18, 1939 Boston, Massachusetts, United States	1935	Nominated jointly with Edw.V.Appleton only. [202]
	Alexander Gurwitsch	September 26, 1874 Poltava, now Ukraine	July 27, 1954 Moscow, Russia	1935	Nominated jointly with H.Dingler and F.Ehrenhaft the only time by L.Zehnder and for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [lower-alpha 51] [203] [204]
	Hugo Dingler	July 7, 1881 Munich, German Empire	June 29, 1954 Munich, Germany		[205] Nominated jointly with Al.Gurwitsch the only time by L.Zehnder [206]
	Felix Ehrenhaft	April 24, 1879 Vienna, Austria-Hungary	March 4, 1952 Vienna, Austria
	Abraham Esau	June 7, 1884 Tiegenhagen, now Poland	May 12, 1955 Düsseldorf, Germany	1935	Nominated the only time by August Gärtner  [ de ]. [207]
	John Cunningham McLennan	October 14, 1867 Ingersoll, Ontario, Canada	October 9, 1935 Paris, France	1935	Nominated the only time by David Arnold Keys (1890–1977). [208] [209] Died before the only chance to be rewarded.
	Fritz Zwicky	February 14, 1898 Varna, Bulgaria	February 8, 1974 Pasadena, California, United States	1935	Nominated the only time by H.Bateman. [210]
	Max Cosyns [lower-alpha 9]	May 29, 1906 Schaerbeek, Belgium	March 30, 1998 Brussels, Belgium	1935	Nominated by Fr.-V.-M.Cumont the only time
	Wander Johannes de Haas	March 2, 1878 Lisse, Netherlands	April 26, 1960 Bilthoven, Netherlands	1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1945	[211]
	Hans Geiger	September 30, 1882 Neustadt an der Haardt, German Empire	September 24, 1945 Potsdam, Germany	1935, 1937, 1955	[212]
	Samuel Goudsmit	July 11, 1902 The Hague, Netherlands	December 4, 1978 Reno, Nevada, United States	1935, 1947, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970	[213]
1936
	Patrick Blackett	November 18, 1897 London, United Kingdom	July 13, 1974 London, England	1936, 1939, 1940, 1942, 1944, 1945, 1947, 1948, 1949	Won the 1948 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 52] [214]
	Giuseppe Occhialini	December 5, 1907 Fossombrone, Kingdom of Italy	December 30, 1993 Paris, France	1936, 1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965 [lower-alpha 53] , 1968 [lower-alpha 53] , 1969	[215]
	Jacob Clay	January 18, 1882 Berkhout, Netherlands	December 31, 1955 De Bilt, Netherlands	1936, 1952	[216]
	Hans (Richard (?)) Becker [lower-alpha 9]	December 3, 1887 Hamburg, German Empire (?)	March 16, 1955 Bad Schwalbach, Germany (?)	1936	Nominated by S.J.Barnett the only time
1937
	John Cockcroft	May 27, 1897 Todmorden, United Kingdom	September 18, 1967 Cambridge, England	1935 [lower-alpha 9] , 1937, 1938, 1939, 1943, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1951, 1952	[217] Shared the 1951 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 54] [218]
	Ernest Walton	October 6, 1903 Abbeyside, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland	June 25, 1995 Belfast, United Kingdom	1935 [lower-alpha 9] , 1937, 1938, 1939, 1945, 1947, 1951
	Otto Hahn	March 8, 1879 Frankfurt, German Empire	July 28, 1968 Göttingen, Germany	1937, 1940, 1941, 1943, 1945, 1946, 1947	Won the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1945. [219]
	Lise Meitner	November 7, 1878 Vienna, Austria-Hungary	October 27, 1968 Cambridge, United Kingdom	1937, 1940, 1941, 1943, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1959, 1961, 1964, 1965, 1967	Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [220]
	Alfred Lee Loomis	November 4, 1887 Manhattan, New York, United States	August 11, 1975 East Hampton (town), New York, United States	1937	Nominated jointly with R.W.Wood only. [221]
	Nikola Tesla	July 7, 1856 Smiljan, now Croatia	January 7, 1943 New York City, United States	1937	Nominated the only time by F.Ehrenhaft. [222]
	Gilles Holst	March 20, 1886 Haarlem, Netherlands	October 11, 1968 Waalre, Netherlands	1937, 1944	[223]
	Geoffrey Ingram Taylor	March 7, 1886 St. John's Wood, United Kingdom	June 27, 1975 Cambridge, England	1937, 1945, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1963, 1968, 1969, 1970	Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [224] [225]
1938
	Ernest Lawrence	August 8, 1901 Canton, South Dakota, United States	August 27, 1958 Palo Alto, California, United States	1938, 1939, 1940	Won the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 55] [226]
	Erich Regener	November 12, 1881 Schleusenau  [ pl ], now Poland	February 27, 1955 Stuttgart, Germany	1938	Nominated the only time by Erw.Schrödinger . [227]
1939
	Isidor Isaac Rabi	July 29, 1898 Rymanów, now Poland	January 11, 1988 New York City, United States	1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945	Won the 1944 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 56] [228]
	Albert W. Hull	April 19, 1880 Southington, Connecticut, United States	January 22, 1966 Schenectady, New York, United States	1939	Nominated jointly with P.Debye and P.Scherrer the only time by Harald Perlitz  [ et ]. [229]
	Paul Scherrer	February 3, 1890 St. Gallen, Switzerland	September 25, 1969 Zürich, Switzerland	1939, 1951	[230]

1940–1949

• 1940
• 1941
• 1942
• 1943
• 1944
• 1945
• 1946
• 1947
• 1948
• 1949

Picture	Name	Born	Died	Years Nominated	Notes
1940 - this year Prize was not awarded
	Hideki Yukawa	January 23, 1907 Tokyo, Japan	September 8, 1981 Kyoto, Japan	1940, 1941, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1948, 1949, 1950	Won the 1949 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 57] and nominated for Nobel Peace Prize too [231]
	William Giauque	May 12, 1895 Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada	March 28, 1982 Berkeley, California, United States	1940	Won the 1949 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. [232]
	Jaroslav Heyrovský	December 20, 1890 Prague, Czechia	March 27, 1967 Prague, Czechia	1940	Won the 1959 Nobel Prize in Chemistry and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [lower-alpha 58] [233]
	Henri Bouasse  [ fr ]	November 16, 1866 Paris, France	November 15, 1953 Toulouse, France	1940	[234] Nominated jointly the only time by R. de Mallemann  [ fr ]. [lower-alpha 59] Chamberlain nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize too [235]
	Neville Chamberlain	March 8, 1869 Edgbaston, United Kingdom	November 9, 1940 Heckfield, England
	Willem Hendrik Keesom	June 21, 1876, Texel, Netherlands	March 24, 1956 Leiden, Netherlands	1940, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1947, 1948, 1955	[236]
1941 - this year Prize was not awarded
	Fritz Strassmann	February 22, 1902 Boppard, German Empire	April 22, 1980 Mainz, Germany	1941, 1945, 1946	Nominated jointly with Otto Hahn only. [237]
	Seth Neddermeyer	September 16, 1907 Richmond, Michigan, United States	January 29, 1988 Seattle, Washington, United States	1941, 1942, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952	Nominated jointly with or by C.D.Anderson only. [238]
	Pierre Victor Auger	May 14, 1899 Paris, France	December 25, 1993 Paris, France	1941, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1951, 1953	[239]
1942 - this year Prize was not awarded
	George de Hevesy	August 1, 1885 Budapest, Austria-Hungary	July 5, 1966 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany	1942	Won the 1943 Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1944 and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too. [240]
1943 - Prize has been awarded a year later
	Hans Bethe	July 2, 1906 Strasbourg, now France	March 6, 2005 Ithaca, New York, United States	1943, 1946, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967	Won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 60] [241]
	Santiago Antúnez de Mayolo	January 10, 1887 Huacllan District, Aija Province, Department of Ancash, Peru	April 20, 1967 Lima, Peru	1943	Nominated the only time by C.Granda from Lima. [242]
	George Gamow	March 4, 1904 Odesa, now Ukraine	August 19, 1968 Boulder, Colorado, United States	1943, 1946, 1967	[243]
	Donald William Kerst	November 1, 1911 Galena, Illinois, United States	August 19, 1993 Madison, Wisconsin, United States	1943, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1956, 1969	[244]
1944
	Frits Zernike	July 16, 1888 Amsterdam, Netherlands	March 10, 1966 Amersfoort, Netherlands	1944, 1948, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953	Won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 61] and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [245]
	Henk Dorgelo	February 9, 1894 Dedemsvaart, Netherlands	March 6, 1961 Eindhoven, Netherlands	1944	[246] Nominated jointly with G.Holst the only time by G.J.Elias  [ nl ] [247] [248]
	Willem Christiaan van Geel [249]	October 27, 1895 Haarlemmermeer, Netherlands	August 23, 1967 Eindhoven, Netherlands
	Frans Michel Penning	September 12, 1894 Gorinchem, Netherlands	December 6, 1953 Utrecht, Netherlands
1945
	Bernard Lyot	February 27, 1897 Paris, France	April 2, 1952 Cairo, Egypt	1945, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952	[250]
	Otto Robert Frisch	October 1, 1904 Vienna, Austria-Hungary	September 22, 1979 Cambridge, United Kingdom	1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1959, 1961, 1963, 1967	Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [251]
1946
	Pyotr Kapitsa	July 8, 1894 Kronstadt, Russian Empire	April 8, 1984 Moscow, Russia	1946, 1947, 1948, 1950, 1953, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970	Shared the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 62] with A.A.Penzias and R.W.Wilson [252]
	Nuclear Scientists			1946, 1947	[253]
	Arthur Jeffrey Dempster	August 14, 1886 Toronto, Canada	March 11, 1950 Stuart, Florida, United States	1946, 1948	[254]
	Francis Simon	July 2, 1893 Berlin, German Empire	October 31, 1956 Oxford, United Kingdom	1946, 1953, 1956	Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [255]
	J. Robert Oppenheimer	April 22, 1904 New York City, United States	February 18, 1967 Princeton, New Jersey, United States	1946, 1951, 1955, 1967	[256]
1947
	Edwin McMillan	September 18, 1907 Redondo Beach, California, United States	September 7, 1991 El Cerrito, California, United States	1947, 1948, 1951, 1956, 1965	Shared the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Gl.T.Seaborg . [257]
	Vladimir Veksler	March 4, 1907 Zhytomyr, now Ukraine	September 22, 1966 Moscow, Russia	1947, 1948, 1951, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1964, 1965	[258]
	Camille Gutton	August 30, 1872 Nancy, France	August 19, 1963 Saint-Nom-la-Bretèche, France	1947	Nominated the only time by L. de Broglie . [259]
	Robert Serber	March 14, 1909 Philadelphia, United States	June 1, 1997 New York City, United States	1947	Nominated jointly with D.W.Kerst by Cz.Białobrzeski the only time. [260]
	Karl-Friedrich Bonhoeffer	January 13, 1899 Breslau, now Poland	May 15, 1957 Göttingen, Germany	1947, 1949	Nominated by W.Heisenberg only and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [261]
	Klaus Clusius	March 19, 1903 Breslau, now Poland	May 28, 1963 Zürich, Switzerland	1947, 1949, 1953, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1963	Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [262]
	Walther Meissner	December 16, 1882 Berlin, German Empire	November 16, 1974 Munich, Germany	1947, 1950, 1955, 1966, 1967	[263]
	Dmitri Skobeltsyn	November 24, 1892 Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire	November 16, 1990 Moscow, Russia	1947	Nominated jointly with Br.Rossi, P.Blackett and P.V.Auger the only time by Cz.Białobrzeski. [264]
	Bruno Rossi	April 13, 1905 Venice, Kingdom of Italy	November 21, 1993 Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States	1947, 1948, 1949, 1952, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968	[265]
	Llewellyn Thomas	October 21, 1903 London, United Kingdom	April 20, 1992 Raleigh, North Carolina, United States	1947, 1968	Nominated jointly with S.Goudsmit and G.Uhlenbeck only. [266]
	George Uhlenbeck	December 6, 1900 Batavia, now Indonesia	October 31, 1988 Boulder, Colorado, United States	1947, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970	Nominated jointly with S.Goudsmit only. [267]
1948
	Helmut Scheffers [268]	September 13, 1898 Darmstadt, German Empire	February 25, 1963 West Berlin, Germany	1948	Nominated the only time by J.Stark . [269]
	Balthasar van der Pol	January 27, 1889 Utrecht, Netherlands	October 6, 1959 Wassenaar, Netherlands	1948, 1949, 1950	Nominated by brothers Louis and M. de Broglie only. [270]
	Marcel Schein	June 9, 1902 Trstená, now Slovakia	February 20, 1960 Chicago, United States	1948, 1949, 1951, 1952	[271]
	Walter Grotrian	April 21, 1890 Aachen, German Empire	March 3, 1954 Potsdam, Germany	1948	Nominated jointly with B.Edlén and B.Lyot the only time by Alfred Kastler . [272]
	Bengt Edlén	November 2, 1906, Gusum, Sweden	February 10, 1993 Lund, Sweden	1948, 1950, 1954, 1956, 1957, 1960, 1963, 1964	[273]
	Henry Lincoln Yeagley, Sr. [274]	July 17, 1899 York, Pennsylvania, United States	December 26, 1996 State College, Pennsylvania, United States	1948	[275] Nominated jointly with R.W.Pohl the only time by W.O.Schumann [276]
	Karl Guthe Jansky	October 22, 1905 Norman, Oklahoma, United States	February 14, 1950 Red Bank, New Jersey, United States
	Robert Wichard Pohl	August 10, 1884 Hamburg, German Empire	June 5, 1976 Göttingen, Germany	1948, 1953, 1957, 1959, 1967 [lower-alpha 53]	[277]
	Felix Bloch	October 23, 1905 Zürich, Switzerland	September 10, 1983 Zürich, Switzerland	1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953	[278] Shared the 1952 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 63] [279]
1949
	Edward Mills Purcell	August 30, 1912 Taylorville, Illinois, United States	March 7, 1997 Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States	1949, 1950, 1951, 1952
	C. F. Powell	December 5, 1903 Tonbridge, United Kingdom	August 9, 1969 Valsassina, Italy	1949, 1950, 1951	Won the 1950 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 64] [280]
	César Lattes	July 11, 1924 Curitiba, Brazil	March 8, 2005 Campinas, Brazil	1949, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954	[281]
	Eugene Hill Gardner [282]	March 22, 1913 Logan, Utah, United States [283]	November 27, 1950 Vallejo, California, United States	1949	Nominated jointly with C.Lattes the only time by W.Sc.Hill Rodriguez (1903–1987) [284] from Montevideo. [285]
	Vannevar Bush	March 11, 1890 Everett, Massachusetts, United States	June 28, 1974 Belmont, Massachusetts, United States	1949	Nominated the only time by Arthur C. Hardy. [286]
	Alfred O. C. Nier	May 28, 1911 St. Paul, Minnesota, United States	May 16, 1994 Hennepin County Medical Center, United States	1949	Nominated the only time by J.L.Kerwin and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [287] [288]
	Albert Portevin	November 1, 1880 Paris, France	April 12, 1962 Abano Terme, Italy	1949	Nominated the only time by C.Benedicks and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [289]
	Leo Szilard	February 11, 1898 Budapest, Austria-Hungary	May 30, 1964 San Diego, United States	1949	Nominated the only time by M.Goldhaber and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [290]
	Hans Kramers	February 2, 1894 Rotterdam, Netherlands	April 24, 1952 Oegstgeest, Netherlands	1949, 1950, 1952	[291]
	Harold Jeffreys	22 April 1891 Fatfield, United Kingdom	18 March 1989 Cambridge, England	1949, 1964, 1966	[292]
	Edward Carl Stevenson [293]	March 9, 1907 Sumpter, Oregon, United States	July 23, 2002 Charlottesville, Virginia, United States	1949	Nominated jointly with C.D.Anderson , S.Neddermeyer, H.Yukawa and J.C.Street the only time by Peter Gerald Kruger (1902–1978) from Urbana, Illinois, United States [294]
	J. Curry Street	May 5, 1906 Opelika, Alabama, United States	November 7, 1989 Charleston, South Carolina, United States	1949, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1959, 1962, 1967	[295]
	Lawrence R. Hafstad	June 18, 1904 Minneapolis, United States	October 12, 1993 Oldwick, New Jersey, United States	1949	[296] Nominated jointly with Gr.Breit the only time by W.S.Adams [297]
	Merle Tuve	June 27, 1901 Canton, South Dakota, United States	May 20, 1982 Bethesda, Maryland, United States
	Gregory Breit	July 14, 1899 Mykolaiv, now Ukraine	September 13, 1981 Salem, Oregon, United States	1949, 1970	[298]

1950–1959

• 1950
• 1951
• 1952
• 1953
• 1954
• 1955
• 1956
• 1957
• 1958
• 1959

Picture	Name	Born	Died	Years Nominated	Notes
1950
	Georg von Békésy	June 3, 1899 Budapest, Austria-Hungary	June 13, 1972 Honolulu, United States	1950, 1953, 1954, 1958	Won the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. [299]
	Josef Mattauch	November 21, 1895 Ostrava, Czechia	August 10, 1976 Klosterneuburg, Austria	1950	Nominated jointly with W.Kossel the only time by F.K.L.Machatschki and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [300]
	Walther Kossel	January 4, 1888 Berlin, German Empire	May 22, 1956 Tübingen, Germany	1950, 1954, 1955	Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [301]
	Hertha Wambacher	March 9, 1903 Vienna, Austria-Hungary	April 25, 1950 Vienna, Austria	1950	Nominated jointly with M.Blau the only time by Erwin Schrödinger . [302] Died before the only chance to be rewarded.
	Marietta Blau	April 29, 1894 Vienna, Austria-Hungary	January 27, 1970 Vienna, Austria	1950, 1955, 1956, 1957	Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [303]
	Horace W. Babcock	September 13, 1912 Pasadena, California, United States	August 29, 2003 Santa Barbara, California, United States	1950, 1956, 1958	Nominated by Al.H.G.Dauvillier [lower-alpha 65] only [304]
	Grote Reber	December 22, 1911 Wheaton, Illinois, United States	December 20, 2002 Ouse, Tasmania, Australia	1950, 1967, 1969	[305]
1951
	Julian Schwinger	February 12, 1918 New York City, United States	July 16, 1994 Los Angeles, United States	1951, 1952, 1956, 1957, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966	[306] Shared the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics with R.Ph.Feynman [lower-alpha 66] [307]
	Shin'ichirō Tomonaga	March 31, 1906 Tokyo, Japan	July 8, 1979 Tokyo, Japan	1951, 1952, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965
	Luis Walter Alvarez	June 13, 1911 San Francisco, California, United States	September 1, 1988 Berkeley, California, United States	1951, 1953, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968	Won the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 67] [308]
	Willis Lamb	July 12, 1913 Los Angeles, United States	May 15, 2008 Tucson, United States	1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955	Shared the 1955 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 68] with P.Kusch [309]
	Robert Curtis Retherford	1912 Carthage, Indiana, United States	1981	1951, 1952, 1953, 1955	Nominated jointly with W.Lamb only. [310]
	William Francis Gray Swann	August 29, 1884 Ironbridge Gorge, United Kingdom	January 29, 1962 Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, United States	1951, 1952, 1953	Nominated jointly with C.D.Anderson by V.Fr.Hess only. [311]
	Homi J. Bhabha	October 30, 1909 Bombay, India	January 24, 1966 Mont Blanc, Alps	1951, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956	Nominated by J.Hadamard only. [312]
	Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky	April 24, 1919 Berlin, Germany	September 24, 2007 Los Altos, California, United States	1951, 1952, 1953, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1962, 1967	[313]
	Pascual Jordan	18 October 1902 Hannover, German Empire	31 July 1980 Hamburg, Germany	1951, 1963, 1967, 1970	[314]
	Erwin Wilhelm Müller	June 13, 1911 Berlin, German Empire	May 17, 1977 Washington, D.C., United States	1951, 1952, 1953, 1957, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970	Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [315]
	John Hasbrouck Van Vleck	March 13, 1899 Middletown, Connecticut, United States	October 27, 1980 Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States	1951, 1961, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970	[316] Shared the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physics with Ph.W.Anderson [lower-alpha 69] [317]
1952
	Nevill Francis Mott	September 30, 1905 Leeds, United Kingdom	August 8, 1996 Milton Keynes, England	1952, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1968, 1969, 1970
	Polykarp Kusch	January 26, 1911 Blankenburg (Harz), German Empire	March 20, 1993 Dallas, United States	1952, 1955	Shared the 1955 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 70] with W.Lamb [318]
	Pavel Cherenkov	July 28, 1904 Novaya Chigla, Russian Empire	January 6, 1990 Moscow, Russia	1952, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958	Shared the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics with Ig.Tamm and Il.Frank [lower-alpha 71] [319]
	Lars Onsager	November 27, 1903 Kristiania, Norway	October 5, 1976 Coral Gables, Florida, United States	1952, 1953, 1954, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968	Won the 1968 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. [320]
	Helmut L. Bradt [321]	December 11, 1917 Berlin, German Empire	May 24, 1950 Brooklyn, United States	1952	[322] Nominated jointly (Bradt - posthumously) with J.Clay the only time by Al.H.G.Dauvillier [lower-alpha 65] [323]
	Bernard Peters	December 22, 1910 Posen, now Poland	February 2, 1993 Copenhagen, Denmark
	Samuel Jackson Barnett	December 14, 1873 Woodson County, Kansas, United States	May 22, 1956 Pasadena, California, United States	1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956	[324]
	Georges Destriau	1 August 1903 Bordeaux, France	20 January 1960 Paris, France	1952, 1962	[325]
	Louis Néel	November 22, 1904 Lyon, France	November 17, 2000 Brive-la-Gaillarde, France	1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970	[lower-alpha 72] [326] Shared the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics L.Néel nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too [lower-alpha 73] [327]
1953
	Hannes Alfvén	May 30, 1908 Norrköping, Sweden	April 2, 1995 Djursholm, Sweden	1953, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970
	Emilio Segrè	February 1, 1905 Tivoli, Italy,	April 22, 1989 Lafayette, California, United States	1953, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959	Shared the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physics with O.Chamberlain [lower-alpha 74] and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too [328]
	Eugene Wigner	November 17, 1902 Budapest, Austria-Hungary	January 1, 1995 Princeton, New Jersey, United States	1953, 1955, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963	Shared the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 75] with J.H.D.Jensen and M.Goeppert-Mayer [329]
	Willard Libby	December 17, 1908 Grand Valley, United States	September 8, 1980 Los Angeles, United States	1953, 1956, 1957, 1960	Won the 1960 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. [330]
	Edwin Hubble	November 20, 1889 Marshfield, Missouri, United States	September 28, 1953 San Marino, California, United States	1953	Died before the only chance to be rewarded. [331]
	Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker	June 28, 1912 Kiel, German Empire	April 28, 2007 Starnberg, Germany	1953, 1958, 1964, 1965	[332]
	Robert J. Van de Graaff	December 20, 1901 Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States	January 16, 1967 Boston, Massachusetts, United States	1953, 1964, 1966	[333]
	Louis Leprince-Ringuet	March 27, 1901 Alès, France	December 23, 2000 Paris, France	1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1960, 1966 [lower-alpha 53] , 1967 [lower-alpha 53]	[334]
	John Bardeen	May 23, 1908 Madison, Wisconsin, United States	January 30, 1991 Boston, Massachusetts, United States	1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1961 [lower-alpha 76] , 1963, 1965 [lower-alpha 76] , 1966 [lower-alpha 76] , 1967 [lower-alpha 76] , 1968 [lower-alpha 76] , 1969 [lower-alpha 76] , 1970 [lower-alpha 76]	J.Bardeen shared 1972 Nobel Prize in Physics with L.Cooper and J.R.Schrieffer [lower-alpha 77] too [335] W.H.Brattain nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too [336] Shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 78] [337]
	Walter Houser Brattain	February 10, 1902 Xiamen, China	October 13, 1987 Seattle, Washington, United States	1953, 1954, 1956
1954
	William Shockley	February 13, 1910 Greater London, United Kingdom	August 12, 1989 Stanford, California, United States	1954, 1955, 1956
	Lev Landau	January 22, 1908 Baku, now Azerbaijan	April 1, 1968 Moscow, Russia	1954, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1963	Won the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 79] [338]
	Fritz London	March 7, 1900 Breslau, now Poland	March 30, 1954 Durham, North Carolina, United States	1954	Nominated jointly with L.Landau the only time by R.Marschak and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [339] Died before the chance to be rewarded.
	Ilya Prigogine	January 25, 1917 Moscow, Russian Empire	May 28, 2003 Brussels, Belgium	1954, 1958, 1964, 1970	Won the 1977 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. [340]
	Jean Laval  [ fr ]	January 31, 1900 Saint-Pardoux-le-Vieux, France	March 4, 1980 Paris, France	1954	Nominated the only time by A.Lichnorowicz. [341]
	Georges Lemaître	July 17, 1894 Charleroi, Belgium	June 20, 1966 Leuven, Belgium	1954	Nominated the only time by Al.H.G.Dauvillier [lower-alpha 65] and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [342]
	Vladimir K. Zworykin	July 29, 1888 Murom, Russian Empire	July 29, 1982 Princeton, New Jersey, United States	1954	Nominated the only time by Vitomir H. Pavloviћ [343] (9.II 1897, Опланићи - 1959) from the University of Belgrade. [344]
	James Gilbert Baker	November 11, 1914 Louisville, Kentucky, United States	June 29, 2005 Bedford, New Hampshire, United States	1954	[345] [346] Nominated jointly with B.Edlén and M.Deutsch the only time by H.Shapley [347] [348]
	Edward Linfoot	June 8, 1905 Sheffield, United Kingdom	October 14, 1982 Cambridge, England
	Edwin H. Land	May 7, 1909 Bridgeport, Connecticut, United States	March 1, 1991 Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
	Karl Lark-Horovitz	July 20, 1892 Vienna, Austria-Hungary	April 14, 1958 West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
	Martin Deutsch	January 29, 1917 Vienna, Austria-Hungary	August 16, 2002 Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States	1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1960	Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [349]
	Maurice Goldhaber	April 18, 1911 Lviv, now Ukraine	May 11, 2011 East Setauket, New York, United States	1954, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1970	[350]
1955
	Ernst Ruska	December 25, 1906 Heidelberg, German Empire	May 27, 1988 West Berlin, Germany	1955, 1957, 1960, 1961, 1965, 1966, 1969, 1970	Shared the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 80] with G.Binnig and H.Rohrer and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too. [lower-alpha 81] [351]
	Bodo von Borries	May 22, 1905 Herford, German Empire	July 17, 1956 Aachen, Germany	1955	Nominated jointly with Ernst Ruska only and for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too. [lower-alpha 81] [352] [353]
	Jan Oort	April 28, 1900 Franeker, Netherlands	November 5, 1992 Leiden, Netherlands	1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961	[354]
	Christiaan Alexander Muller	April 18, 1923 Alkmaar, Netherlands	August 8, 2004 Delden, Netherlands	1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1961	Nominated jointly with J.Oort and H.C. van de Hulst only. [355]
	Hendrik C. van de Hulst	November 19, 1918 Utrecht, Netherlands	July 31, 2000 Leiden, Netherlands	1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1964, 1966, 1967, 1968	[356]
	Max Knoll	July 17, 1897 Schlangenbad, German Empire	November 6, 1969 Munich, Germany	1955, 1957, 1961, 1967	[357]
	Léon Brillouin	August 7, 1889 Sèvres, France	October 4, 1969 New York City, United States	1955, 1957, 1960, 1965, 1967, 1969	[358]
	George Rochester	February 4, 1908 Wallsend, United Kingdom	December 26, 2001 Durham, England	1955, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966 [lower-alpha 53] , 1967 [lower-alpha 53] , 1968 [lower-alpha 53] , 1969 [lower-alpha 53]	[359]
	J. Hans D. Jensen	June 25, 1907 Hamburg, German Empire	February 11, 1973 Heidelberg, Germany	1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963	[360] Shared the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 82] with E.Wigner and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too [361]
	Maria Goeppert Mayer	June 28, 1906 Kattowitz, now Poland	February 20, 1972 San Diego, California, United States	1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1963
1956
	Otto Haxel	April 2, 1909, Neu-Ulm, German Empire	February 26, 1998 Heidelberg, Germany	1956, 1957	[362] Nominated jointly with J.H.D.Jensen and M.Goeppert Mayer by Karl Freudenberg only [363]
	Hans Suess	December 16, 1909 Vienna, Austria-Hungary	September 20, 1993 La Jolla, California, United States
	Richard Feynman	May 11, 1918 New York City, United States	February 15, 1988 Los Angeles, United States	1956, 1957, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1967	Shared the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics with J.Schwinger and Sh.Tomonaga [lower-alpha 66] [364]
	Alfred Kastler	3 May 1902 Guebwiller, now France	7 January 1984 Bandol, France	1956, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966	Won the 1966 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 83] [365]
	Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin	May 12, 1910 Cairo, Egypt	July 29, 1994 Ilmington, United Kingdom	1956, 1957, 1959, 1960, 1961	Won the 1964 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. [366]
	Jan Hendrik de Boer	March 19, 1899 Ruinen, Netherlands	April 25, 1971 The Hague, Netherlands	1956	Nominated the only time by Antoine Hautot (1909–1998) from Liège. [367]
	Lee de Forest	August 26, 1873 Council Bluffs, Iowa, United States	June 30, 1961 Hollywood, United States	1956	Nominated the only time by Cl.Davisson . [368]
	Mark Oliphant	October 8, 1901 Adelaide, Australia	July 14, 2000 Canberra, Australia	1956	Nominated the only time by L.Ružička . [369]
	Gerald Pearson	March 31, 1905 Salem, Oregon, United States	October 25, 1987 Portola Valley, California, United States	1956	Nominated jointly with J.Bardeen and W.H.Brattain the only time by Mariano Velasco Durántez (1897–1984) from University of Barcelona. [370]
	Gustav Ising	February 19, 1883 Finja, Sweden	February 5, 1960 Danderyd Municipality, Sweden	1956	Nominated jointly with D.W.Kerst and R.Widerøe the only time by Ern.Walton . [371]
	Rolf Widerøe	July 11, 1902 Kristiania, Norway	October 11, 1996 Obersiggenthal, Switzerland	1956, 1969	Nominated jointly with D.W.Kerst only. [372]
	Satyendra Nath Bose	January 1, 1894 Calcutta, India	February 4, 1974 Calcutta, India	1956, 1959, 1962, 1968, 1969, 1970	[373]
	Sydney Chapman	January 29, 1888 Eccles, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom	June 16, 1970 Boulder, Colorado, United States	1956, 1959, 1961, 1963, 1967, 1968, 1970	[374]
	Cornelis Jacobus Gorter	August 14, 1907, Utrecht, Netherlands	30 March 1980 Leiden, Netherlands	1956, 1957, 1959, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970	[375]
1957
	Igor Tamm	July 8, 1895 Vladivostok, Russian Empire	April 12, 1971 Moscow, Russia	1957, 1958	[376] Shared the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics with P.A.Cherenkov [lower-alpha 71] [377]
	Ilya Frank	October 23, 1908 Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire	June 22, 1990 Moscow, Russia
	Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov	March 24, 1891 Moscow, Russian Empire	January 25, 1951 Moscow, Russia	1957, 1958	Posthumously nominated jointly with P.A.Cherenkov only. [378]
	Owen Chamberlain	July 10, 1920 San Francisco, California, United States	February 28, 2006 Berkeley, California, United States	1957, 1958, 1959	Shared the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physics with Em.Segrè [lower-alpha 74] [379]
	Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar	October 19, 1910 Lahore, now Pakistan	August 21, 1995 Chicago, United States	1957, 1962, 1968, 1969, 1970	Shared the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 84] with W.A.Fowler . [380]
	Clifford Shull	September 23, 1915 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States	March 31, 2001 Medford, Massachusetts, United States	1957, 1968	Shared the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 85] with B.N.Brockhouse . [381]
	Ernest O. Wollan	November 6, 1902 Glenwood, Minnesota, United States	March 11, 1984 Minneapolis, United States	1957	Nominated jointly with Cl.Shull and L.Néel the only time by Ivar Waller. [382]
	Frederick Reines	March 16, 1918 Paterson, New Jersey, United States	August 26, 1998 Orange, California, United States	1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967	Shared the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 86] with M.L.Perl [383]
	Clyde Cowan	December 6, 1919 Detroit, United States	May 24, 1974 Bethesda, Maryland, United States	1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967	Nominated jointly with Fr.Reines only. [384]
	Carl-Gustaf Rossby	December 28, 1898 Stockholm, Sweden	August 19, 1957 Stockholm, Sweden	1957	Nominated the only time by H.Pettersson. [385] Died before the only chance to be rewarded.
	Gersh Budker	May 1, 1918 Murafa, near Vinnytsia, now Ukraine	July 4, 1977 Akademgorodok, Russia	1957	[386] Nominated jointly with Vl.I.Veksler the only time by L.Ružička [387]
	Alexey Naumov	January 27, 1916 Petrograd, Russian Empire	November 22, 1985 Protvino, Russia
	Hans Busch	February 27, 1884 Jüchen, German Empire	February 16, 1973 Darmstadt, Germany	1957	Nominated jointly with Ernst Ruska and M.Knoll only. [388]
	Ettore Pancini  [ it ]	August 10, 1915 Stanghella, Kingdom of Italy	September 2, 1981 Venice, Italy	1957, 1963	[389] Nominated jointly with M.Conversi only [390]
	Oreste Piccioni	October 24, 1915 Siena, Kingdom of Italy	April 13, 2002 Rancho Santa Fe, California, United States
	Marcello Conversi	August 25, 1917 Tivoli, Lazio, Kingdom of Italy	September 22, 1988 Rome, Italy	1957, 1963, 1965	[391]
	Brebis Bleaney	June 6, 1915 Chelsea, London, United Kingdom	November 4, 2006 Oxford, England	1957, 1959, 1966	[392]
	Clifford Charles Butler	May 20, 1922 Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom	June 30, 1999 Glenfield Hospital, England	1957, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965 [lower-alpha 53] , 1966 [lower-alpha 53] , 1967 [lower-alpha 53] , 1968 [lower-alpha 53] , 1969 [lower-alpha 53]	Nominated jointly with George Rochester only [393] [394] [lower-alpha 87]
	Yang Chen-Ning	October 1, 1922 Hefei, China		1957 [lower-alpha 88] [lower-alpha 89]	[395] [lower-alpha 90] Shared the 1957 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 91] [396] [lower-alpha 92]
	Tsung-Dao Lee	November 24, 1926 Shanghai, China
1958
	Chien-Shiung Wu	May 31, 1912 Liuhe, Taicang, China	February 16, 1997 New York City, United States	1958, 1959, 1960, 1964, 1965, 1967 [lower-alpha 53] , 1968, 1970	[397] [398] [lower-alpha 93]
	Robert Hofstadter	February 5, 1915 New York City, United States	November 17, 1990 Stanford, California, United States	1958, 1959, 1960, 1961	Shared the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 94] with R.L.Mössbauer . [399]
	Charles H. Townes	July 28, 1915 Greenville, South Carolina, United States	January 27, 2015 Oakland, California, United States	1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965	Shared the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics with Al.M.Prokhorov and N.G.Basov [lower-alpha 95] [400]
	Abdus Salam	January 29, 1926 Jhang, now Pakistan	November 21, 1996 Oxford, United Kingdom	1958, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970	Shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics with St.Weinberg and Sh.L.Glashow [lower-alpha 96] [401]
	Seymour Benzer	October 15, 1921 Bensonhurst, Brooklyn, New York, United States	November 30, 2007 Pasadena, California, United States	1958	Nominated the only time by Ernest C. Pollard. [402]
	Heinz Neuber  [ de ]	November 22, 1906 Stettin, now Poland	November 18, 1989 Bad Wörishofen, Germany	1958	Nominated the only time by Hajimu Ōkubo from Mechanical Engineering Department of Nagoya University. [403]
	Boris Rajewsky	July 17, 1893 Chyhyryn, now Ukraine	November 22, 1974 Frankfurt am Main, Germany	1958	Nominated the only time by Fr.Dessauer . [404]
	Harold D. Babcock	January 24, 1882 Edgerton, Wisconsin, United States	April 8, 1968 Pasadena, California, United States	1958	Nominated jointly with H.W.Babcock the only time by Al.H.G.Dauvillier [lower-alpha 65] [405]
	William Hume-Rothery	May 15, 1899 Worcester Park, United Kingdom	September 27, 1968 Oxford, England	1958	Nominated the only time by G.D.Preston and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [406]
	Clyde Wiegand	May 23, 1915, Long Beach, Washington, United States	July 5, 1996 Oakland, California, United States	1958	[407] Nominated jointly with Owen Chamberlain and Em.Segrè the only time by M.Verde  [ it ] [408]
	Thomas Ypsilantis	June 24, 1928 Salt Lake City, United States	August 15, 2000 Geneva, Switzerland
	David Bohm	December 20, 1917 Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, United States	October 27, 1992 London, United Kingdom	1958	Nominated jointly with D.Pines the only time by Huzio Nakano  [ ja ] (1922-2009) from Nagoya University. [409]
	David Pines	June 8, 1924 Kansas City, Missouri, United States	May 3, 2018 Urbana, Illinois, United States	1958, 1968	[410]
	Alfred Landé	December 13, 1888 Elberfeld, German Empire	October 30, 1976 Columbus, Ohio, United States	1958, 1969	Nominated jointly with S.Goudsmit and G.Uhlenbeck by Alfred Kastler only. [411]
	Jesse Beams	December 25, 1898 Belle Plaine, Kansas, United States	July 23, 1977 Charlottesville, Virginia, United States	1958, 1970	[412]
	Victor Weisskopf	September 19, 1908 Vienna, Austria-Hungary	April 22, 2002 Newton, Massachusetts, United States	1958, 1965, 1967, 1969, 1970	[413]
	Yevgeny Zavoisky	September 28, 1907 Mohyliv-Podilskyi, now Ukraine	October 9, 1976 Moscow, Russia	1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970	Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [414]
1959
	Donald A. Glaser	September 21, 1926 Cleveland, Ohio, United States	February 28, 2013 Berkeley, California, United States	1959, 1960	Won the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 97] [415]
	Leon M. Lederman	July 15, 1922 New York City, United States	October 3, 2018 Rexburg, Idaho, United States	1959, 1963, 1967, 1969	Shared the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics with M.Schwartz and J.Steinberger [lower-alpha 98] [416]
	Friedrich Dessauer	July 19, 1881 Aschaffenburg, German Empire	February 16, 1963 Frankfurt am Main, Germany	1959	Nominated the only time by H.Schreiber  [ de ] and for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too [lower-alpha 99] [417] [418]
	Abram Ioffe	October 29, 1880 Romny, now Ukraine	October 14, 1960 Leningrad, Russia	1959	Nominated the only time by Fr.X.Eder  [ de ]. [419]
	Charles Kittel	July 18, 1916 New York City, United States	May 15, 2019 Berkeley, California, United States	1959	Nominated the only time by W.Nierenberg. [420]
	Albrecht Unsöld	April 20, 1905 Bolheim, German Empire	September 23, 1995 Kiel, Germany	1959	Nominated the only time by G.Burkhardt  [ de ]. [421]
	Frank Philip Bowden	May 2, 1903 Hobart, Australia	September 3, 1968 Cambridge, United Kingdom	1959	Nominated the only time by L.B.Loeb. [422]
	André Lallemand	September 29, 1904 Cirey-lès-Pontailler, France	March 24, 1978 Paris, France	1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1964	[423]
	Nicholas Kemmer	December 7, 1911 Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire	October 21, 1998 Edinburgh, United Kingdom	1959, 1965	[424]
	J. D. Bernal	May 10, 1901 Nenagh, United Kingdom	September 15, 1971 London, United Kingdom	1959, 1966	Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [425]
	Norbert Wiener	November 26, 1894 Columbia, Missouri, United States	March 18, 1964 Stockholm, Sweden	1959	Nominated jointly with Cl.Shannon the only time by G. N. Ramachandran. [426]
	Claude Shannon	April 30, 1916 Petoskey, Michigan, United States	February 24, 2001 Medford, Massachusetts, United States	1959, 1967	[427]
	Carl Wagner	May 25, 1901 Leipzig, German Empire	December 10, 1977 Göttingen, Germany	1959	Nominated jointly with W.H.Schottky the only time by R.Vieweg  [ de ] and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [428]
	Walter H. Schottky	July 23, 1886 Zürich, Switzerland	March 4, 1976 Pretzfeld, Germany	1959, 1965, 1967 [lower-alpha 53]	Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [429]
	Frederick Charles Frank	March 6, 1911 Durban, South Africa	April 5, 1998 Bristol, United Kingdom	1959, 1961, 1968	[430]
	Nikolay Bogolyubov	August 21, 1909 Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Empire	February 13, 1992 Moscow, Russia	1959, 1960, 1963, 1966, 1967, 1968 [lower-alpha 76] , 1969, 1970	[431]

1960–1969

• 1960
• 1961
• 1962
• 1963
• 1964
• 1965
• 1966
• 1967
• 1968
• 1969

Picture	Name	Born	Died	Years Nominated	Notes
1960
	Alexander Prokhorov	July 11, 1916 Peeramon, Queensland, Australia	January 8, 2002 Moscow, Russia	1960, 1962, 1963, 1964	[432] Shared the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics with Ch.H.Townes [lower-alpha 95] [433]
	Nikolay Basov	December 14, 1922 Usman, Russian Empire	July 1, 2001 Moscow, Russia
	Murray Gell-Mann	September 15, 1929 Manhattan, New York City, United States	May 24, 2019 Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States	1960, 1961 [lower-alpha 76] , 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969	Won the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 100] [434]
	Abraham Pais	May 19, 1918 Amsterdam, Netherlands	July 28, 2000 Copenhagen, Denmark	1960, 1968	Nominated jointly with M.Gell-Mann only. [435]
	Nicolaas Bloembergen	March 11, 1920 Dordrecht, Netherlands	September 5, 2017 Tucson, Arizona, United States	1960, 1962, 1963, 1969	Shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physics with A.L.Schawlow [lower-alpha 101] and K.M.B.Siegbahn . [436]
	Max Perutz	May 19, 1914 Vienna, Austria-Hungary	February 6, 2002 Cambridge, United Kingdom	1960, 1961	[437] Shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry [438]
	John Kendrew	March 24, 1917 Oxford, United Kingdom	August 23, 1997 Cambridge, England
	Jean Brossel	August 15, 1918 Périgueux, France	February 4, 2003 Périgueux, France	1960, 1965, 1966	Nominated jointly with Alfred Kastler only. [439]
	Albert Overhauser	August 17, 1925 San Diego, California, United States	December 10, 2011 West Lafayette, Indiana, United States	1960, 1963, 1968	Nominated jointly with An.Abragam only. [440]
	Anatole Abragam	December 15, 1914 Griva, now Latvia	June 8, 2011 Paris, France	1960, 1963, 1968, 1970	[441]
	James Van Allen	September 7, 1914 Mount Pleasant, Iowa, United States	August 9, 2006 Iowa City, Iowa, United States	1960, 1961, 1962, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970	[442]
	Kazuhiko Nishijima	October 4, 1926 Tsuchiura, Japan	February 15, 2009 Tokyo, Japan	1960, 1961 [lower-alpha 76] , 1964, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970	[443]
1961
	Tadao Nakano  [ ja ] (Japanese : 中野 董夫)	1926 Tokyo, Japan	August 15, 2004 Takatsuki, Japan	1961 [lower-alpha 76] , 1970	Nominated jointly with K.Nishijima only. [444]
	Rudolf Mössbauer	January 31, 1929 Munich, Germany	September 14, 2011 Grünwald, Bavaria, Germany	1961	Shared the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 102] with R.Hofstadter . [445]
	Leon Cooper	February 28, 1930 Bronx, New York, United States		1961 [lower-alpha 76] , 1963 [lower-alpha 76] , 1965 [lower-alpha 76] , 1966 [lower-alpha 76] , 1967 [lower-alpha 76] , 1968 [lower-alpha 76] , 1969 [lower-alpha 76] , 1970 [lower-alpha 76]	[446] [lower-alpha 103] Shared the 1972 Nobel Prize in Physics with J.Bardeen [lower-alpha 77] [447] [lower-alpha 104]
	John Robert Schrieffer	May 31, 1931 Oak Park, Illinois, United States	July 27, 2019 Tallahassee, Florida, United States
	Aage Bohr	June 19, 1922 Copenhagen, Denmark	September 8, 2009 Copenhagen, Denmark	1961, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970	[448] [449] Shared the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physics with J.Rainwater [lower-alpha 105] [450]
	Ben Roy Mottelson	July 9, 1926 Chicago, United States	May 13, 2022 Copenhagen, Denmark
	Louis Harold Gray	November 10, 1905 London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, United Kingdom	July 9, 1965 Northwood, London, England	1961	Nominated the only time by H.E.Johns. [451]
	Ladislaus L. (Bill) Marton  [ pt ]	August 15, 1901 Budapest, Austria-Hungary	January 22, 1979 Washington, D.C., United States [452]	1961	Nominated jointly with Ernst Ruska and M.Knoll the only time by D.Gabor . [453]
	Frederick Seitz	July 4, 1911 San Francisco, United States	March 2, 2008 New York City, United States	1961	Nominated jointly with N.Fr.Mott the only time by Kurt Lücke (1921-2001) from RWTH Aachen University. [454]
	Walter Heitler	January 2, 1904 Karlsruhe, German Empire	November 15, 1981 Zollikon, Switzerland	1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1969, 1970	Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [455]
	Egon Orowan	August 2, 1902 Óbuda, Austria-Hungary	August 3, 1989 Cambridge, United Kingdom	1961, 1968, 1970	Nominated jointly with G. I. Taylor only [456] [457]
	Michael Polanyi	March 11, 1891 Budapest, Austria-Hungary	February 22, 1976 Northampton, United Kingdom	1961, 1968, 1970 [lower-alpha 76]	Nominated jointly with G. I. Taylor and Egon Orowan only and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [458]
1962
	Nikolay V. Belov	December 14, 1891 Janów Lubelski, Congress Poland	March 6, 1982 Moscow, Russia	1962	Nominated the only time by his chief A.V.Subnikov and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [459]
	Bogdan Maglich	August 5, 1928, Sombor, now Serbia	November 25, 2017 Newport Beach, California, United States	1962	Nominated the only time by Sreten Šljivić (1899–1974) from University of Belgrade. [460]
	Reinhold Rudenberg	February 4, 1883 Hannover, German Empire	December 25, 1961 Boston, United States	1962	Posthumously nominated the only time by P.W.Bridgman . [461]
	Francis Bitter	July 22, 1902 Weehawken, New Jersey, United States	July 26, 1967 Cape Cod Hospital, Hyannis, Massachusetts, United States	1962	Nominated jointly with Alfred Kastler and Ch.H.Townes the only time by Fr.Seitz. [462]
	Martin Näbauer  [ de ]	November 1, 1919 Karlsruhe, Germany	September 10, 1962 Munich, Germany	1962	Nominated with R.Doll  [ de ] the only time by W.Meissner. [463] Died before the only chance to be rewarded.
	R.Doll  [ de ]	January 16, 1923 Munich, Germany	April 13, 2018 Munich, Germany	1962, 1963	[464]
	Marian Danysz	March 17, 1909 Paris, France	February 9, 1983 Warsaw, Poland	1962, 1965, 1967	[465]
	Theodore Maiman	July 11, 1927 Los Angeles, California, United States	May 5, 2007 Vancouver, Canada	1962, 1969	[466]
	Ali Javan	December 26, 1926 Tehran, Iran	September 12, 2016 Los Angeles, California, United States	1962, 1963	Nominated jointly with J.Weber, Ch.H.Townes , N.Bloembergen , Al.M.Prokhorov and N.G.Basov by Er.Ingelstam  [ sv ] only. [467]
	Joseph Weber	May 17, 1919 Paterson, New Jersey, United States	September 30, 2000 Pittsburgh, United States	1962, 1963, 1970	[468]
1963
	James P. Gordon	March 20, 1928 New York City, United States	June 21, 2013 Manhattan, New York City, United States	1963	Nominated jointly with Ch.H.Townes the only time by G.Bernardini  [ it ]. [469]
	Martin Ryle	September 27, 1918 Brighton, United Kingdom	October 14, 1984 Cambridge, England	1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970	Shared the 1974 Nobel Prize in Physics with Ant.Hewish [lower-alpha 106] . [470]
	Bernard Lovell	August 31, 1913 Oldland Common, United Kingdom	August 6, 2012 Swettenham, England	1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970	Nominated jointly with M.Ryle only. [471]
	Arthur Leonard Schawlow	May 5, 1921 Mount Vernon, New York, United States	April 28, 1999 Palo Alto, California, United States	1963, 1964, 1969	Shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physics with N.Bloembergen [lower-alpha 101] and K.M.B.Siegbahn [472] [473]
	Melvin Schwartz	November 2, 1932 New York City, United States	August 28, 2006 Twin Falls, Idaho, United States	1963, 1964, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969	[474] Shared the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics with L.M.Lederman [lower-alpha 107] [475]
	Jack Steinberger	May 25, 1921 Bad Kissingen, Germany	December 12, 2020 Geneva, Switzerland	1963, 1967, 1969
	Max Delbrück	September 4, 1906 Berlin, German Empire	March 9, 1981 Pasadena, California, United States	1963	Shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Alfred Hershey and S.Luria . [476]
	Walter Friedrich  [ de ]	December 25, 1883 Salbke, Magdeburg, German Empire	October 16, 1968 Berlin, Germany	1963	Nominated the only time by Fr.Kirchner  [ de ]. [477]
	Adriano Gozzini  [ it ]	April 13, 1917 Florence, Kingdom of Italy	September 24, 1994 Pisa, Italy	1963, 1965	Nominated jointly with M.Conversi by V.Hovi  [ fi ] only. [478]
	Ernest Courant	March 26, 1920 Göttingen, Germany	April 21, 2020 Ann Arbor, United States	1963 [lower-alpha 108] , 1967	[479] Jointly nominated only [480]
	M. Stanley Livingston	May 25, 1905 Brodhead, Wisconsin, United States	August 25, 1986 Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States
	William M. Fairbank	February 24, 1917 Minneapolis, United States	September 30, 1989 Palo Alto, California, United States	1963, 1969, 1970	[481]
	Herbert Fröhlich	December 9, 1905 Rexingen, German Empire	January 23, 1991 Liverpool, United Kingdom	1963, 1964, 1966 [lower-alpha 76] , 1970 [lower-alpha 76]	[482]
1964
	Philip Burton Moon	May 17, 1907 Lewisham, United Kingdom	October 9, 1994 Worcester, England,	1964	Nominated the only time by R.L.Mössbauer . [483]
	Edoardo Amaldi	September 5, 1908 Carpaneto Piacentino, Kingdom of Italy	December 5, 1989 Rome, Italy	1964	Nominated jointly with Vl.I.Veksler the only time by Václav Petržílka (1905–1976) from Charles University, Prague [484]
	Leopold Infeld	August 20, 1898 Kraków, now Poland	January 15, 1968 Warsaw, Poland	1964	Nominated the only time by H.Hönl. [485]
	Freeman Dyson	December 15, 1923 Crowthorne, United Kingdom	February 28, 2020 Princeton, New Jersey, United States	1964	Nominated jointly with R.Ph.Feynman the only time by T.Regge. [486]
	Keith Edward Bullen	June 29, 1906 Auckland, New Zealand	September 23, 1976 Auckland, New Zealand	1964	Nominated jointly with H.Jeffreys the only time by Al.Zátopek  [ cs ]. [487]
	Hermann Schüler  [ de ]	July 24, 1894 Posen, now Poland	July 5, 1964 Göttingen, Germany	1964	[488] Nominated jointly the only time by Karl Walter Kofink (1907–1977) from Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Schüler has died before the only chance to be rewarded [489]
	Theodor Schmidt  [ de ]	July 29, 1908 Düsseldorf, German Empire	December 10, 1986 Sulzburg, Germany
	Scott Forbush	April 10, 1904 Hudson, Ohio, United States	April 4, 1984 Charlottesville, Virginia, United States	1964, 1968	Nominated by J.Al.Simpson only. [490]
	William Alfred Fowler	August 9, 1911 Pittsburgh, United States	March 14, 1995 Pasadena, California, United States	1964	Shared the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 109] with S.Chandrasekhar . [491]
	Margaret Burbidge	August 12, 1919 Davenport, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom	April 5, 2020 San Francisco, United States	1964	[492] Nominated jointly with W. Alfred Fowler and Fr.Hoyle the only time by H.Cl.Urey [493]
	Geoffrey Burbidge	September 24, 1925 Chipping Norton, United Kingdom	January 26, 2010 La Jolla, California, United States
	Fred Hoyle	June 24, 1915 Gilstead, Bingley, West Riding of Yorkshire, United Kingdom	August 20, 2001 Bournemouth, England	1964, 1965, 1970	[494]
1965
	Martin Schwarzschild	May 31, 1912 Potsdam, German Empire	April 10, 1997 Langhorne, Pennsylvania, United States	1965	Nominated jointly with Fr.Hoyle the only time by William Russell Hindmarsh [495] (1929-1973) from Newcastle upon Tyne. [496]
	Sybren de Groot  [ nl ]	April 18, 1916 Amsterdam, Netherlands	May 9, 1994 Amsterdam, Netherlands	1965	Nominated the only time by H.Ziegler from ETH Zurich. [497]
	Susumu Okubo	March 2, 1930 Tokyo, Japan	July 17, 2015 Rochester, New York, United States	1965	Nominated the only time by R.E.Marshak. [498]
	Maurice Françon	June 15, 1913 Paris, France	August 11, 1996 Sallanches, France	1965	Nominated jointly with R.Ph.Feynman the only time by Mariano Velasco Durántez (1897–1984) from University of Barcelona. [499]
	Jan Volger [500]	November 18, 1919 Haarlem, Netherlands	December 25, 1984 [501]	1965	Nominated the only time by Otto Haxel. [502]
	Robert Hanbury Brown	August 31, 1916 Aruvankadu, India	January 16, 2002 Andover, Hampshire, England	1965, 1966	[503] Only nominated jointly [504]
	Richard Q. Twiss	August 24, 1920 Shimla, India	May 20, 2005 Sydney, Australia
	Jerzy Pniewski	June 1, 1913 Płock, Congress Poland	June 16, 1989 Warsaw, Poland	1965, 1967	Nominated jointly with M.Danysz only. [505]
	Nicholas Christofilos	December 16, 1916 Boston, Massachusetts, United States	September 24, 1972 Hayward, California, United States	1965, 1967	[506]
	Yoshio Ohnuki  [ ja ]	November 7, 1928 Tochigi Prefecture, Japan		1965, 1966 [lower-alpha 110]	Nominated jointly with M.Gell-Mann and Y.Ne'eman by G.Sutherland only. [507] [lower-alpha 111]
	Yuval Ne'eman	May 14, 1925 Tel Aviv, Mandatory Palestine	April 26, 2006 Tel Aviv, Israel	1965, 1966 [lower-alpha 110] , 1967, 1969	Nominated jointly with M.Gell-Mann only [508]
	Friedrich Hund	February 4, 1896 Karlsruhe, German Empire	March 31, 1997 Göttingen, Germany	1965, 1969	Nominated jointly with Er.Hückel only and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [509]
	Erich Hückel	August 9, 1896, Berlin Berlin, German Empire	February 16, 1980 Marburg, Germany	1965, 1966, 1969	Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [510]
	John Archibald Wheeler	July 9, 1911 Jacksonville, Florida, United States	April 13, 2008 Hightstown, New Jersey, United States	1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970	[511]
1966
	Dennis Gabor	June 5, 1900 Budapest, Austria-Hungary	February 9, 1979 London, United Kingdom	1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970	Won the 1971 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 112] and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine too. [lower-alpha 113] [512]
	James Cronin	September 29, 1931 Chicago, United States	August 25, 2016 Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States	1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970	[513] Shared the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 114] [514]
	Val Logsdon Fitch	March 10, 1923 Merriman, Nebraska, United States	February 5, 2015 Princeton, New Jersey, United States
	Bertram Brockhouse	July 15, 1918 Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada	October 13, 2003 Hamilton, Ontario, Canada	1966, 1969	Shared the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 115] with Cl.Shull . [515]
	H. Richard Crane	November 4, 1907 Turlock, California, United States	April 19, 2007 Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States	1966	[516]
	Maarten Schmidt	December 28, 1929 Groningen, Netherlands	September 17, 2022 Pasadena, California, United States	1966	[517]
	Vladimir Fock	December 22, 1898 Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire	December 27, 1974 Leningrad, Russia	1966	Nominated jointly with N.N.Bogolyubov only. [518]
	Jacques Friedel	February 11, 1921 Paris, France	August 27, 2014 Paris, France	1966	Nominated jointly with L.Néel the only time by L.Lliboutry. [519]
	William Brownfield Fowler [520]	March 22, 1924 Owensboro, Kentucky, United States	May 3, 2015 St. Charles, Illinois, United States	1966	[521] Nominated jointly the only time by Th.G.Kouyoumzelis  [ el ] [522]
	Nicholas P. Samios	March 15, 1932 New York City, United States
	Jack Warren Keuffel [523]	May 10, 1919	May 23, 1974 Little Cottonwood Canyon, United States	1966	[524] [525] Nominated jointly [526] the only time by Yozo Nogami (1918-2008) from University of Tokyo [527] [528] [529]
	Thomas Edwin Cranshaw [530]	March 8, 1922 St.Annes-on-Sea, Fylde, United Kingdom	January 14, 2016
	Johannes Frederik ("Hannes") de Beer [531]	1930
	Shuji Fukui  [ ja ]	August 19, 1923 Osaka, Japan	May 4, 2018 Japan
	Sigenori Miyamoto [532]	October 20, 1931 Akashi, Hyōgo, Japan	December 31, 2017 Japan
	Dan Schneiderman	1922 Baltimore, United States	December 22, 2007 Pasadena, California, United States [533]	1966	[534] [535] Nominated jointly [536] with R.B.Leighton the only time by R.L.F.Boyd [537] [538] [539]
	Richard Kanne Sloan	November 11, 1930 Hockessin, Delaware, United States
	J. Denton Allen	May 16, 1934	April 5, 2014 Pasadena, California, United States [540]
	Bruce C. Murray	November 30, 1931 New York City, United States	August 29, 2013 Oceanside, California, United States
	Robert P. Sharp	June 24, 1911 Oxnard, California, United States	May 24, 2004 Santa Barbara, California, United States
	Robert B. Leighton	September 10, 1919 Detroit, United States	March 9, 1997 Pasadena, California, United States	1966, 1970	[541]
	Bernd T. Matthias	June 8, 1918 Frankfurt am Main, German Empire	October 27, 1980 La Jolla, California, United States	1966, 1967, 1969, 1970	Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [542]
	Brian Pippard	September 7, 1920 Earl's Court, London, United Kingdom	September 21, 2008 Cambridge, England	1966, 1970 [lower-alpha 76]	[543] Jointly nominated only [544]
	David Shoenberg	January 4, 1911 Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire	March 10, 2004 Cambridge, United Kingdom
1967
	Vladimir Vladimirovich Belousov	October 30, 1907 Moscow, Russian Empire	December 25, 1990 Moscow, Russia	1967	Nominated the only time by Robert Lauterbach  [ de ]. [545]
	Arnold 'Fritz' Bopp	December 27, 1909 Frankfurt, German Empire	November 14, 1987 Munich, Germany	1967	Nominated the only time by Gerhard Fanselau. [546]
	Stuart Thomas Butler	July 4, 1926 Naracoorte, South Australia, Australia	May 15, 1982 Lucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia	1967	Nominated the only time by Joseph Lafoucrière (1918-2008) from Lyon. [547]
	Raimond Castaing	December 28, 1921 Monaco	April 10, 1998 Clamart, France	1967	Nominated the only time by Harald Sørum (1915–1995) from University of Trondheim. [548]
	Hartmut Kallmann	February 5, 1896 Berlin, German Empire	June 11, 1978 Munich, Germany	1967 [lower-alpha 116]	[549] [lower-alpha 117]
	James Stanley Hey	May 3, 1909 Nelson, Lancashire, United Kingdom	February 27, 2000	1967	Nominated jointly with Gr.Reber the only time by Satya Narayan from Hyderabad. [550]
	Albert Rose	March 30, 1910 New York City, United States	July 26, 1990 Princeton, New Jersey, United States	1967	[551] Nominated jointly the only time by Georges Asch (1931-2018) from the University Lyon 1 [552]
	Murray A. Lampert [553]	1921 New York City, United States	August 4, 1988 Princeton, New Jersey, United States
	Bruno Pontecorvo	August 22, 1913 Marina di Pisa, Kingdom of Italy	September 24, 1993 Dubna, Russia	1967	Nominated jointly with M.Schwartz and L.W.Alvarez the only time by R.Hofstadter . [554]
	Edward Uhler Condon	March 2, 1902 Alamogordo, New Mexico, United States	March 26, 1974 Boulder, Colorado, United States	1967	Nominated jointly with J.R.Oppenheimer and G.Gamow the only time by Alb.All.Bartlett. [555]
	Rudolf Hilsch  [ de ]	December 18, 1903 Hamburg, German Empire	May 29, 1972 Göttingen, Germany	1967 [lower-alpha 53]	Nominated jointly with R.W.Pohl and W.H.Schottky the only time by Hans-Ulrich Harten (1920–1998) from the University of Göttingen. [556] [lower-alpha 118]
	Gerhart Lüders	February 25, 1920 Hamburg, Germany	January 31, 1995 Göttingen, Germany	1967 [lower-alpha 53]	Nominated the only time by F.Fr.Cap  [ de ]. [557] [lower-alpha 119]
	Marvin Leonard "Murph" Goldberger	October 22, 1922 Chicago, United States	November 26, 2014 La Jolla, United States		Nominated jointly with N.N.Bogolyubov the only time by F.Fr.Cap  [ de ]. [558] [lower-alpha 120]
	Geoffrey Foucar Chew	June 5, 1924 Washington, D.C., United States	April 12, 2019 Berkeley, California, United States		[559] [lower-alpha 121] Nominated jointly (Pomeranchuk - posthumously) the only time by F.Fr.Cap  [ de ]. [560] [lower-alpha 122]
	Isaak Yakovlevich Pomeranchuk	May 20, 1913 Warsaw, Congress Poland	December 14, 1966 Moscow, Russia
	Cormac Ó Ceallaigh	July 29, 1912 Dublin, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland	October 10, 1996 Dublin, Ireland		Nominated jointly with Louis Leprince-Ringuet the only time by F.Fr.Cap  [ de ]. [561] [lower-alpha 123]
	Rafael Armenteros	1922	March 5, 2004		Nominated jointly with Cl.Ch.Butler and G.D.Rochester the only time by F.Fr.Cap  [ de ]. [562] [lower-alpha 124]
	Tullio Eugenio Regge	July 11, 1931 Borgo d'Ale, Kingdom of Italy	October 23, 2014 Orbassano, Italy		Nominated the only time by F.Fr.Cap  [ de ]. [563] [lower-alpha 125]
	Gordon Thompson Danby	November 8, 1929 Richmond, Ontario, Canada	August 2, 2016 Stony Brook, New York, United States		Nominated jointly with co-workers the only time by F.Fr.Cap  [ de ]. [564] [lower-alpha 126]
	Hermann Julius Oberth	June 25, 1894 Nagyszeben (Hermannstadt), now Romania	December 28, 1989 Nuremberg, Germany		Nominated the only time by F.Fr.Cap  [ de ]. [565] [lower-alpha 127]
	David Warren Turner	July 16, 1927 Leigh-on-Sea, United Kingdom		1967, 1968, probably 1969&1970 [lower-alpha 128]	Nominated by E.Lindholm  [ sv ] only and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too [566] [lower-alpha 129]
	Harrie Stewart Wilson Massey	May 16, 1908 Invermay, Victoria, Australia	November 27, 1983 Esher, United Kingdom	1967, 1969	[567]
	Rudolf Ernst Peierls	June 5, 1907 Berlin, German Empire	September 19, 1995 Oxford, United Kingdom	1967, 1969, 1970	Nominated jointly with V.Fr.Weisskopf only. [568]
1968
	Leo Esaki	March 12, 1925 Takaida-mura, Nakakawachi-gun, Osaka Prefecture, Japan		1968 [lower-alpha 130]	[569] [lower-alpha 131] Shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 132] [570] [lower-alpha 133] [lower-alpha 134] [571] [lower-alpha 135]
	Ivar Giaever	April 5, 1929 Bergen, Norway
	Brian Josephson	January 4, 1940 Cardiff, United Kingdom		1968, 1969, 1970 [lower-alpha 136]
	Robert Edward Bell	November 29, 1918 New Malden, United Kingdom	April 1, 1992 Vancouver, Canada	1968	Nominated the only time by Nalini Kanta Saha (1908–199?) from the Delhi University. [572]
	Gaston Dupouy  [ fr ]	August 7, 1900 Marmande, France	October 22, 1985 Toulouse, France	1968	[573]
	William Elisworth Gifford [574]	June 20, 1919 Cleveland, United States	1980 Syracuse, New York, United States	1968	Nominated the only time by Osmund Dorenfeldt Jenssen (1923-2009) from University of Trondheim. [575]
	John Eugene Kunzler [576]	April 25, 1923 Willard, Utah, United States	January 11, 2006 Port Murray, New Jersey, United States	1968	Nominated the only time by P.E.Duwez from Caltech. [577]
	George J. Schulz  [ de ]	April 29, 1925 Brno, now Czechia	January 15, 1976 New Haven, Connecticut, United States	1968	Nominated the only time by R.Kollath  [ de ]. [578]
	Hiroomi Umezawa	September 20, 1924 Kurihashi, Saitama, Japan	March 24, 1995 Edmonton, Alberta, Canada	1968	Nominated the only time by Ed.R.Caianiello. [579]
	Konrad Ernst Otto Zuse	June 22, 1910 Wilmersdorf, German Empire	December 18, 1995 Hünfeld, Germany	1968	Nominated the only time by H.Ehrenberg  [ de ]. [580]
	Ivar Waller	June 11, 1898 Flen, Sweden	April 12, 1991 Uppsala, Sweden	1968	Nominated jointly with C.J.Gorter only. [581]
	Sergei Vernov	July 11, 1910 Sestroretsk, Russian Empire	May 29, 1972 Moscow, Russia	1968	Nominated jointly with H.Alfvén , S.Chapman and J.Alfr.Van Allen the only time by L.Harang. [582]
	Robert Henry Dicke	May 6, 1916 St. Louis, Missouri, United States	March 4, 1997 Princeton, New Jersey, United States	1968, 1969	[583]
	Gerhard Borrmann	April 30, 1908 Diedenhofen, now France	April 12, 2006 Braunfels, Germany	1968	Nominated jointly with P.P.Ewald the only time by G.Leibfried  [ de ]. [584]
	Paul Peter Ewald	January 23, 1888 Berlin, German Empire	August 22, 1985 Ithaca, New York, United States	1968, 1970	[585]
	Herman Francis Mark	May 3, 1895 Vienna, Austria	April 6, 1992 Austin, Texas, United States	1968, 1970	Nominated by R.Robinson only and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [586] [587]
	John Clarke Slater	December 22, 1900 Oak Park, Illinois, United States	July 25, 1976 Sanibel Island, Florida, United States	1968, 1969, 1970	Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [588]
	Hans-Peter Dürr	October 7, 1929 Stuttgart, Germany	May 18, 2014 Munich, Germany	1968, 1969, 1970 [lower-alpha 137]	[589] [lower-alpha 138] Nominated jointly by W.Heisenberg only [590] [lower-alpha 139]
	Jeffrey Goldstone	September 3, 1933 Manchester, United Kingdom
1969
	CERN	Established in 1954 Geneva, Switzerland		1969	Nominated the only time by A.K.M.Kinani from Damascus. [591]
	John Battiscombe "J. B." Gunn	May 13, 1928 Cairo, Egypt	December 2, 2008 Mount Kisco, New York, United States	1969	Nominated the only time by Ernst Jenő  [ hu ] from the Pécs University Medical School. [592]
	Jens Lindhard	February 26, 1922 Tystofte, Tjæreby Sogn, Denmark	October 17, 1997	1969	Nominated the only time by M.F.Yeniçay  [ tr ]. [593]
	Reginald Charles Rainey	June 18, 1913 Gosport, United Kingdom	January 18, 1990	1969	Nominated the only time by R.S.Scorer. [594]
	Nicola Cabibbo	April 10, 1935 Rome, Kingdom of Italy	August 16, 2010 Rome, Italy	1969	Nominated jointly with M.Gell-Mann the only time by M.J.G.Veltman. [595]
	Jacob G. Dorfman  [ ru ]	March 26, 1898 Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire	November 5, 1976 Leningrad, Russia	1969	Nominated jointly with Ye.K.Zavoisky the only time by Yu.B.Khariton. [596]
	Pierre Jacquinot	January 18, 1910 Frouard, France	September 22, 2002 Paris, France	1969	Nominated jointly with D.Gabor the only time by G.Szigeti. [597]
	Eugene Newman Parker	June 10, 1927 Houghton, Michigan, United States	March 15, 2022 Chicago, United States	1969	Nominated jointly with H.Ol.G.Alfvén and J.Alfr.Van Allen the only time by D.W.Kerst. [598]
	Peter Alden Franken	November 10, 1928	March 11, 1999 Tucson, Arizona, United States	1969	[599] Nominated jointly the only time by Gianfranco Chiarotti (1928-2017) from the Sapienza University of Rome [600] [601]
	Robert William Terhune [602]	February 7, 1926 Detroit, United States	November 20, 2014 Blacksburg, Virginia, United States
	Joseph Anthony Giordmaine  [ de ]	April 10, 1933 Toronto, Canada
	Emmett Norman Leith	March 12, 1927 Detroit, United States	December 23, 2005 Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States	1969	[603] Nominated jointly with D.Gabor the only time by Günther Porod [604]
	Juris Upatnieks	May 7, 1936 Riga, Latvia
	Feza Gürsey	April 7, 1921 Istanbul, Turkey	April 13, 1992 New Haven, Connecticut, United States	1969	[605] Nominated jointly with M.Gell-Mann the only time by Ahmet İhsan Özdogan (1913–1993) from the Department of Geophysical Engineering of Istanbul University [606]
	Luigi Arialdo Radicati di Brozolo	October 12, 1919 Milano, Kingdom of Italy	August 23, 2019 Pisa, Italy
	Jun Kondō	February 6, 1930 Tokyo, Japan	March 11, 2022 Suginami, Japan	1969	[607] Nominated jointly with Jens Leif Løkka (1913–1980) [608] from Mysen, Norway the only time by Osm.D.Jenssen [lower-alpha 140] [609]
	Sven Algot Joel Liljendahl	June 12, 1912 Halland County, Sweden	2000
	Jens Leif Løkka	July 1, 1913	1980	1969, 1970	Nominated by Osm.D.Jenssen [lower-alpha 140] only. [608]
	Georgy Nikolayevich Flerov	March 2, 1913 Rostov-on-Don, Russian Empire	November 19, 1990 Moscow, Russia	1969, 1970	Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [610]

1970–

• 1970
• 1971

Picture	Name	Born	Died	Years Nominated	Notes
1970
	Arno Allan Penzias	April 26, 1933 Munich, Germany	January 22, 2024 San Francisco, United States	1970	[611] Shared the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 141] with P.L.Kapitsa [612]
	Robert Woodrow Wilson	January 10, 1936 Houston, Texas, United States
	Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn	April 20, 1918 Lund, Sweden	July 20, 2007 Ängelholm, Sweden	1970	Shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physics [lower-alpha 142] with N.Bloembergen and A.L.Schawlow and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [613]
	Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov	June 25, 1928 Moscow, Russia	March 29, 2017 Palo Alto, United States	1970 [lower-alpha 143]	Shared the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physics with V.L.Ginzburg and Anth.J.Leggett [lower-alpha 144] [614] [lower-alpha 145]
	Antony Hewish	May 11, 1924 Fowey, United Kingdom	September 13, 2021	1970	Shared the 1974 Nobel Prize in Physics with M.Ryle [lower-alpha 106] [615]
	Dame Susan Jocelyn Bell Burnell	July 15, 1943 Lurgan, United Kingdom		1970 [lower-alpha 146]	[616] [lower-alpha 147]
	Paul Gaston Bastien [617]	May 26, 1907 Fontenay-le-Comte, France	April 26, 1982 Paris, France	1970	Nominated the only time by G.Homès from Brussels. [618]
	Ryogo Kubo	February 15, 1920 Tokyo, Japan	March 31, 1995 Japan	1970	Nominated the only time by Yoshio Yamaguchi (1926-2016) from the University of Tokyo. [619]
	Edward Teller	January 15, 1908 Budapest, Austria-Hungary	September 9, 2003 Stanford, California, United States	1970	Nominated the only time by Or.Piccioni and for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry too. [620]
	William Houlder "Willie" Zachariasen	February 5, 1906 Langesund, Norway	December 24, 1979 Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States	1970	Nominated the only time by B.T.Matthias . [621]
	Albert Ghiorso	July 15, 1915 Vallejo, California, United States	December 26, 2010 Berkeley, California, United States	1970	Nominated jointly with G.N.Flerov the only time by H.Hulubei. [622]
	Oskar Benjamin Klein	September 15, 1894 Mörby, Sweden	February 5, 1977 Stockholm, Sweden	1970	Nominated jointly with E.P.Jordan only. [623]
	Ralph de Laer Kronig	March 10, 1904 Dresden, German Empire	November 16, 1995 Zeist, Netherlands	1970	Nominated jointly with V.Fr.Weisskopf the only time by Fr.Ed.J.M.Sauter. [624]
	Carl Nordling	February 6, 1931	April 1, 2016	1970	Nominated jointly with K.M.B.Siegbahn the only time by Gunnar Bäckström from the Umeå University. [625]
	Johannes (Jan) Martinus Burgers	January 13, 1895 Arnhem, Netherlands	June 7, 1981 Washington, D.C., United States	1970	Nominated jointly with Eg.Orowan and G.I.Taylor the only time by Fr.Ch.Frank. [626]
	Janine Connes	1926 or 1934 France		1970	[627] Nominated jointly with R.B.Leighton the only time by R.Wildt [628]
	Pierre Connes  [ fr ]	June 28, 1928 Paris, France	February 22, 2019 Orsay, France
	Shoichi Sakata	January 18, 1911 Tokyo, Japan	October 16, 1970 Nagoya, Japan	1970	Nominated jointly with Tadao Nakano  [ jp ] and K.Nishijima the only time by H.Yukawa . [629]
	Charles Brian Anthony McCusker [630]	February 24, 1919 Stockton-on-Tees, United Kingdom	2001	1970	Nominated jointly with N.N.Bogolyubov, G.N.Flerov and J.Weber the only time by F.Fr.Cap  [ de ]. [631]
1971
Nominees are usually published 50 years later (2022), however 1971 nominees are currently unpublished. [632]

See also

• Physics portal

• List of Nobel laureates in Physics
• List of female nominees for the Nobel Prize
• List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
• List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
• List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Literature
• List of individuals nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize
• List of organizations nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize

Motivations and remarks

1. “in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him”
2. "The work done is in the physical field but among the latest discoveries, Röntgen's has been of greatest use in medicine"
3. “in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity”
4. “for his work on cathode rays”
5. “for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference”
6. “in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy”
7. “for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids”
8. "Work on immunochemistry"
9. Nominations were declared invalid by the Nobel Committee - The Nobel Population 1901-1937: A Census of the Nominators and Nominees for the Prizes in Physics and Chemistry Elisabeth T. Crawford, J. L. Heilbron, Rebecca Ullrich (Office for History of Science and Technology, University of California, 1987)
10. “in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena”
11. “in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel”
12. “for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies”
13. “in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases”
14. “in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys”
15. “for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid”
16. "Work on the perfection of the microscope and work on social hygiene"
17. “for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat”
18. “in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta”
19. “for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium”
20. “for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect”
21. “for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys”
22. “for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium”
23. “for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields”
24. “for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals”
25. “for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays”
26. “for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour”
27. “for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect”
28. “for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them”
29. “for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements”
30. “for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics”
31. "Work on the colloid state in sickness and in health"
32. “for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom”
33. “for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him”
34. Nevertheless most probable nominee is Jules Richard (1848–1930) - inventor of a few meteorological instruments (including aneroid barograph)
35. “for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy”
36. “for his discovery of the effect named after him”
37. “for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons”
38. “for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton”
39. “for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen”
40. “for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory”
41. “for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals”
42. “for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him”
43. “for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction”
44. “for his discovery of cosmic radiation”
45. “for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle”
46. “for his discovery of the positron”
47. “for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith”
48. “for the discovery of the neutron”
49. “for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons”
50. “for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer”
51. "Work on mitogenetic radiation"
52. “for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation”
53. “All joint nominations with C C Butler have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
54. “for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles”
55. “for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements”
56. “for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei”
57. “for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces”
58. "The polarographic method and its biological applications"
59. Chamberlain' motivation - “whose personal action has avoided a world war, and thus enabled all scientists to pursue their researches”
60. “for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars”
61. “for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope”
62. “for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics”
63. “for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith”
64. “for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method”
65. French physicist Alexandre Henri Georges Dauvillier (5.5.1892 Saint-Lubin-des-Joncherets – 23.9.1979 Bagnères-de-Bigorre) from Paris
66. “for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles”
67. “for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis”
68. “for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum”
69. “for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems”
70. “for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron”
71. “for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect”
72. “for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics”
73. “for fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydro-dynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics”
74. “for their discovery of the antiproton”
75. “for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles”
76. “All nominations with L.Cooper have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
77. “for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory”
78. “for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect”
79. “for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium”
80. “for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope”
81. "Development of the electron microscope"
82. “for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure”
83. “for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms”
84. “for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars”
85. “for the development of the neutron diffraction technique”
86. “for the detection of the neutrino”
87. “Data of C C Butler (id 13849) has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
88. “Nomination 18574 to Chen Ning Yang has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
89. “Nomination 18575 to Tsung-Dau Lee has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
90. “Data of Chen Ning Yang (id 13847) has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
91. “for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles”
92. “Data of Tsung-Dao Lee (id 10775) has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
93. “Data of Wu (id 14754) has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
94. “for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons”
95. “for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle”
96. “for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current”
97. “for the invention of the bubble chamber”
98. “for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino”
99. "The introduction of deep X-ray therapy"
100. “for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions”
101. “for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy”
102. “for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name”
103. “Data of Leon N Cooper (id 11409) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
104. “Data of John Robert Schrieffer (id 11410) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
105. “for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection”
106. “for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars”
107. “for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino”
108. “Nomination 18835 of Ern.Courant & M.St.Livingston by Chen Ning Yang has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
109. “for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe”
110. “Nominations 18847&19324 to Yoshio Ohnuki have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
111. “Data of Y Ohnuki (id 13855) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
112. “for his invention and development of the holographic method”
113. "Effects of radiation on cell division ("Zellteilung und Strahlung", Jul. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1928)"
114. “for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons”
115. “for the development of neutron spectroscopy”
116. “Nominations 19899 & 19900 to Hartmut Kallmann have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
117. “Data of Hartmut Kallmann (id 14441) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
118. “Data of Rudolf Hilsch (id 14753) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
119. “Data of Gerhart Lüders (id 15060) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
120. “Data of Marvin Leonard Goldberger (id 14493) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
121. “Data of Geoffrey Chew (id 14494) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
122. “Data of Isaak Pomeranchuk (id 14495) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
123. “Data of Cormac Ó Ceallaigh (id 14496) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
124. “Data of Rafael Armenteros (id 15061) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
125. “Data about of Tullio Regge nomination (id 13297) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
126. “Data of Danby (id 15065) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
127. “Data of Oberth (id 15062) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site”
128. “Nominations 19928&20219 and probably 20679&20800 to David Warren Turner have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
129. “Data of David Warren Turner (id 14450) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
130. “Nomination 20252 has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
131. “Data of Leo Esaki (id 14575) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
132. “for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively”
133. “Data of I Giaever (id 14755) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
134. “for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects”
135. “Data of Brian David Josephson (id 14577) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
136. “All nominations with Br.Josephson have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
137. “Nominations 20234, 20701&20827 to Jeffrey Goldstone have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
138. “Data of Hans-Peter Dürr (id 14563) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
139. “Data of Jeffrey Goldstone (id 14564) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
140. Osmund Dorenfeldt Jenssen (1923-2009) from the University of Trondheim
141. “for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation”
142. “for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy”
143. “Nomination 20810 (with Br.Josephson ) has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
144. “for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids”
145. “Data of Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov (id 15475) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
146. “Nomination 20866 to J.Bell has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
147. “Data of Jocelyn Bell (id 15505) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”

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77. "Nomination Archive - Robert Hadfield". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
78. "Nomination Archive - Jean B Perrin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
79. "Nomination Archive - Theodor Svedberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
80. "Nomination Archive - Hermann Frahm Jr". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
81. "Nomination Archive - Adolf Slaby Jr". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
82. "Nomination Archive - Ferdinand von Zeppelin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
83. "Nomination Archive - Hugh L Callendar". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
84. "Nomination Archive - Otto Lehmann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
85. "Nomination Archive - Henri Deslandres". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
86. "Nomination Archive - Carl von Linde". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
87. "Nomination Archive - Johannes Stark". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
88. "Nomination Archive - Henry Le Châtelier". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
89. "Nomination Archive - Georges Gouy". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
90. "Nomination Archive - Friedrich Paschen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
91. "Nomination Archive - Martin Knudsen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
92. "Nomination Archive - Robert W Wood". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
93. "Nomination Archive - Max von Laue". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
94. "Nomination Archive - Sir William Henry Bragg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
95. "Nomination Archive - Sir William Lawrence Bragg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
96. "Nomination Archive - Charles G Darwin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
97. "Nomination Archive - Henry G Moseley". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
98. "Nomination Archive - Charles T Wilson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
99. "Nomination Archive - Thomas Edison". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
100. "Nomination Archive - G Casalis". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
101. Engineers Casalis and Pavia (the rolling stock department of the Italian State Railway, Turin) were winners of National (Milan, 1909–1911) and International (Paris, 1913) competitions for automatic vehicle coupling railway - Bollettino dell'Ispettorato dell'Industria e del Lavoro4-5 ch.VII 307-316 (Ufficio del Lavoro, 1914)
102. "Nomination Archive - N Pavia". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
103. L'Aerotecnica. XVII, fasc. 3, p.282 (1937)
104. "Nomination Archive - Kristian Birkeland". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
105. "Nomination Archive - Carl Störmer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
106. "Nomination Archive - Aimé Cotton". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
107. "Nomination Archive - Henri Mouton". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
108. "Nomination Archive - Robert A Millikan". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
109. "Nomination Archive - Irving Langmuir". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
110. "Nomination Archive - Petrus J Debye". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
111. "Nomination Archive - Carl D Runge". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
112. "Nomination Archive - Alexandre Dufour". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
113. "Nomination Archive - Gustav A Ferrié". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
114. "Nomination Archive - Peder O Pedersen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
115. "Nomination Archive - Pierre Weiss". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
116. "Nomination Archive - Niels Bohr". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
117. "Nomination Archive - Johannes Rydberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
118. "Nomination Archive - Arnold Sommerfeld". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
119. "Nomination Archive - Charles G Barkla". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
120. "Nomination Archive - Alfred Pérot". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
121. "Nomination Archive - Fernando Sanford". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
122. "Nomination Archive - Theodore Lyman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
123. "Nomination Archive - Percy W Bridgman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
124. "Nomination Archive - Wilhelm Ostwald". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
125. "Nomination Archive - Walter S Adams". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
126. "Nomination Archive - Carl Barus". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
127. "Nomination Archive - Louis Lumière". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
128. "Nomination Archive - Motivation for Auguste Lumière". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
129. "Nomination Archive - Auguste Lumière". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
130. "Nomination Archive - Ernst Gehrcke". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
131. "Nomination Archive - Francis W Aston". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
132. "Nomination Archive - Charles G Abbot". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
133. "Nomination Archive - Leo Graetz". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
134. "Nomination Archive - William D Coolidge". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
135. "Nomination Archive – Frederick Soddy". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
136. "Nomination Archive – Kasimir Fajans". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
137. "Nomination Archive - Wolfgang Gaede". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
138. "Nomination Archive - Vilhelm Bjerknes". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
139. "Nomination Archive - James Franck". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
140. "Nomination Archive - Gustav Hertz". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
141. "Nomination Archive - Sir Owen W Richardson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
142. "Nomination Archive - Jules Richard". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
143. "Nomination Archive - William N Shaw". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
144. "Nomination Archive - Sir John S Townsend". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
145. "Nomination Archive - Manne Kai Siegbahn". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
146. "Nomination Archive - Arthur H Compton". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
147. "Nomination Archive - Prince Louis-Victor de Broglie". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
148. "Nomination Archive - Otto Stern". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
149. "Nomination Archive - Walter Gerlach". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
150. "Nomination Archive - Siegmund Strauss". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
151. "Nomination Archive - John A Fleming". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
152. "Nomination Archive - Maurice de Broglie". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
153. "Nomination Archive - Dayton C Miller". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
154. "Nomination Archive - Werner Kohlhörster". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
155. "Nomination Archive - Victor Kaplan". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
156. "Nomination Archive - Carl Ramsauer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
157. "Nomination Archive - Ludwig Prandtl". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
158. "Nomination Archive - Jacob Bjerknes". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
159. "Nomination Archive - Tor Bergeron". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
160. "Nomination Archive - Halvor Solberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
161. "Nomination Archive - Werner Heisenberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
162. "Nomination Archive - Erwin Schrödinger". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
163. "Nomination Archive - Paul A Dirac". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
164. "Nomination Archive - Clinton J Davisson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
165. "Nomination Archive - Lester H Germer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
166. "Nomination Archive - Emil Warburg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
167. "Nomination Archive - Edwin H Armstrong". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
168. "Nomination Archive - Alexander Meissner". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
169. "Nomination Archive - Michael I Pupin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
170. "Nomination Archive - David Hilbert". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
171. "Nomination Archive - Jean Cabannes". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
172. "Nomination Archive - Sir Chandrasekhara V Raman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
173. "Nomination Archive - Grigoriy S Landsberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
174. "Nomination Archive - Leonid Mandelshtam (Mandelstam)". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
175. "Nomination Archive - Max Born". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
176. "Nomination Archive - Henry Norris Russell". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
177. "Nomination Archive - Meghnad N Saha". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
178. "Nomination Archive - Ira S Bowen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
179. "Nomination Archive - Victor F Hess". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
180. "Nomination Archive - Sir George P Thomson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
181. "Nomination Archive - Georges Claude". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
182. "Nomination Archive - Kotaro Honda". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
183. "Nomination Archive - Auguste Piccard". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
184. "Nomination Archive - Sir Arthur S Eddington". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
185. "Nomination Archive - Wolfgang Pauli". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
186. Villat H Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences. Vie académique267 p.64 (1968)
187. "Nomination Archive - René Thiry". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
188. "Nomination Archive - Carl D Anderson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
189. "Nomination Archive - Walther Bothe". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
190. "Nomination Archive - James Chadwick". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
191. "Nomination Archive - Frédéric Joliot". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
192. "Nomination Archive - Irène Joliot-Curie". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
193. "Nomination Archive - Harold Clayton Urey". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
194. "Nomination Archive - Ferdinand G Brickwedde". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
195. "Nomination Archive - George M Murphy". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
196. "NCpedia - Murphy, George Moseley". NCpedia.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
197. "Nomination Archive - Gustaf W Elmen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
198. "Nomination Archive - Lars Vegard". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
199. "Nomination Archive - Giancarlo Vallauri". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
200. "Nomination Archive - Enrico Fermi". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
201. "Nomination Archive - Sir Edward V Appleton". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
202. "Nomination Archive - Arthur E Kennelly". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
203. "Nomination Archive - Motivation for Alexander Gurwitsch [Gurvitsch]". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
204. "Nomination Archive - Alexander Gurwitsch [Gurvitsch]". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
205. "Nomination Archive - Hugo Dingler". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
206. "Nomination Archive - Felix Ehrenhaft". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
207. "Nomination Archive - Abraham Esau". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
208. "The Canadian Encyclopedia - David Arnold Keys". cns-snc.ca. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
209. "Nomination Archive - John C McLennan". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
210. "Nomination Archive - Fritz Zwicky". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
211. "Nomination Archive - Wander J de Haas". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
212. "Nomination Archive - Hans W Geiger". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
213. "Nomination Archive - Samuel Abraham Goudsmit". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
214. "Nomination Archive - Patrick Maynard S Blackett (Baron Blackett)". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
215. "Nomination Archive - Giuseppe Paolo Stanislao Occhialini". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
216. "Nomination Archive - Jacob Clay". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
217. "Nomination Archive - John Douglas Cockcroft". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
218. "Nomination Archive - Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
219. "Nomination Archive - Otto Hahn". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
220. "Nomination Archive - Lise Meitner". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
221. "Nomination Archive - Alfred L Loomis". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
222. "Nomination Archive - Nikola Tesla". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
223. "Nomination Archive - Gilles Holst". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
224. "Nomination Archive - Sir Geoffrey Ingram Taylor". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
225. "Nomination Archive - Geoffrey Ingram Taylor". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
226. "Nomination Archive - Ernest O Lawrence". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
227. "Nomination Archive - Erich Regener". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
228. "Nomination Archive - Isidor I Rabi". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
229. "Nomination Archive - Albert W Hull". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
230. "Nomination Archive - Paul Scherrer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
231. "Nomination Archive - Hideki Yukawa". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
232. "Nomination Archive - William F Giauque". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
233. "Nomination Archive - Jaroslav Heyrovský". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
234. "Nomination Archive - Henri Bouasse". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
235. "Nomination Archive - (Arthur) Neville Chamberlain". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
236. "Nomination Archive - Willem H Keesom". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
237. "Nomination Archive - Fritz Strassmann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
238. "Nomination Archive - Seth H Neddermeyer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
239. "Nomination Archive - Pierre Auger". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
240. "Nomination Archive - George de Hevesy". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
241. "Nomination Archive - Hans Albrecht Bethe". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
242. "Nomination Archive - Santiago A Mayolo". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
243. "Nomination Archive - George A Gamow". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
244. "Nomination Archive - Donald William Kerst". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
245. "Nomination Archive - Frits Zernike". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
246. "Nomination Archive - Hendrik B Dorgelo". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
247. "Nomination Archive - Christiaan van Geel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
248. "Nomination Archive - Frans M Penning". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
249. Poggendorff's Biographisch-literarisches Handwörterbuch der exakten Naturwissenschaften, Bd.7b, 1564 (Berlin, Akademie Verlag, 1965-1992)
250. "Nomination Archive - Bernard M Lyot". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
251. "Nomination Archive - Otto Robert Frisch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
252. "Nomination Archive - Pyotr L Kapitsa". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
253. "Nomination Archive - Nuclear Scientists". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
254. "Nomination Archive - Arthur J Dempster". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
255. "Nomination Archive - Sir Francis E Simon". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
256. "Nomination Archive - Robert J Oppenheimer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
257. "Nomination Archive - Edwin M McMillan". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
258. "Nomination Archive - Vladimir Iosifovich Veksler". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
259. "Nomination Archive - Camille Gutton". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
260. "Nomination Archive - Robert Serber". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
261. "Nomination Archive - Karl-Friedrich O Bonhoeffer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
262. "Nomination Archive - Klaus Clusius". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
263. "Nomination Archive - Walther Meissner". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
264. "Nomination Archive - Dimitrij V Skobelzyn". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
265. "Nomination Archive - Bruno Benedetto Rossi". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
266. "Nomination Archive - Llewellyn H Thomas". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
267. "Nomination Archive - George Eugene Uhlenbeck". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
268. Bussemer, P et al. PTB Mitteilungen123 Heft 1, 67 (2013)
269. "Nomination Archive - Helmut Scheffers". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
270. "Nomination Archive - Balthasar van der Pol". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
271. "Nomination Archive - Marcel Schein". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
272. "Nomination Archive - Walter Grotrian". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
273. "Nomination Archive - Bengt Edlén". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
274. Brown S, Trimble V Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society29 1497 (1997)
275. "Nomination Archive - Henry I Yeagley". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
276. "Nomination Archive - Karl G Jansky". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
277. "Nomination Archive - Robert Wichard Pohl". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
278. "Nomination Archive - Felix Bloch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
279. "Nomination Archive - Edward M Purcell". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
280. "Nomination Archive - Cecil F Powell". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
281. "Nomination Archive - César M G Lattes". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
282. Physics Today4(1) 30 (1951)
283. "FamilySearch - Eugene Hill Gardner". ancestors.familysearch.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
284. "Historias Universitarias - Walter Scott Hill Rodriguez" (PDF). historiasuniversitarias.edu.uy (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 November 2020.
285. "Nomination Archive - Eugène Gardner". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
286. "Nomination Archive - Vannevar Bush". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
287. "Nomination Archive - Alfred C Nier". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
288. "Nomination Archive - A.O.C Nier". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
289. "Nomination Archive - Albert Portevin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
290. "Nomination Archive - Leo Szilard". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
291. "Nomination Archive - Hendrik A Kramers". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
292. "Nomination Archive - Harold Jeffreys". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
293. Bernard Fernandez&Georges Ripka
     Unravelling the Mystery of the Atomic Nucleus
     A Sixty Year Journey 1896—1956
     (Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London 2013)
294. "Nomination Archive - Edward C Stevenson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
295. "Nomination Archive - Jabez Curry Street". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
296. "Nomination Archive - Lawrence R Hafstad". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
297. "Nomination Archive - Marle A Tuve". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
298. "Nomination Archive - Gregory Breit". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
299. "Nomination Archive - Georg von Békésy". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
300. "Nomination Archive - Joseph Mattauch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
301. "Nomination Archive - Walther Kossel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
302. "Nomination Archive - Hertha Wambacher". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
303. "Nomination Archive - Marietta Blau". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
304. "Nomination Archive - Horace Welcome Babcock". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
305. "Nomination Archive - Reber". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
306. "Nomination Archive - Julian Schwinger". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
307. "Nomination Archive - Sin-Itiro Tomonaga". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
308. "Nomination Archive - Luis Walter Alvarez". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
309. "Nomination Archive - Willis Eugene Lamb, Jr". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
310. "Nomination Archive - Robert C Retherford". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
311. "Nomination Archive - William Francis G Swann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
312. "Nomination Archive - Homi J Bhabha". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
313. "Nomination Archive - Wolfgang Kurt Hermann Panofsky". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
314. "Nomination Archive - Pascual Jordan". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
315. "Nomination Archive - Erwin Wilhelm Müller". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
316. "Nomination Archive - John Hasbrouck Van Vleck". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
317. "Nomination Archive - Sir Nevill F Mott". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
318. "Nomination Archive - Polykarp Kusch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
319. "Nomination Archive - Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov [Čerenkov]". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
320. "Nomination Archive - Lars Onsager". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
321. "ETHZürich - Zum Beispiel Helmut Bradt". blogs.ethz.ch (in German). 7 August 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
322. "Nomination Archive - H L Bradt". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
323. "Nomination Archive - Bernard Peters". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
324. "Nomination Archive - Samuel Jackson Barnett". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
325. "Nomination Archive - Georges Destriau". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
326. "Nomination Archive - Louis Néel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
327. "Nomination Archive - Hannes Alfvén". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
328. "Nomination Archive - Emilio Segrè". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
329. "Nomination Archive - Eugene P Wigner". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
330. "Nomination Archive - Willard Frank Libby". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
331. "Nomination Archive - Edwin P Hubble". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
332. "Nomination Archive - Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
333. "Nomination Archive - Robert Jemison Van de Graaff". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
334. "Nomination Archive - Louis Leprince-Ringuet". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
335. "Nomination Archive - John Bardeen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
336. "Nomination Archive - Walter Houser Brattain". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
337. "Nomination Archive - William Shockley". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
338. "Nomination Archive - Lev Davidovich Landau". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
339. "Nomination Archive - Fritz London". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
340. "Nomination Archive - Ilya Prigogine". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
341. "Nomination Archive - Jean Laval". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
342. "Nomination Archive - Georges Lemaître". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
343. "Друштво физичара Србије - Витомир Павловић". dfs.rs (in Serbian). April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
344. "Nomination Archive - Vladimir K Zworykin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
345. "Nomination Archive - James G Baker". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
346. "Nomination Archive - Edward H Linfoot". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
347. "Nomination Archive - Edwin Land". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
348. "Nomination Archive - Karl Lark-Horowitz". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
349. "Nomination Archive - Martin Deutsch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
350. "Nomination Archive - Maurice Goldhaber". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
351. "Nomination Archive - Ernst August Friedrich Ruska". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
352. "Nomination Archive - Motivation for B von Borries". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
353. "Nomination Archive - Bodo von Borries". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
354. "Nomination Archive - Jan H Oort". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
355. "Nomination Archive - Christiaan Alexander (Lex) Muller". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
356. "Nomination Archive - Hendrik Christoffel van de Hulst". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
357. "Nomination Archive - Max Knoll". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
358. "Nomination Archive - Léon Brillouin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
359. "Nomination Archive - George Dixon Rochester". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
360. "Nomination Archive - Johannes Hans Daniel Jensen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
361. "Nomination Archive - Maria Goeppert-Mayer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
362. "Nomination Archive - Otto Haxel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
363. "Nomination Archive - Hans E Suess". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
364. "Nomination Archive - Richard Phillips Feynman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
365. "Nomination Archive - Alfred Kastler". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
366. "Nomination Archive – Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
367. "Nomination Archive - Jan Hendrick de Boer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
368. "Nomination Archive - Lee de Forest". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
369. "Nomination Archive - Mark Laurence E Oliphant". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
370. "Nomination Archive - Gerald L Pearson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
371. "Nomination Archive - Gustaf Ising". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
372. "Nomination Archive - Rolf Wideröe". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
373. "Nomination Archive - Satyendra Nath Bose". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
374. "Nomination Archive - Sydney Chapman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
375. "Nomination Archive - Cornelis Jacobus Gorter". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
376. "Nomination Archive - Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
377. "Nomination Archive - Ilya M Frank". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
378. "Nomination Archive - Sergey I Vavilov". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
379. "Nomination Archive - Owen Chamberlain". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
380. "Nomination Archive - Subramanyan Chandrasekhar". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
381. "Nomination Archive - Clifford G Shull". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
382. "Nomination Archive - Ernest O Wollan". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
383. "Nomination Archive - Frederick Reines". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
384. "Nomination Archive - Clyde L Cowan, Jr". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
385. "Nomination Archive - Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
386. "Nomination Archive - Gersh J Budker". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
387. "Nomination Archive - Aleksei A Naumov". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
388. "Nomination Archive - Hans Busch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
389. "Nomination Archive - Ettore Pancini". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
390. "Nomination Archive - Oreste Piccioni". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
391. "Nomination Archive - Marcello Conversi". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
392. "Nomination Archive - Brebis Bleaney". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
393. "Nomination Archive - Clifford Butler". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
394. "Nomination Archive - C C Butler". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
395. "Nomination Archive - Chen Ning Yang". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
396. "Nomination Archive - Tsung-Dao Lee". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
397. "Nomination Archive - Chieng-Shiung Wu". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
398. "Nomination Archive - Wu". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
399. "Nomination Archive - Robert Hofstadter". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
400. "Nomination Archive - Charles Hard Townes". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
401. "Nomination Archive - Abdus Salam". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
402. "Nomination Archive - Seymour Benzer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
403. "Nomination Archive - Heinz Neuber". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
404. "Nomination Archive - Boris Rajewsky". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
405. "Nomination Archive - Harold Delos Babcock". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
406. "Nomination Archive - William Hume-Rothery". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
407. "Nomination Archive - Clyde Wiegand". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
408. "Nomination Archive - Thomas Ypsilantis". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
409. "Nomination Archive - David Bohm". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
410. "Nomination Archive - David Pines". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
411. "Nomination Archive - Alfred Landé". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
412. "Nomination Archive - Jesse W Beams". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
413. "Nomination Archive - Victor Frederick "Viki" Weisskopf". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
414. "Nomination Archive - Yevgeny Konstantinovich Zavoisky". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
415. "Nomination Archive - Donald A Glaser". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
416. "Nomination Archive - Léon M Lederman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
417. "Nomination Archive - Motivation for Friedrich Dessauer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
418. "Nomination Archive - Friedrich Dessauer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
419. "Nomination Archive - Abram F Joffé". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
420. "Nomination Archive - Charles Kittel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
421. "Nomination Archive - Albrecht Unsöld". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
422. "Nomination Archive - Frank P Bowden". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
423. "Nomination Archive - André Lallemand". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
424. "Nomination Archive - Nicholas Kemmer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
425. "Nomination Archive - John D Bernal". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
426. "Nomination Archive - Norbert Wiener". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
427. "Nomination Archive - Claude E Shannon". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
428. "Nomination Archive - Carl Wagner". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
429. "Nomination Archive - Walter H Schottky". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
430. "Nomination Archive - Frederick Charles Frank". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
431. "Nomination Archive - Nikolai Nikolaevic Bogoljubov". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
432. "Nomination Archive - Aleksandr M Prokhorov [Prockorov]". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
433. "Nomination Archive - Nicolay Gennadijevitj Basov". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
434. "Nomination Archive - Murray Gell-Mann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
435. "Nomination Archive - Abraham Pais". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
436. "Nomination Archive - Nicolaas Bloembergen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
437. "Nomination Archive - Max Ferdinand Perutz". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
438. "Nomination Archive - John C Kendrew". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
439. "Nomination Archive - Jean Brossel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
440. "Nomination Archive - Albert W Overhauser". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
441. "Nomination Archive - Anatole Abragam". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
442. "Nomination Archive - James A Van Allen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
443. "Nomination Archive - Kazuhiko Nishijima". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
444. "Nomination Archive - Tadao Nakano". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
445. "Nomination Archive - Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
446. "Nomination Archive - Leon N Cooper". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
447. "Nomination Archive - John Robert Schrieffer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
448. "Nomination Archive - Aage Bohr". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
449. "Nomination Archive - A A Bohr". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
450. "Nomination Archive - Ben R Mottelson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
451. "Nomination Archive - Louis H Gray". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
452. Physics Today32(5) 84 (1979)
453. "Nomination Archive - Ladislaus Laszlo Marton". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
454. "Nomination Archive - Frederick Seitz". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
455. "Nomination Archive - Walter Heinrich Heitler". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
456. "Nomination Archive - Egon Orowan". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
457. "Nomination Archive - D Orowan". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
458. "Nomination Archive - Michael Polanyi". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
459. "Nomination Archive - Nikolay Vasilyevich Belov". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
460. "Nomination Archive - Bogdan Maglich [Maglić]". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
461. "Nomination Archive - Reinhold Rüdenberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
462. "Nomination Archive - Francis Bitter". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
463. "Nomination Archive - Martin Näbauer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
464. "Nomination Archive - Robert Doll". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
465. "Nomination Archive - Marian Danysz". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
466. "Nomination Archive - Theodore H Maiman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
467. "Nomination Archive - Ali Javan". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
468. "Nomination Archive - Joseph Weber". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
469. "Nomination Archive - James P Gordon". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
470. "Nomination Archive - Sir Martin Ryle". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
471. "Nomination Archive - Sir Bernard Lovell". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
472. "Nomination Archive - Arthur Leonard Schawlow". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
473. "Nomination Archive - Arthur Leonard Schawlow". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
474. "Nomination Archive - Melvin Schwartz". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
475. "Nomination Archive - Jack Steinberger". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
476. "Nomination Archive - Max Delbrück". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
477. "Nomination Archive - Walter Friedrich". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
478. "Nomination Archive - Adriano Gozzini". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
479. "Nomination Archive - Ernst D Courant". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
480. "Nomination Archive - Milton Stanley Livingston". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
481. "Nomination Archive - William M Fairbank". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
482. "Nomination Archive - Herbert Fröhlich". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
483. "Nomination Archive - Philip Burton Moon". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
484. "Nomination Archive - Edoardo Amaldi". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
485. "Nomination Archive - Leopold Infeld". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
486. "Nomination Archive - Freeman John Dyson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
487. "Nomination Archive - Keith Edward Bullen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
488. "Nomination Archive - H Schüler". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
489. "Nomination Archive - Th Schmidt". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
490. "Nomination Archive - Scott Ellsworth Forbush". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
491. "Nomination Archive - William A Fowler". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
492. "Nomination Archive - Margaret Burbidge". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
493. "Nomination Archive - Geoffrey Ronald Burbidge". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
494. "Nomination Archive - Fred Hoyle". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
495. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society15, p. 359-361 (1974)
496. "Nomination Archive - Martin Schwarzchild". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
497. "Nomination Archive - S R de Groot". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
498. "Nomination Archive - Susumu Okubo". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
499. "Nomination Archive - Maurice Françon". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
500. "Catalogus Professorum - Prof.dr. J. Volger". profs.library.uu.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 November 2020.
501. NTvN 51(1-1) 14 January 1985
502. "Nomination Archive - J Volger". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
503. "Nomination Archive - Robert Hanbury Brown". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
504. "Nomination Archive - Richard Q Twiss". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
505. "Nomination Archive - J Pniewski". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
506. "Nomination Archive - Nicholas Constantine Christofilos". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
507. "Nomination Archive - Y Ohnuki". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
508. "Nomination Archive - Yuval Ne´eman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
509. "Nomination Archive - Friedrich Hund". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
510. "Nomination Archive - Erich Hückel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
511. "Nomination Archive - J A Wheeler". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
512. "Nomination Archive - Dennis Gabor". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
513. "Nomination Archive - James Watson Cronin". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
514. "Nomination Archive - Val Logsdon Fitch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
515. "Nomination Archive - Bertram Neville Brockhouse". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
516. "Nomination Archive - Horace Richard Crane". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
517. "Nomination Archive - M Schmidt". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
518. "Nomination Archive - Vladimir Aleksandrovich Fok". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
519. "Nomination Archive - Jacques Friedel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
520. "IEEE CSC Superconductivity News Forum - William Brownfield Fowler". snf.ieeecsc.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
521. "Nomination Archive - W B Fowler". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
522. "Nomination Archive - N P Samios". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
523. Physics Today27(8) 69 (1974)
524. "Nomination Archive - J W Keuffel". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
525. "Nomination Archive - T E Cranshaw". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
526. Roberts, Arthur (May 1961). "Review of Scientific Instruments32 482 (1961) "Development of the Spark Chamber: A Review"". Review of Scientific Instruments. 32 (5): 482–485. doi:10.1063/1.1717420 . Retrieved 11 November 2020.
527. "Nomination Archive - J F de Beer". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
528. "Nomination Archive - S Fukui". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
529. "Nomination Archive - S Miyamoto". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
530. Atom (ed. by UKAEA), № 41, p.5 (March 1960)
531. Who's Who in Atoms, 5th ed. (George G. Harrap & Co. Ltd., 1969), vol. 1, p.344
532. The Physical Society of Japan, 73(6): 397 (2018)
533. Los Angeles Times 27–30 December (2007)
534. "Nomination Archive - D Schneiderman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
535. "Nomination Archive - K Sloan". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
536. Leighton, Robert B.; Murray, Bruce C.; Sharp, Robert P.; Allen, J. Denton; Sloan, Richard K. "Mariner IV Photography of Mars: Initial Results". Science. New Series. 149 (3684): 627–630 (August 6, 1965) doi:10.1126/science.149.3684.627 Bibcode:1965Sci...149..627L PMID 17747569 S2CID 43407530
537. "Nomination Archive - J D Allen". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
538. "Nomination Archive - B C Murray". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
539. "Nomination Archive - R P Sharp". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
540. Los Angeles Daily News 16 April (2014)
541. "Nomination Archive - Robert Benjamin Leighton". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
542. "Nomination Archive - Bernd Theodor Matthias". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
543. "Nomination Archive - Sir Alfred Brian Pippard". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
544. "Nomination Archive - David Shoenberg". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
545. "Nomination Archive - Vladimir V Beloussov". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
546. "Nomination Archive - Arnold 'Fritz' Bopp". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
547. "Nomination Archive - Stuart Thomas Butler". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
548. "Nomination Archive - Raimond Castaing". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
549. "Nomination Archive - H Kallman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
550. "Nomination Archive - James Stanley Hey". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
551. "Nomination Archive - Albert Rose". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
552. "Nomination Archive - Murray A Lampert". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
553. Physics Today42, 84 (1989)
554. "Nomination Archive - Bruno Pontecorvo". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
555. "Nomination Archive - Edward U Condon". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
556. "Nomination Archive - Rudolf Hilsch". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
557. "Nomination Archive - Lueders". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
558. "Nomination Archive - Goldberger". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
559. "Nomination Archive - Geoffrey Chew". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
560. "Nomination Archive - Isaak Pomeranchuk". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
561. "Nomination Archive - Cormac Ó Ceallaigh". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
562. "Nomination Archive - Rafael Armenteros". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
563. "Nomination Archive - Tullio Regge". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
564. "Nomination Archive - Danby". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
565. "Nomination Archive - Oberth". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
566. "Nomination Archive - David Warren Turner". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
567. "Nomination Archive - Harrie Stewart Wilson Massey". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
568. "Nomination Archive - Rudolf Ernst Peierls". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
569. "Nomination Archive - Leo Esaki". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
570. "Nomination Archive - I Giaever". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
571. "Nomination Archive - Brian David Josephson". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
572. "Nomination Archive - Robert Edward Bell". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
573. "Nomination Archive - Gaston Dupouy". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
574. "CELEBRATING WILLIAM E. GIFFORD ON FOUNDERS DAY". cryomech.com. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
575. "Nomination Archive - W E Gifford". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
576. "National Academy of Engineering - Dr. John E. Kunzler". nae.edu. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
577. "Nomination Archive - J E Kunzler". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
578. "Nomination Archive – G J Schulz". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
579. "Nomination Archive – Hiroomi Umezawa". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
580. "Nomination Archive – Konrad Zuse". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
581. "Nomination Archive - Ivar Waller". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
582. "Nomination Archive - S N Vernov". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
583. "Nomination Archive - Robert Henry Dicke". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
584. "Nomination Archive - Gerhard Borrmann". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
585. "Nomination Archive - Paul Peter Ewald". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
586. "Nomination Archive – Herman Francis Mark". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
587. "Nomination Archive – Hermann Mark". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
588. "Nomination Archive – John Clarks Slater". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
589. "Nomination Archive - Hans-Peter Dürr". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
590. "Nomination Archive - Jeffrey Goldstone". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
591. "Nomination Archive – CERN". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
592. "Nomination Archive – John Battiscombe Gunn". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
593. "Nomination Archive – Jens Lindhard". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
594. "Nomination Archive – Reginald Charles Rainey". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
595. "Nomination Archive – Nicola Cabibbo". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
596. "Nomination Archive – J G Dorfman". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
597. "Nomination Archive – P Jaquinot". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
598. "Nomination Archive – Eugene Newman Parker". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
599. "Nomination Archive - Peter Alden Franken". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
600. "Nomination Archive - R W Terhune". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
601. "Nomination Archive - J A Giordmaine". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
602. "In Memoriam: Robert William Terhune, 1926-2014". optica.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
603. "Nomination Archive - E N Leith". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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625. "Nomination Archive – Carl Nordling". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
626. "Nomination Archive – Johannes (Jan) Martinus Burgers". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
627. "Nomination Archive - Janine Connes". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
628. "Nomination Archive - Pierre Connes". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
629. "Nomination Archive - Shoichi Sakata". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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