List of Swiss Nobel laureates

Last updated

The Nobel Prize Nobel Prize.png
The Nobel Prize
Laureates by field
FieldNumber of recipients
Physics
7
Chemistry
8
Physiology or Medicine
8
Literature
2
Peace
3
Economic Sciences
0

The Nobel Prize is a set of annual international awards bestowed on "those who conferred the greatest benefit on humankind" in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences, [nb 1] [1] instituted by Alfred Nobel's last will, which specified that a part of his fortune be used to create the prizes. Each laureate (recipient) receives a gold medal, a diploma and a sum of money, which is decided annually by the Nobel Foundation. [2] They are widely recognized as one of the most prestigious honours awarded in the aforementioned fields. [3]

Contents

First instituted in 1901, the Nobel Prize has been awarded to a total of 965 individuals and 27 organizations as of 2023. [4] Among them, 28 Swiss nationals have been honored with the Nobel Prize. [nb 2] Additionally, two laureates acquired Swiss citizenship through naturalization after the award: Wolfgang Pauli and Jack Steinberger. [nb 3]

Nine organizations headquartered in Switzerland have received the Nobel Peace Prize. [nb 4] The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has been awarded twice, and the International Committee of the Red Cross three times. [13] Five of these organizations were also founded in Switzerland, and eight of them had their headquarters in Geneva, a city hosting more than 40 international organizations and 750 non-governmental organizations. [14]

The first Nobel Peace Prize, awarded in 1901, went to the Swiss humanitarian Henry Dunant. The latest Swiss laureates are Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2019. The 28 prizes are distributed as follows: eight for medicine, eight for chemistry, seven for physics, three for peace, and two for literature. No Swiss national has yet received a Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.

Switzerland is among the countries with the highest number of Nobel laureates, both in total and per capita. [8] [15] Several factors have been suggested as possible explanation, including large public funding for research, [16] the presence of highly ranked universities such as ETH Zürich and EPFL, [16] and the neutrality of Switzerland in the two World Wars, which attracted scientists from abroad. [8] The Nobel Prize has also been often recognized as being biased towards Western countries. [17] [18] [19] According to Nobel laureate Werner Arber, the large number of awards to Swiss nationals is "likely a statistical anomaly", while Richard R. Ernst believes the number of Swiss laureates will keep increasing as the country still attracts talent. [8]

Laureates

Swiss Nobel laureates
YearImageLaureateBornDiedFieldRationale
1901 Henry Dunant-young (3x4 cropped).jpg Henry Dunant , co-founder of the Red Cross 8 May 1828 in Geneva 30 October 1910 in Heiden Peace "for his humanitarian efforts to help wounded soldiers and create international understanding" [20]
prize shared with Frédéric Passy
1902 Charles Albert Gobat2.jpg Charles Albert Gobat , politician and director of the Permanent International Peace Bureau 21 May 1843 in Tramelan 16 March 1914 in Bern Peace "for his eminently practical administration of the Inter-Parliamentary Union" [21]
prize shared with Élie Ducommun
1902 Ducommun.jpg Élie Ducommun , peace activist and director of the Permanent International Peace Bureau 19 February 1833 in Geneva 7 December 1906 in Bern Peace "for his untiring and skilful directorship of the Bern Peace Bureau" [22]
prize shared with Charles Albert Gobat
1909 Emil Theodor Kocher (close 3x4 cropped).jpg Emil Theodor Kocher , physician who introduced scientific methods in surgery28 August 1841 in Bern 27 July 1917 in Bern Physiology or Medicine "for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland" [23]
1913 Alfred Werner (3x4 cropped).jpg Alfred Werner , professor at the University of Zurich 12 December 1866 in Mulhouse, France
acquired Swiss citizenship in 1894 [24] 		15 November 1919 in Zurich Chemistry "in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry" [25]
1919 Carl Spitteler 1919.jpg Carl Spitteler , poet and writer24 April 1845 in Liestal 29 December 1924 in Lucerne Literature "in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring " [26]
1920 Guillaume 1920.jpg Charles Édouard Guillaume , physicist, head of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures 15 February 1861 in Fleurier 13 June 1938 in Sèvres, France Physics "in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys" [27]
1921 Albert Einstein Head.jpg Albert Einstein , theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity 14 March 1879 in Ulm, Germany
acquired Swiss citizenship in 1901 [28] 		18 April 1955 in Princeton, USA Physics "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect" [29]
1937 Paul Karrer.jpg Paul Karrer , organic chemist known for his contributions on vitamins 21 April 1889 in Moscow, Russia 18 June 1971 in Zurich Chemistry "for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2" [30]
prize shared with Norman Haworth
1939 Leopold Ruzicka (3x4 cropped).jpg Leopold Ružička , chemist, professor at ETH Zurich 13 September 1887 in Vukovar, Austria-Hungary
acquired Swiss citizenship in 1917 [31] 		26 September 1976 in Zurich Chemistry "for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes" [32]
prize shared with Adolf Butenandt
1946 Hermann Hesse 1946.jpg Hermann Hesse , poet, novelist and painter2 July 1877 in Calw, Germany
acquired Swiss citizenship in 1924 [33] 		9 August 1962 in Montagnola Literature "for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style" [34]
1948 Paul Hermann Muller nobel.jpg Paul Hermann Müller , chemist at J. R. Geigy AG who synthesized DDT 12 January 1899 in Olten 12 October 1965 in Basel Physiology or Medicine "for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods" [35]
1949 Walter Hess.jpg Walter Rudolf Hess , physiologist and professor at the University of Zurich who mapped areas of the brain17 March 1881 in Frauenfeld 12 August 1973 in Ascona Chemistry "for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs" [36]
prize shared with Egas Moniz
1950 Thadeus Reichstein ETH-Bib Portr 10137.jpg Tadeusz Reichstein , chemist and professor at the University of Basel who contributed to the isolation of cortisone 20 July 1897 in Wloclawek, Poland
acquired Swiss citizenship in 1914 [37] 		1 August 1996 in Basel Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects" [38]
prize shared with Edward Calvin Kendall and Philip Showalter Hench
1951 Max Theiler nobel.jpg Max Theiler , South African-American virologist and physician30 January 1899 in Pretoria, South Africa [nb 5] 11 August 1972 in New Haven, USA Physiology or Medicine "for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it" [41]
1952 Felix Bloch, Stanford University.jpg Felix Bloch , physicist, first director-general of CERN and among the developers of nuclear magnetic resonance 23 October 1905 in Zurich 10 September 1983 in Zurich Physics "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith" [42]
prize shared with Edward Mills Purcell
1957 Daniel Bovet nobel.jpg Daniel Bovet , pharmacologist who discovered antihistamines 23 March 1907 in Neuchâtel 8 April 1992 in Rome, Italy Physiology or Medicine "for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles" [43]
1975 Vladimir Prelog ETH-Bib Portr 00214.jpg Vladimir Prelog , organic chemist, professor at ETH Zurich 23 July 1906 in Sarajevo, Austria-Hungary
acquired Swiss citizenship in 1959 [44] 		7 January 1998 in Zurich Chemistry "for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions" [45]
prize shared with John Cornforth
1978 Werner Arber 1978 (3x4 cropped).jpg Werner Arber , microbiologist and geneticist, professor at the University of Geneva and Basel 3 June 1929 in Gränichen — Physiology or Medicine "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics" [46]
prize shared with Daniel Nathans and Hamilton O. Smith
1986 Rohrer (3x4 cropped).jpg Heinrich Rohrer , physicist, IBM Fellow 6 June 1933 in Buchs 16 May 2013 in Wollerau Physics "for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope" [47]
prize shared with Gerd Binning and Ernst Ruska
1987 Head photo of K Alex Mueller, Nobel Laureate, in the 1980s (cropped).jpg K. Alex Müller , physicist, IBM Fellow 20 April 1927 in Basel 9 January 2023 in Zurich Physics "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials" [48]
prize shared with J. Georg Bednorz
1991 Richard R. Ernst 1980s (cropped).jpg Richard R. Ernst , physical chemist, professor at ETH Zurich 14 August 1933 in Winterthur 4 June 2021 in Winterthur Chemistry "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy" [49]
1992 Edmond Fischer Nobel Laureate 1992 (3x4 cropped).jpg Edmond H. Fischer , biochemist, professor at the University of Washington 6 April 1920 in Shanghai, China
acquired Swiss citizenship in 1947 [50] 		27 August 2021 in Seattle, USA Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism" [51]
prize shared with Edwin G. Krebs
1996 Rolf Zinkernagel Erudite Conclave medical college trivandrum (3x4 cropped).jpg Rolf M. Zinkernagel , professor of experimental immunology at the University of Zurich 6 January 1944 in Basel — Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence" [52]
prize shared with Peter C. Doherty
2002 Kurt Wuthrich in 2022 at Scripps 02 (cropped).jpg Kurt Wüthrich , chemist and biophysicist, professor at ETH Zurich and The Scripps Research Institute 4 October 1938 in Aarburg — Chemistry "for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution" [53]
prize shared with John B. Fenn and Koichi Tanaka
2017 Jacques Dubochet, 2017 (cropped).jpg Jacques Dubochet , biophysicist, professor at the University of Lausanne 8 June 1942 in Aigle — Chemistry "for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution" [54]
prize shared with Joachim Frank and Richard Henderson
2019 Michel Mayor, 2012 (cropped).jpg Michel Mayor , astrophysicist, professor at the University of Geneva 12 January 1942 in Lausanne — Physics "for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star" [55]
prize shared with Jim Peebles and Didier Queloz
2019 Queloz profile (cropped).jpg Didier Queloz , astronomer, professor at the University of Cambridge and Geneva 23 February 1966 in Geneva — Physics "for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star" [56]
prize shared with Jim Peebles and Michel Mayor

Individuals who acquired Swiss citizenship after the award

Nobel laureates who acquired Swiss citizenship after the award
YearImageLaureateBornDiedFieldRationale
1945 Pauli.jpg Wolfgang Pauli , Austrian theoretical physicist and pioneer of quantum mechanics 25 April 1900 in Vienna, Austria
naturalized Swiss in 1949 (place of origin: Zollikon) [57] [nb 6] 		15 December 1958 in Zurich Physics "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle" [59]
1988 Jack-Steinberger-2008 (3x4 cropped).JPG Jack Steinberger , American physicist noted for his work with neutrinos 25 May 1921 in Bad Kissingen, Germany
naturalized Swiss in 2000 (place of origin: Geneva) [60] [61] [8] 		12 December 2020 in Geneva Physics "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino" [62]
prize shared with Leon M. Lederman and Melvin Schwartz

Organizations headquartered in Switzerland who received the Nobel Peace Prize

Organizations headquartered in Switzerland who received the Nobel Peace Prize
YearLogoOrganizationFoundedHeadquartersRationale
1910 IPB Logo.svg Permanent International Peace Bureau 1891, Bern Bern (1891–1924)
Geneva (1924–2017) [63]
Berlin, Germany (2017–present) [64] 		"for acting as a link between the peace societies of the various countries, and helping them to organize the world rallies of the international peace movement" [65]
1917 Emblem of the ICRC.svg International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)1863, Geneva Geneva "for the efforts to take care of wounded soldiers and prisoners of war and their families" [66]
1938— Nansen International Office for Refugees 1921, Geneva Geneva "for having carried on the work of Fridtjof Nansen to the benefit of refugees across Europe" [67]
1944 Emblem of the ICRC.svg International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)1863, Geneva Geneva "for the great work it has performed during the war on behalf of humanity" [68]
1954 UNHCR.svg Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)1950, Geneva Geneva "for its efforts to heal the wounds of war by providing help and protection to refugees all over the world" [69]
1963 Emblem of the ICRC.svg International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)1863, Geneva Geneva "for promoting the principles of the Geneva Convention and cooperation with the UN" [70]
prize shared with the League of Red Cross Societies
1963 Emblem of the IFRC.svg League of Red Cross Societies 1919, Paris, France Geneva "for promoting the principles of the Geneva Convention and cooperation with the UN" [71]
prize shared with the International Committee of the Red Cross
1969 Flag of ILO.svg International Labour Organization (ILO)1919, Geneva Geneva "for creating international legislation insuring certain norms for working conditions in every country" [72]
1981 UNHCR.svg Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)1950, Geneva Geneva "for promoting the fundamental rights of refugees" [73]
1999 Msf logo.svg Doctors Without Borders 1971, Paris, France Geneva "in recognition of the organisation's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents" [74]
2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Logo.svg Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)1988, New York City, USA Geneva "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change" [75]
prize shared with Al Gore
2017 Logo ICAN.svg International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN)2007, Australia Geneva "for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition of such weapons" [76]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences is an additional prize that was established in 1968 by the Bank of Sweden and was first awarded in 1969. Although not technically a Nobel Prize, it is identified with the award and the winners are announced with the Nobel Prize recipients, and the Prize in Economic Sciences is presented at the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony. [1]
  2. ↑ Some lists, such as the one published by the Neue Zürcher Zeitung , count a total of 30 individuals [5] including some that acquired the nationality after the award, as well as Hermann Staudinger, a German national who was a Swiss resident. [6]
  3. ↑ Not included in the list is Kofi Annan, Ghanaian diplomat and secretary-general of the United Nations who received the Peace Nobel prize in 2000. [7] Annan was granted honorary citizenship from Geneva in 2001; [8] however, in Swiss law, a honorary citizenship does not have the same effects of naturalization. [9]
  4. ↑ This is based on the global list of awarded organizations published by the Nobel Prize Outreach. [10] Non-comprehensive lists have been published by the Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen, [11] with seven entries, and the Canton of Geneva, [12] featuring the eight Geneva-based organizations who received the award.
  5. ↑ The Historical Dictionary of Switzerland reports that Theiler was Swiss citizen by birth to a Swiss parent; he later acquired honorary citizenship from Hasle in 1952. [39] A SERI report states he held Swiss citizenship at the time of the award. [40]
  6. ↑ Pauli's initial application for Swiss citizenship in 1940 was refused as he was deemed "not assimilable". [58]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nobel Prize</span> Prizes established by Alfred Nobel in 1895

The Nobel Prizes are five separate prizes awarded to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind, as established by the 1895 will of Swedish chemist, engineer, and industrialist Alfred Nobel, in the year before he died. Prizes were first awarded in 1901 by the Nobel Foundation. Nobel's will indicated that the awards should be granted in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace. A sixth prize for Economic Sciences, endowed by Sweden's central bank, Sveriges Riksbank, and first presented in 1969, is also frequently included, as it is also administered by the Nobel Foundation. The Nobel Prizes are widely regarded as the most prestigious awards available in their respective fields.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nobel Prize in Physics</span> One of five prizes established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel

The Nobel Prize in Physics is an annual award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions to mankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</span> One of five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Medicine or Physiology, Chemistry, Literature, and Peace.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nobel Foundation</span> Private institution managing the finances and administration of the Nobel Prizes

The Nobel Foundation is a private institution founded on 29 June 1900 to manage the finances and administration of the Nobel Prizes. The foundation is based on the last will of Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nobel Committee</span> Working bodies that help select Nobel Prize laureates

A Nobel Committee is a working body responsible for most of the work involved in selecting Nobel Prize laureates. There are six awarding committees from four institutions, one for each Nobel Prize.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</span> One of the five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation, and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by the Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.

References

  1. 1 2 "Nobel Prizes–Britannica". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  2. ↑ "The Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  3. ↑ "A short guide to the Nobel Prize". Swedish Institute. 7 December 2018. Archived from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  4. ↑ "Nobel Prize facts". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  5. ↑ Bauer, David (11 October 2019). "Das sind alle Schweizer Nobelpreisträger" [These are all the Swiss Nobel laureates]. Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  6. ↑ "Staudinger, Hermann". Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in German). 7 November 2012. Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  7. ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2001". NobelPrize.org. 8 April 1938. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 SWI swissinfo.ch (23 July 2009). "Die Schweiz im Nobel-Boom". SWI swissinfo.ch (in German). Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
  9. ↑ "Bundesgesetz über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht" [Federal Law on Swiss Citizenship](PDF). Fedlex (in German). p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  10. ↑ "Nobel Prize awarded organisations". NobelPrize.org. 14 August 2024. Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2024.
  11. ↑ "28 Nobelpreise für Schweizer". Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (in German). 4 October 2017. Archived from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 14 August 2024.
  12. ↑ "Nobel prizes and International Geneva". Genève internationale. Archived from the original on 15 April 2024. Retrieved 14 August 2024.
  13. ↑ "Nobel Prize facts". NobelPrize.org. 10 December 2010. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  14. ↑ "Facts and figures about International Geneva". Federal Department of Foreign Affairs . Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
  15. ↑ Smith, Oliver (10 December 2018). "The beautiful little islands that have produced the most Nobel prize winners per capita" . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  16. 1 2 "Wie viel Geld steckt die Schweiz in die Forschung und Entwicklung?". Swiss National Science Foundation (in German). 23 September 2021. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
  17. ↑ Duggan, Oliver; Spence, Peter (8 October 2014). "How the Nobel Prize has favoured white western men for more than 100 years" . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
  18. ↑ Sample, Ian; Devlin, Hannah (7 October 2019). "What's the point of Nobel prizes?". The Guardian . Archived from the original on 1 July 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
  19. ↑ "Is the Nobel Prize on Its Way to Being Outdated?". The Swaddle. 9 October 2019. Archived from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
  20. ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1901". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  21. ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1902". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  22. ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1902". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  23. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1909". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  24. ↑ "Werner, Alfred". Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in German). 3 October 2013. Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  25. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1913". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  26. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1919". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  27. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 4 October 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  28. ↑ "Einstein, Albert". Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in German). 22 December 2015. Archived from the original on 7 May 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  29. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  30. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1937". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  31. ↑ "Ruzicka, Leopold". Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in German). 29 May 2012. Archived from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  32. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1939". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  33. ↑ "Hesse, Hermann". Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in German). 13 December 2007. Archived from the original on 2 March 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  34. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1946". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  35. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1948". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  36. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 14 June 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  37. ↑ Rothschild, Miriam (1999). "Tadeus Reichstein. 20 July 1897 — 1 August 1996: Elected For.Mem.R.S. 1952". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 45: 449–467. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1999.0030. ISSN   0080-4606.
  38. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  39. ↑ "Theiler, Max". Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in German). 18 December 2013. Archived from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  40. ↑ "Higher Education and Research in Switzerland" (PDF). SERI . p. 16. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  41. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1951". NobelPrize.org. 11 August 1972. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  42. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1952". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  43. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1957". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  44. ↑ "Prelog, Vladimir". Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in German). 23 January 2015. Archived from the original on 31 May 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  45. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1975". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  46. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  47. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 4 October 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  48. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1987". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  49. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1991". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  50. ↑ "Fischer, Edmond Henri". Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in German). 27 January 2022. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  51. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1992". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  52. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1996". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  53. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  54. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2017". NobelPrize.org. 8 June 1942. Archived from the original on 14 April 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  55. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2019". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  56. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2019". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  57. ↑ "Pauli, Wolfgang". Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in German). 3 March 2011. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  58. ↑ Huber, Christian John (5 February 2021). ""Nicht assimilierbar": Die erfolglose Einbürgerung Wolfgang Paulis" [«Not assimilable»: The unsuccessful naturalization of Wolfgang Pauli]. ETHeritage (in German). Archived from the original on 26 June 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  59. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1945". NobelPrize.org. 25 April 1900. Archived from the original on 5 May 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  60. ↑ "Steinberger, Jack". Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in German). 25 October 2021. Archived from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  61. ↑ "Nobelpreisträger der Schweiz" [Nobel Prize laureates of Switzerland]. Swiss Physical Society (in German). Archived from the original on 12 August 2024. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
  62. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  63. ↑ "Secretariat of the International Peace Bureau". United Nations Office at Geneva . 14 August 2024. Archived from the original on 28 February 2024. Retrieved 14 August 2024.
  64. ↑ "A short history of the International Peace Bureau: 1990 – 2017* – CNDP". Coalition for Nuclear Disarmament and Peace. 22 October 2020. Archived from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  65. ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1910". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  66. ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1917". NobelPrize.org. 26 June 2024. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  67. ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1938". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 29 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  68. ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1944". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  69. ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1954". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 23 June 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  70. ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1963". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  71. ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1963". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 30 April 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  72. ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1969". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  73. ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1981". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  74. ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1999". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  75. ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2007". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 20 June 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  76. ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2017". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 19 May 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.