List of U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School alumni

Last updated

USAF Test Pilot School, Edwards AFB, California USAF TPS PAM 36-7 22 June 2007.png
USAF Test Pilot School, Edwards AFB, California

The U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School (TPS) graduated the following notable alumni who made significant contributions to the aerospace field. The school's mission is to produce experimental test pilots, flight test engineers, and flight test navigators to lead and conduct test and evaluation of aerospace weapon systems. [1] The school was established on September 9, 1944, as the Flight Test Training Unit at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (AFB) in Dayton, Ohio. [2] To take advantage of the uncongested skies and superb flying weather, the school was moved on February 4, 1951, to its present location at Edwards Air Force Base in the Mojave Desert of Southern California. [2] Edwards AFB is the home of the Air Force Test Center and has been an integral part of flight testing since June 25, 1951. [3]

Contents

Between 1962 and 1972, the Test Pilot School expanded its role to include astronaut training for military test pilots. [4] Thirty-seven TPS graduates of this era were selected for the U.S. space program, and twenty-six went on to earn astronaut's wings by flying in the X-15, Gemini, Apollo, and Space Shuttle programs. [5] Although the school no longer trains astronauts, many TPS graduates since 1972 have been selected by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for duties in space. The school encourages applications from civilians, personnel from other U.S. military services, and individuals from foreign countries. [6] An exchange program allows selected students to attend other test pilot schools including the United States Naval Test Pilot School, the United Kingdom's Empire Test Pilots' School, and France's EPNER. [7]

Famous alumni

The following graduates of the USAF Test Pilot School are listed in the roles for which they are most notable. [8] These roles include:

Key

Service
RCAFRoyal Canadian Air Force
USAFUnited States Air Force
USAFRUnited States Air Force Reserve
USNUnited States Navy
USNRUnited States Navy Reserve
USMCUnited States Marine Corps
CiviliansFrom specified U.S. contractors and government agencies
Rank Military rank For individuals who have served in the armed forces. The rank shown is current at the time this list was created and is subject to change.
"n/a"For civilians who have not served in the armed forces and therefore do not have military rank.
ClassYear/LetterThe year and order in which a class started. For example, 07A was the first of two classes to start in 2007. [10]
Roman NumeralFour Aerospace Research Pilot School (ARPS) classes designated I, II, III, and IV, that prepared students for crewed spaceflight operations. These classes were dropped when the USAF lost its crewed spaceflight mission. [11]
MOLClasses to train military astronauts of the Manned Orbital Laboratory (MOL) program. MOL was cancelled in 1969 before any of the astronauts went into space. [12]
AFITThe USAF TPS selects up to eight students per year to attend the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. These individuals attend 15 months of class work and thesis preparation prior to completing the USAF TPS curriculum. [7]
"n/a"For faculty who taught at USAF TPS but were never students of the school.

Astronauts

Col. Frank Borman, USAF, first lunar orbit as Apollo 8 commander Frank Borman.jpg
Col. Frank Borman, USAF, first lunar orbit as Apollo 8 commander
Col. Eileen Collins, USAF, first female shuttle pilot, first female shuttle commander Commander Eileen Collins - GPN-2000-001177.jpg
Col. Eileen Collins, USAF, first female shuttle pilot, first female shuttle commander
MGen. Michael Collins, USAF, Apollo 11 command module pilot Michael Collins (S69-31742, restoration).jpg
MGen. Michael Collins, USAF, Apollo 11 command module pilot
Capt. Robert Crippen, USN, STS-1 pilot, STS commander Robert Crippen.jpg
Capt. Robert Crippen, USN, STS-1 pilot, STS commander
Col. Jack D. Fischer, USAF, flight engineer, Soyuz MS-04 (Expedition 51/52) Jack D. Fischer, official portrait.jpg
Col. Jack D. Fischer, USAF, flight engineer, Soyuz MS-04 (Expedition 51/52)
Maj. William "Pete" Knight by modified X-15A-2 after record-setting flight Pete Knight by X15 19671003.jpg
Maj. William "Pete" Knight by modified X-15A-2 after record-setting flight
Maj. Robert Henry Lawrence Jr., USAF, first African-American astronaut Robertlawrence.jpg
Maj. Robert Henry Lawrence Jr., USAF, first African-American astronaut
MGen. Robert Rushworth, USAF, X-15 test pilot Robert A. Rushworth.jpg
MGen. Robert Rushworth, USAF, X-15 test pilot
Col. David Scott, USAF, Apollo 15 commander, seventh man on the Moon Dave Scott Apollo 15 CDR.jpg
Col. David Scott, USAF, Apollo 15 commander, seventh man on the Moon
VADM. Richard H. Truly, USN, NASA administrator, STS commander and pilot Richard H. Truly - GPN-2002-000090.jpg
VADM. Richard H. Truly, USN, NASA administrator, STS commander and pilot
Lt. Col. Ed White, USAF, first U.S. spacewalk EdwardWhite.jpeg
Lt. Col. Ed White, USAF, first U.S. spacewalk
MGen. Bob White, USAF, first to exceed Mach 4, 5 and 6 Robert M. White.jpg
MGen. Bob White, USAF, first to exceed Mach 4, 5 and 6

  *   Individual was killed in a work-related (aviation) accident.

NameServiceRankClassNotable eventsRef
Michael J. Adams * USAF Major 62C, IV, MOL X-15 Flight 191, 1965 USAF MOL Group [13]
Thomas Akers USAF Colonel 82B STS-41, STS-49, STS-61, STS-79 [14]
Dominic A. Antonelli USN Commander 97B STS-119, STS-132 [15]
Lee Archambault USAF Colonel 94B STS-117, STS-119 [16]
Charles Bassett * USAF Captain 62A, III 1963 NASA Group 3 [17]
Robert Behnken USAF Colonel 98B STS-123, STS-130, SpX-DM2 [18]
John E. Blaha USAF Colonel 71A STS-29, STS-33, STS-43, STS-58, STS-79, Mir-22, STS-81 [19]
Michael J. Bloomfield USAF Colonel 92A STS-86, STS-97, STS-110 [20]
Karol J. Bobko USAF Colonel 65B, MOL STS-6, STS-51-D, STS-51-J [21]
Eric A. Boe USAF Colonel 97A STS-126, STS-133 [22]
Frank Borman USAF Colonel 60C, I Gemini 7, Apollo 8 [23]
Ken Bowersox USN Captain 85A STS-50, STS-61, STS-73, STS-82, STS-113, Expedition 6, Soyuz TMA-1 [24]
Roy D. Bridges Jr. USAF Major General 70B STS-51-F [25]
Curtis Brown USAF Colonel 85B STS-47, STS-66, STS-77, STS-85, STS-95, STS-103 [26]
Duane G. Carey USAF Lt Colonel 92A STS-109 [27]
John Casper USAF Colonel 74A STS-36, STS-54, STS-62, STS-77 [28]
Kevin P. Chilton USAF General 84A STS-49, STS-59, STS-76 [29]
Eileen Collins USAF Colonel 89B STS-63 (first female shuttle pilot), STS-84, STS-93 (first female shuttle commander), STS-114 (Return to Flight after Columbia Disaster ) [30]
Michael Collins USAFR Major General 60C, III Gemini 10, Apollo 11 [31]
Gordon Cooper USAF Colonel 56D Mercury 9, Gemini 5 [32]
Richard O. Covey USAF Colonel 74B STS-51-I, STS-26 (Return to Flight after Challenger Disaster ), STS-38, STS-61 [33]
Albert H. Crews USAF Colonel 60A, II, MOL 1962 Dyna-Soar Group, 1965 USAF MOL Group [34]
Robert Crippen USN Captain 65A, MOL STS-1, STS-7, STS-41-C, STS-41-G [35]
Brian Duffy USAF Colonel 82B STS-57, STS-72, STS-92 [36]
Charles Duke USAF Brig. General 64C Apollo 16 [37]
James Dutton USAF Colonel 00A STS-131 [38]
Donn F. Eisele USAF Colonel 62A Apollo 7 [39]
Joe Engle USAF Colonel 61C, III X-15 Flight 138, X-15 Flight 143, X-15 Flight 153, ALT, STS-2, STS-51-I [40]
Michael Fincke USAF Colonel 93B Soyuz TMA-4 (Expedition 9), Soyuz TMA-13 (Expedition 18), STS-134 [41]
John L. Finley USN Captain 64A, MOL 1965 USAF MOL Group [42]
Jack D. Fischer USAF Colonel 03B Soyuz MS-04 (Expedition 51/52) [43]
Kevin A. Ford USAF Colonel 90A STS-128, Soyuz TMA-06M (Expedition 33/34) [44]
Michael E. Fossum USAF Colonel 85A STS-121, STS-124, Soyuz TMA-02M (Expedition 28/29) [45]
Theodore Freeman * USAF Captain 62A, IV 1963 NASA Group [46]
C. Gordon Fullerton USAF Colonel 64B, MOL ALT, STS-3, STS-51-F [47]
Guy Gardner USAF Colonel 75A STS-27, STS-35, TPS Commandant [48]
Edward Givens USAF Major 58B, III 1966 NASA Group [49]
Victor J. Glover USN Captain 06B SpaceX Crew-1 (Expedition 64/65), Artemis 2 [50]
Ronald J. Grabe USAF Colonel 74A STS-51-J, STS-30, STS-42, STS-57 [51]
William G. Gregory USAF Lt Colonel 87A STS-67 [52]
Gus Grissom * USAF Lt Colonel 56D Mercury-Redstone 4, Gemini 3, Apollo 1 [53]
Sidney M. Gutierrez USAF Colonel 81A STS-40, STS-59 [54]
Nick Hague USAF Colonel 03A Soyuz MS-10, Soyuz MS-12 (Expedition 59/60) [55]
Fred Haise NASA n/a64A Apollo 13, ALT [56]
James D. Halsell USAF Colonel 86A STS-65, STS-74, STS-83, STS-94, STS-101 [57]
Henry Hartsfield USAF Colonel 64C, MOL STS-4, STS-41-D, STS-61-A [58]
Susan J. Helms USAF Lt General 88A STS-54, STS-64, STS-78, STS-101, Expedition 2 (STS-102 / STS-105) [59]
Terence T. Henricks USAF Colonel 83A STS-44, STS-55, STS-70, STS-78 [60]
Robert T. Hines USAF Lt Colonel 07B NASA Astronaut Group 22 [61]
Michael S. Hopkins USAF Colonel 96B Soyuz TMA-10M (Expedition 37/38), USCV-1 [62]
Scott J. Horowitz USAF Colonel 90A STS-75, STS-82, STS-101, STS-105 [63]
Richard D. Husband * USAF Colonel 88A STS-96, STS-107 Columbia loss [64]
James Irwin USAF Colonel 60C, IV Apollo 15 [65]
Gregory C. Johnson USNR Captain 84A STS-125 [66]
Gregory H. Johnson USAF Colonel 94A STS-123 STS-134 [67]
James M. Kelly USAF Colonel 93B STS-102, STS-114 [68]
Pete Knight USAF Colonel 58C, 63A X-15 Flight 190, California State Senator [69] [70]
Joshua Kutryk RCAF LCol 11B 2017 CSA Group [71] [72]
Robert Lawrence * USAF Major 66B, MOLFirst African-American astronaut, 1967 USAF MOL Group [73]
Richard E. Lawyer USAF Colonel 63A, MOL 1965 USAF MOL Group [74]
Steven W. Lindsey USAF Colonel 89A, AFIT STS-87, STS-95, STS-104, STS-121 STS-133 [75]
Paul Lockhart USAF Colonel 91A STS-111, STS-113 [76]
Christopher Loria USMC Colonel 93A 1996 NASA Group [77]
Lachlan Macleay USAF Colonel 60A, IV, MOL 1965 USAF MOL Group [78]
Ken Mattingly USN Rear Admiral 65B Apollo 16, STS-4, STS-51-C [79]
Jon McBride USN Captain 75A STS-41-G [80]
James McDivitt USAF Brig. General 59C, I Gemini 4, Apollo 9 [81]
Donald R. McMonagle USAF Colonel 81A STS-39, STS-54, STS-66 [82]
Carl J. Meade USAF Colonel 80B STS-38, STS-50, STS-64 [83]
Pamela Melroy USAF Colonel 91B STS-92, STS-112, STS-120 [84]
Edgar Mitchell USN Captain 65B Apollo 14 [85]
Richard Mullane USAF Colonel 75B STS-41-D, STS-27, STS-36 [86]
Steven R. Nagel USAF Colonel 75A STS-51-G, STS-61-A, STS-37, STS-55 [87]
Francis G. Neubeck USAF Colonel 60C, III, MOL 1965 USAF MOL Group [88]
Ellison Onizuka * USAF Colonel 74B STS-51-C, STS-51-L Challenger loss [89]
Robert F. Overmyer USMC Colonel 65C, MOL STS-5, STS-51-B [90]
Donald H. Peterson USAF Colonel 66B, MOL STS-6 [91]
Mark L. Polansky USAF Captain 86B STS-98, STS-116, STS-127 [92]
Charles J. Precourt USAF Colonel 85A STS-55, STS-71, STS-84, STS-91 [93]
Russell L. Rogers * USAF Lt Colonel 58C 1960 Dyna-Soar Group [94]
Stuart Roosa USAF Colonel 64C Apollo 14 [95]
Jerry L. Ross USAF Colonel 75B STS-61-B, STS-27, STS-37, STS-55, STS-74, STS-88, STS-110 [96]
Robert A. Rushworth USAF Major General 56C X-15 Flight 87 [97]
Dick Scobee * USAF Lt Colonel 71B STS-41-C, STS-51-L Challenger loss [98]
David Scott USAF Colonel 62C, IV Gemini 8, Apollo 9, Apollo 15 [99]
Brewster H. Shaw USAF Colonel 75B STS-9, STS-61-B, STS-28 [100]
Loren Shriver USAF Colonel 75A STS-51-C, STS-31, STS-46 [101]
Deke Slayton USAF Major 55C Apollo-Soyuz Test Project [102]
Thomas P. Stafford USAF Lt General 58C Gemini 6A, Gemini 9A, Apollo 10, ASTP [103]
Frederick W. Sturckow USMC Colonel 92A STS-88, STS-105, STS-117, STS-128, VSS Unity VP-03 [104]
James M. Taylor * USAF Lt Colonel 63A, MOL 1965 USAF MOL Group [105]
Richard H. Truly USN Vice Admiral 64A, MOL ALT, STS-2, STS-8, NASA Administrator [106] [107]
Terry W. Virts USAF Colonel 98B STS-130, Soyuz TMA-15M (Expedition 42/43) [108]
Rex J. Walheim USAF Colonel 92A STS-110, STS-122, STS-135 [109]
David M. Walker USN Captain 71A STS-51-A, STS-30, STS-53, STS-69 [110]
Carl E. Walz USAF Colonel 83A STS-51, STS-65, STS-79, STS-108, Expedition 4, STS-111 [111]
Ed White * USAF Lt Colonel 59C Gemini 4, Apollo 1 [112]
Robert M. White USAF Major General 54C X-15 Flight 62 [113]
James W. Wood USAF Colonel 56D 1960 Dyna-Soar Group 1 [94]
Alfred Worden USAF Colonel 64C Apollo 15 [114]
George D. Zamka USMC Colonel 94A STS-120, STS-130 [115]

Flight test

BGen. Robert Cardenas, USAF, YB-49 chief USAF test pilot Robert L Cardenas 1969.jpg
BGen. Robert Cardenas, USAF, YB-49 chief USAF test pilot
Lt. Bob Hoover, USAF, test and demonstration pilot Bob Hoover 2005 Gathering of Eagles Lithograph.jpg
Lt. Bob Hoover, USAF, test and demonstration pilot
Tony LeVier, Lockheed, chief test pilot Tony-LeVier jet af.jpg
Tony LeVier, Lockheed, chief test pilot
Joseph John "Tym" Tymczyszyn, Test Pilot of America's first commercial jet aircraft JoetymczyszynDC-8 1958.jpeg
Joseph John "Tym" Tymczyszyn, Test Pilot of America's first commercial jet aircraft

  *   Individual was killed in a work-related (aviation) accident.

NameServiceRankClassNotable eventsRef
Milburn G. Apt * USAF Captain 54BFirst to exceed Mach 3. Speed record of Mach 3.2 in X-2 [116] [117]
Fred J. Ascani USAF Major General 46BFather of Systems Engineering at Wright Field. F-86 speed record [118]
Richard Bong * USAF Major 45United States' highest-scoring air ace. Medal of Honor recipient [119]
James "JB" Brown USAF Major 86A F-22 Raptor lead test pilot and F-117 Nighthawk chief test pilot [120]
Robert Cardenas USAF Brig. General 46J B-29 commander on mission to break sound barrier. Chief USAF test pilot for YB-49 flying wing [121]
Ken Chilstrom USAF Colonel 45Tested over twenty German and Japanese aircraft during World War II. First military pilot to fly XP-86. First jet air race. First transport of air mail by jet [122]
[123]
[124]
[125]
Glen Edwards * USAF Captain 45Namesake of Edwards Air Force Base [126]
Frank K. Everest USAF Brig. General 46DSpeed record of Mach 2.9 in the X-2. Subject and co-author of The Fastest Man Alive [127]
Fitzhugh L. Fulton USAF Brig. General 52BAltitude record of 85,360 ft (26.02 km) in the B-58. XB-70, YF-12, 747 Space Shuttle Carrier Aircraft testiing [128]
Darryl Greenamyer Lockheed n/a63APiston engine speed record of 776 km/h (482 mph) in an F8F-2. Low altitude speed record of 1,590 km/h (990 mph) in an F-104 [129] [130]
Bob Hoover USAF Lieutenant 46CFlew chase during the Mach one flight. Named "the greatest stick-and-rudder man who ever lived" by Jimmy Doolittle. Noted air show pilot in Shrike Commander and P-51 [131]
Dick Johnson USAF Major 46C1948 world speed record in the F‑86. First flights of the YF‑102, YF‑106, and F‑111 [132]
Kelly Latimer USAF Lt Colonel 96BFirst female test pilot for NASA's DFRC flying on the SOFIA project. Test pilot on White Knight Two and Cosmic Girl [133] [134]
Tony LeVier Lockheed n/a45Lockheed chief test pilot. P-38, P-80, XF-90, XF-104, U-2 testing [135]
Donald L. Mallick USNR LCDR 64A LLRV, XB-70, and YF-12 testing [136] [137]
Arthur W. Murray USAF Major 45G X-1A, X-1B, X-4, X-5 testing [138]
Art Nalls USMC Lt Colonel 85A Harrier testing; owner and air show pilot of privately owned Harrier [139]
Wilbert Pearson USAF Major General 82AFirst pilot to shoot down a satellite from an aircraft; commander of Air Force Flight Test Center [140] [141]
Bruce Peterson NASA n/a63A M2-F1, M2-F2, HL-10 lifting body flights [142]
Steve Pisanos USAF Colonel 45D F-80 Shooting Star, F-102 Delta Dagger, F-4E testing [143]
Jack Ridley * USAF Colonel 46AProject engineer for the team that broke the sound barrier [144]
Lou Schalk USAF Captain 54AFirst flight of the A-12; flight test of A-12, YF-12 and SR-71 Blackbird; Chief test pilot of Lockheed Skunk Works [145] [146] [147]
Robert L. Stephens USAF Colonel 49DSpeed and altitude records testing the YF-12 and SR-71 [148]
Robert E. Thacker USAF Colonel 46 P-80 Shooting Star, P-82 distance/speed record, Lockheed solar-powered aircraft [149]
Guy M. Townsend USAF Brig. General 46FCo-pilot on the first flight of the B-52 Stratofortress. First military pilot to fly the B-47 Stratojet, B-50 Superfortress, B-52 Stratofortress, and the prototype of the KC-135 Stratotanker [150]
Joseph John "Tym" Tymczyszyn FAA n/a49CTest Pilot on America's First Commercial Jet Aircraft, the Boeing 707 [151]
Chuck Yeager USAF Brig. General 46CFighter ace; first to travel faster than sound during level flight; first to reach Mach 2.5; Commandant of Aerospace Research Pilot School [152]

Military commanders

Gen. Robert T. Herres, USAF, Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen Robert T. Herres, VJCS portrait.jpg
Gen. Robert T. Herres, USAF, Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
NameServiceRankClassNotable eventsRef
James A. Abrahamson USAF Lt General 66B, MOL Strategic Defense Initiative director [153]
Spence M. Armstrong USAF Lt General 64CVice commander Air Force Systems Command, senior advisor to the NASA administrator [154] [155]
William J. Campbell USAF Lt General 62C, IVVice commander Strategic Air Command, TPS Commandant [156]
Eugene P. Deatrick USAF Colonel 51A, 53CTPS Commandant. Rescue of Navy Lt. Dieter Dengler [157] [158]
Gabby Gabreski USAF Colonel 45GTop American fighter ace in Europe during World War II [159] [160]
Robert T. Herres USAF General 66B, MOL Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff [161]
Donald J. Kutyna USAF General 65C North American Aerospace Defense Command [162]
John M. Loh USAF General 67B Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force [163]
Ronald W. Yates USAF General 66B Air Force Materiel Command [164]

Authors

Col. Donald S. Lopez Sr., USAF, aviation author Donaldlopez.jpg
Col. Donald S. Lopez Sr., USAF, aviation author
NameServiceRankClassNotable eventsRef
Donald S. Lopez USAF Colonel 47FAuthor of two aviation books. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum deputy director [165] [166] [167]
George J. Marrett USAF Captain 64AAuthor of five aviation books, three on flight testing including "Contrails Over the Mojave," one on combat in Vietnam and one on a test pilot building a church. [168] [169] [170] [171]

Notes

  1. ↑ USAF TPS Graduate Course Catalog. p. 9.
  2. 1 2 "U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School History". United States Air Force. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
  3. ↑ "History of AFTC". United States Air Force. Retrieved 2021-11-14.
  4. ↑ USAF Test Pilot School 50 Years and Beyond. p. 233.
  5. ↑ Young, J. Forging Aerospace Power for America. pp. 3–4.
  6. ↑ USAF TPS Graduate Course Catalog. p. 19.
  7. 1 2 USAF TPS Graduate Course Catalog. p. 18.
  8. ↑ For the purposes of this list, notability is per the definition at WP:BIO and WP:MILMOS#NOTE.
  9. ↑ Marrett, G (2008). Contrails Over the Mojave. p. 6. ISBN   978-1-59114-511-0.
  10. ↑ USAF TPS Graduate Course Catalog. p. 8.
  11. ↑ USAF Test Pilot School 50 Years and Beyond. p. 50.
  12. ↑ "Astrospies". NOVA. PBS. December 2007. Retrieved 2008-07-05.
  13. ↑ "Adams Biography". NASA. Retrieved 2023-08-23.
  14. ↑ "Akers Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2013-08-01. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
  15. ↑ "Antonelli Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2015-07-01. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
  16. ↑ "Archambault Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2013-03-01. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
  17. ↑ "Bassett Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1966-03-01. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
  18. ↑ "Behnken Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2018-08-01. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
  19. ↑ "Blaha Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2008-05-01. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
  20. ↑ "Bloomfield Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2007-09-01. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
  21. ↑ "Bobko Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2006-04-01. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
  22. ↑ "Boe Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2016-03-01. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  23. ↑ "Borman Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1993-12-01. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
  24. ↑ "Bowersox Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2007-02-01. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
  25. ↑ "Bridges Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2005-10-01. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
  26. ↑ "Brown Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2007-07-01. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
  27. ↑ "Carey Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2004-10-01. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  28. ↑ "Casper Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2014-07-01. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  29. ↑ "Chilton Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2008-03-01. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  30. ↑ "E. Collins Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2006-05-01. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  31. ↑ "M. Collins Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2015-09-01. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  32. ↑ "Cooper Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2004-10-01. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  33. ↑ "Covey Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2007-10-01. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  34. ↑ "Crews Biography". NOVA Astrospies. PBS. December 2007. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  35. ↑ "Crippen Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2001-07-01. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  36. ↑ "Duffy Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2002-08-01. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  37. ↑ "Duke Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1994-12-01. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  38. ↑ "Dutton Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2014-01-01. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  39. ↑ "Eisele Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1987-12-01. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  40. ↑ "Engle Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  41. ↑ "Fincke Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2019-01-22. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  42. ↑ "Finley Biography". NOVA Astrospies. PBS. December 2007. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  43. ↑ "Fischer Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2018-05-01. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  44. ↑ "Ford Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2014-08-01. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  45. ↑ "Fossum Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2017-01-01. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  46. ↑ "Freeman Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1964-11-01. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  47. ↑ "Fullerton Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2013-08-01. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  48. ↑ "Gardner Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1994-12-01. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  49. ↑ "Givens Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1967-06-01. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  50. ↑ "Glover Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2023-04-01. Retrieved 2023-04-07.
  51. ↑ "Grabe Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1999-07-01. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  52. ↑ "Gregory Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2017-05-01. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  53. ↑ "Grissom Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1997-12-01. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  54. ↑ "Gutierrez Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1996-07-01. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  55. ↑ "Hague Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2019-03-01. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  56. ↑ "Haise Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1996-01-01. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  57. ↑ "Halsell Biography" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2006-11-01. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
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