STS-31

STS-31
	Discovery deploys the Hubble Space Telescope.
Names	Space Transportation System-31; STS-31R
Mission type	Hubble Space Telescope deployment
Operator	NASA
COSPAR ID	1990-037A
SATCAT no.	20579
Mission duration	5 days, 1 hour, 16 minutes, 6 seconds
Distance travelled	3,328,466 km (2,068,213 mi)
Orbits completed	80
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft	Space Shuttle Discovery
Launch mass	117,586 kg (259,233 lb)
Landing mass	85,947 kg (189,481 lb)
Payload mass	11,878 kg (26,187 lb)
Crew
Crew size	5
Members	Loren Shriver ; Charles Bolden ; Bruce McCandless II ; Steven Hawley ; Kathryn D. Sullivan ;
Start of mission
Launch date	April 24, 1990, 12:33:51 UTC (8:33:51 am EDT)
Launch site	Kennedy, LC-39B
Contractor	Rockwell International
End of mission
Landing date	April 29, 1990, 13:49:57 UTC (6:49:57 am PDT)
Landing site	Edwards, Runway 22
Orbital parameters
Reference system	Geocentric orbit
Regime	Low Earth orbit
Perigee altitude	613 km (381 mi)
Apogee altitude	615 km (382 mi)
Inclination	28.45°
Period	96.70 minutes
Instruments
	Air Force Maui Optical Site (AMOS); Ascent Particle Monitor (APM); IMAX Cargo Bay Camera (ICBC); In-flight Radiation Dose Distribution (IDRD); Protein Crystal Growth (PCG); Radiation Monitoring Equipment III (RME III);
	; STS-31 mission patch; ; From left: Bolden, Hawley, Shriver, McCandless and Sullivan Space Shuttle program ← STS-36 (34) STS-41 (36) → Hubble Space Telescope missions STS-61 (SM1) →

Last updated December 09, 2024

STS-31 was the 35th mission of NASA's Space Shuttle program and the 10th flight of Discovery. The primary purpose of this mission was the deployment of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) into low Earth orbit. The mission used the Space Shuttle Discovery (the tenth mission for this orbiter), which lifted off from Launch Complex 39B on April 24, 1990, from Kennedy Space Center, Florida.

Following the Challenger accident clarification was required on mission numbering. As STS-51-L was also designated STS-33, future flights with the previous STS-26 through STS-33 designators would require the R in their documentation to avoid conflicts in tracking data from one mission to another.^{[ citation needed ]}

Discovery's crew deployed the Hubble Space Telescope on April 25, 1990, and then spent the rest of the mission tending to various scientific experiments in the Shuttle's payload bay as well as operating a set of IMAX cameras to record the mission. Discovery's launch marked the first time since January 1986 that two Space Shuttles had been on the launch pad at the same time – Discovery on 39B and Columbia on 39A.

Crew


Position	Astronaut
Commander	Loren Shriver Second spaceflight
Pilot	Charles Bolden Second spaceflight
Mission Specialist 1	Bruce McCandless II Second and last spaceflight
Mission Specialist 2 Flight Engineer	Steven Hawley Third spaceflight
Mission Specialist 3	Kathryn D. Sullivan Second spaceflight

Crew seat assignments

Seat^[1]	Launch	Landing	Seats 1–4 are on the flight deck. Seats 5–7 are on the mid-deck.
1	Shriver
2	Bolden
3	McCandless	Sullivan
4	Hawley
5	Sullivan	McCandless
6	Unused
7	Unused

Crew notes

This mission was originally to be flown in August 1986 as STS-61-J using Atlantis, but was postponed due to the Challenger disaster. John W. Young was originally assigned to command this mission,^[2] which would have been his seventh spaceflight, but was reassigned to an administrative position and was replaced by Loren J. Shriver in 1988.^[3]

Mission highlights

STS-31 was launched on April 24, 1990 at 12:33:51 UTC (8:33:51 am EDT, local time at the launch site). A launch attempt on April 10, 1990, was scrubbed at T−4 minutes for a faulty valve in auxiliary power unit (APU) number one. The APU was eventually replaced, and the Hubble Space Telescope's batteries were recharged. On launch day, the countdown was briefly halted at T−31 seconds when Discovery's computers failed to shut down a fuel valve line on ground support equipment. Engineers manually commanded the valve to close and the countdown continued.^[4]

The main purpose of this mission was to deploy Hubble. It was designed to operate above the Earth's turbulent and obscuring atmosphere to observe celestial objects at ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared wavelengths. The Hubble mission was a joint NASA-ESA (European Space Agency) effort going back to the late 1970s.^[5] The rest of the mission was devoted to photography and onboard experiments. To launch HST into an orbit that guaranteed longevity, Discovery entered an orbit of around 613 × 615 km (381 × 382 mi). At one point during the mission, Discovery briefly reached an apogee of 621 km (386 mi), the highest altitude ever reached by a Shuttle orbiter.^[6] The record height also permitted the crew to photograph Earth's large-scale geographic features not apparent from lower orbits. Motion pictures were recorded by two IMAX cameras, and the results appeared in the 1994 IMAX film Destiny in Space .^[7] Experiments on the mission included a biomedical technology study, advanced materials research, particle contamination and ionizing radiation measurements, and a student science project studying zero-gravity effects on electronic arcs. Discovery's reentry from its higher-than-usual orbit required a deorbit burn of 4 minutes and 58 seconds, the longest in Shuttle history up to that time.^[8]Discovery orbited the Earth 80 times during the mission.^[8]

During the deployment of Hubble, one of the observatory's solar arrays stopped as it unfurled. While ground controllers searched for a way to command HST to unreel the solar array, Mission Specialists McCandless and Sullivan began preparing for a contingency spacewalk in the event that the array could not be deployed through ground control. The array eventually came free and unfurled through ground control while McCandless and Sullivan were pre-breathing inside the partially depressurized airlock.^[9]

Secondary payloads included the IMAX Cargo Bay Camera (ICBC) to document operations outside the crew cabin and a handheld IMAX camera for use inside the orbiter. Also included were the Ascent Particle Monitor (APM) to detect particulate matter in the payload bay; a Protein Crystal Growth (PCG) experiment to provide data on growing protein crystals in microgravity, Radiation Monitoring Equipment III (RME III) to measure gamma ray levels in the crew cabin; Investigations into Polymer Membrane Processing (IPMP) to determine porosity control in the microgravity environment, and an Air Force Maui Optical Site (AMOS) experiment.^[8]

The mission marked the flight of an 5 kg (11 lb) human skull, which served as the primary element of "Detailed Secondary Objective 469", also known as the In-flight Radiation Dose Distribution (IDRD) experiment. This joint NASA/DoD experiment was designed to examine the penetration of radiation into the human cranium during spaceflight. The female skull was seated in a plastic matrix, representative of tissue, and sliced into ten layers. Hundreds of thermo-luminescent dosimeters were mounted in the skull's layers to record radiation levels at multiple depths. This experiment, which also flew on STS-28 and STS-36, was located in the shuttle's mid-deck lockers on all three flights, recording radiation levels at different orbital inclinations.^[10]

Discovery landed on Runway 22 at Edwards Air Force Base in California on April 29, 1990, at 13:49:57 UTC (6:49:57 am PDT, local time at the landing site). The landing had a rollout distance of 2,705 m (8,875 ft), took 61 seconds, and marked the first use of carbon brakes on a shuttle. Discovery was returned to Kennedy Space Center after STS-31 on May 7, 1990.^[11]

Attempt	Planned	Result	Turnaround	Reason	Decision point	Weather go (%)	Notes
1	10 Apr 1990, 8:47:00 am	Scrubbed	—	Technical	(T−4:00)		Faulty valve in auxiliary power unit.^[4]
2	24 Apr 1990, 8:33:51 am	Successful	13 days 23 hours 47 minutes				Countdown was held at T−0:31 when a fuel valve line on ground support equipment failed to shut automatically. The valve was shut manually and the countdown was resumed.^[4]

Wake-up calls

NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Project Gemini, which was first used to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15. Each track is specially chosen, often by their families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.^[12]

Flight Day	Song	Artist/Composer
Day 2	"Space is Our World"	Private Numbers
Day 3	"Shout"	Otis Day and the Knights
Day 4	"Kokomo"	Beach Boys
Day 5	"Cosmos"	Frank Hayes
Day 6	"Rise and Shine"	Raffi

Gallery

Hubble at the pad
Liftoff of Discovery with the Hubble Space Telescope on board
Low hover position
High over Cuba
Solar array deployment
Hubble drifts away over Peru.
Florida and The Bahamas
Discovery returns home.

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References

↑ Becker, Joachim. "Spaceflight mission report: STS-31". Spacefacts. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
↑ Janson, Bette R. (March 1, 1988). Ritchie, Eleanor H.; Saegesser, Lee D. (eds.). Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1985: A Chronology (PDF). Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. p. 282. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
↑ Carr, Jeffry (March 17, 1988). "JSC News Release Log 1988" (PDF). Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Houston, Texas: NASA. p. 88-008. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 25, 2017. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
1 2 3 "Misson Safety Evaluation Report for STS-31 – Postflight Edition" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA Office of Safety, Reliability, Maintainability and Quality Assurance. October 15, 1990. p. 7-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 7, 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
↑ Gavaghan, Helen (July 7, 1990). "Design flaw cripples Hubble telescope". No. 1724. New Scientist. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021.
↑ McDowell, Jonathan [@planet4589] (September 16, 2021). "Here is a comparison of the STS-31 and STS-82 TLE data (apogee and perigee given in 'conventional height', i.e. geocentric radius minus 6378 km). STS-31 clearly a tiny bit higher, as can be seen in the zoomed-in second plot" (Tweet). Retrieved September 16, 2021– via Twitter.
↑ "Camera, ICBC, 70 mm, IMAX". National Air and Space Museum. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
1 2 3 "STS-31 Space Shuttle Mission Report" (PDF). NASA. May 1990. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 7, 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
↑ Goodman, John L.; Walker, Stephen R. (January 31, 2009). Hubble Servicing Challenges Drive Innovation of Shuttle Rendezvous Technique (PDF). 32nd Annual AAS Guidance and Control Conference. Breckenridge, Colorado: NASA. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 7, 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
↑ MacKnight, Nigel (December 31, 1991). Space Year 1991: The Complete Record of the Year's Space Events. Osceola, Wisconsin: Motorbooks International. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-87938-482-1.
↑ Ryba, Jeanne (November 23, 2007). "STS-31". Mission Archives. NASA. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
↑ Fries, Colin (March 13, 2015). "Chronology of Wakeup Calls" (PDF). History Division. NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 5, 2021. Retrieved January 5, 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .

External links

NASA mission summary Archived August 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
STS-31 Post Flight Crew Presentation
STS-31 Post Flight Conference
STS-31 Mission Highlights

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[Spacefacts_STS-31-1] Becker, Joachim. "Spaceflight mission report: STS-31". Spacefacts. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved February 26, 2014.

[2] Janson, Bette R. (March 1, 1988). Ritchie, Eleanor H.; Saegesser, Lee D. (eds.). Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1985: A Chronology (PDF). Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. p. 282. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .

[JSC_Press_1988-3] Carr, Jeffry (March 17, 1988). "JSC News Release Log 1988" (PDF). Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Houston, Texas: NASA. p. 88-008. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 25, 2017. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .

[MSER_STS-31-4] 1 2 3 "Misson Safety Evaluation Report for STS-31 – Postflight Edition" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA Office of Safety, Reliability, Maintainability and Quality Assurance. October 15, 1990. p. 7-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 7, 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .

[NewScientist_1990-07-07-5] Gavaghan, Helen (July 7, 1990). "Design flaw cripples Hubble telescope". No. 1724. New Scientist. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021.

[6] McDowell, Jonathan [@planet4589] (September 16, 2021). "Here is a comparison of the STS-31 and STS-82 TLE data (apogee and perigee given in 'conventional height', i.e. geocentric radius minus 6378 km). STS-31 clearly a tiny bit higher, as can be seen in the zoomed-in second plot" (Tweet). Retrieved September 16, 2021– via Twitter.

[Smithsonian_IMAX_Camera-7] "Camera, ICBC, 70 mm, IMAX". National Air and Space Museum. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.

[STS-31_SSMR-8] 1 2 3 "STS-31 Space Shuttle Mission Report" (PDF). NASA. May 1990. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 7, 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .

[Goodman_2009-9] Goodman, John L.; Walker, Stephen R. (January 31, 2009). Hubble Servicing Challenges Drive Innovation of Shuttle Rendezvous Technique (PDF). 32nd Annual AAS Guidance and Control Conference. Breckenridge, Colorado: NASA. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 7, 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .

[MacKnight_1991-10] MacKnight, Nigel (December 31, 1991). Space Year 1991: The Complete Record of the Year's Space Events. Osceola, Wisconsin: Motorbooks International. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-87938-482-1.

[Archives_STS-31-11] Ryba, Jeanne (November 23, 2007). "STS-31". Mission Archives. NASA. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .

[Wakeup_Calls-12] Fries, Colin (March 13, 2015). "Chronology of Wakeup Calls" (PDF). History Division. NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 5, 2021. Retrieved January 5, 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .

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v t e Space Shuttle Discovery (OV-103)
Completed flights	STS-41-D STS-51-A STS-51-C STS-51-D STS-51-G STS-51-I STS-26 STS-29 STS-33 STS-31 STS-41 STS-39 STS-48 STS-42 STS-53 STS-56 STS-51 STS-60 STS-64 STS-63 STS-70 STS-82 STS-85 STS-91 STS-95 STS-96 STS-103 STS-92 STS-102 STS-105 STS-114 STS-121 STS-116 STS-120 STS-124 STS-119 STS-128 STS-131 STS-133
Status	Retired
On display	Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, Washington, D.C.
Related	Destiny in Space (1994 documentary)

v t e Hubble Space Telescope
Current instruments	Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS) Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS) Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3)
Previous instruments	Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement (COSTAR) Faint Object Camera (FOC) Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS) Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS/HRS) High Speed Photometer (HSP) Wide Field and Planetary Camera (WFPC) Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2)
Space Shuttle missions	Launch: STS-31 (1990, Discovery) Servicing: STS-61 (1993, Endeavour) STS-82 (1997, Discovery) STS-103 (1999, Discovery) STS-109 (2002, Columbia) STS-125 (2009, Atlantis)
Special fields and images	Pillars of Creation (1995) Hubble Deep Field (1995) Hubble Deep Field South (1998) Hubble Ultra-Deep Field (2003–04) Extended Groth Strip (2004–05) SWEEPS (2006) Mystic Mountain (2010) Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (2012) Zooming In on the Andromeda Galaxy (2015) Hubble Legacy Field (2019) Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey Anniversary images List of deep fields
Related	Great Observatories program Space Telescope Science Institute Goddard Space Flight Center NASA Edwin Hubble Hubble (2010 documentary) Hubble Origins Probe
Category Commons

v t e ← 1989 Orbital launches in 1990 1991 →
January	Skynet 4A, JCSAT-2 STS-32 (Leasat 5) Kosmos 2055 Kosmos 2056 SPOT-2, UoSAT-3, UoSAT-4, Pacsat, DOVE, Webersat, LUSat Molniya-3 No.53L Hiten, Hagoromo USA-50) Kosmos 2057 Kosmos 2058
February	Zhongxing 3 Kosmos 2059 Momo 1b, Orizuru, Fuju 1b Soyuz TM-9 USA-51, USA-52 Gran' No.35L Superbird B , BS 2x Nadezhda No.405 Okean-O1 No.5 STS-36 (USA-53) Progress M-3
March	Intelsat 603 Kosmos 2060 Kosmos 2061 Kosmos 2062 USA-54 Kosmos 2063
April	Ofek-2 Unnamed Pegsat, USA-55 Kosmos 2064, Kosmos 2065, Kosmos 2066, Kosmos 2067, Kosmos 2068, Kosmos 2069, Kosmos 2070, Kosmos 2071 AsiaSat 1 USA-56, USA-57, USA-58 Foton No.6L Kosmos 2072 Palapa B2R Kosmos 2073 Kosmos 2074 STS-31 (Hubble) Kosmos 2075 Molniya-1 No.71 Kosmos 2076
May	Progress 42 Kosmos 2077 MacSat 1, MacSat 2 Kosmos 2078 Kosmos 2079, Kosmos 2080, Kosmos 2081 Kosmos 2082 Resurs-F1 No.50 Kristall
June	ROSAT USA-59, USA-60, USA-61, USA-62 INSAT-1D Molniya 3 No.47L Kosmos 2083 Gorizont No.30L Kosmos 2084 Intelsat 604 Meteor-2 No.23
July	Unnamed Gamma Badr-1, Optus-MFS Resurs-F2 No.5 Kosmos 2085 Kosmos 2086 TDF 2, DFS Kopernikus 2 Kosmos 2087 CRRES Kosmos 2088
August	Soyuz TM-10 USA-63 Kosmos 2089 Kosmos 2090, Kosmos 2091, Kosmos 2092, Kosmos 2093, Kosmos 2094, Kosmos 2095 Ekran-M No.14L Molniya-1T No.68 Progress M-4 Resurs-F1 No.49 Marco Polo 2 Kosmos 2096 Kosmos 2097 Yuri 3a Kosmos 2098 Skynet 4C, Eutelsat II F-1 Kosmos 2099
September	Fengyun I-02, Qiqiuweixing 1, Qiqiuweixing 2 Resurs-F1 No.51 Kosmos 2100 Molniya-3 No.54L Progress M-5 Meteor-2 No.25
October	Kosmos 2101 USA-64 Unnamed FSW-1 No.3 STS-41 (Ulysses) SBS 6, Westar 6S Kosmos 2102 Inmarsat-2F1
November	Gorizont No.32L USA-65 Kosmos 2103 STS-38 (USA-67, Prowler) Kosmos 2104 Kosmos 2105 Satcom C1, GStar 4 Molniya 1T No.70 Gorizont No.33L USA-66 Kosmos 2106
December	USA-68 STS-35 Soyuz TM-11 Kosmos 2107 Kosmos 2108 Kosmos 2109, Kosmos 2110, Kosmos 2111 Kosmos 2112 Gran' No.37L Kosmos 2113 Kosmos 2114, Kosmos 2115, Kosmos 2116, Kosmos 2117, Kosmos 2118, Kosmos 2119 Kosmos 2120 Globus No.12
Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ). Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).