STS-3

STS-3
	STS-3 landing at Northrop Strip, White Sands, New Mexico, on March 30, 1982, with two T-38 Talon chase planes observing.
Names	Space Transportation System-3
Mission type	Flight test
Operator	NASA
COSPAR ID	1982-022A
SATCAT no.	13106
Mission duration	8 days, 4 minutes, 46 seconds
Distance travelled	5,300,000 km (3,300,000 mi)
Orbits completed	130
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft	Space Shuttle Columbia
Launch mass	106,782 kg (235,414 lb)
Landing mass	93,924 kg (207,067 lb)
Payload mass	10,301 kg (22,710 lb)
Crew
Crew size	2
Members	Jack R. Lousma ; C. Gordon Fullerton ;
Start of mission
Launch date	March 22, 1982, 16:00:00 UTC (11:00 am EST)
Launch site	Kennedy, LC-39A
Contractor	Rockwell International
End of mission
Landing date	March 30, 1982, 16:04:45 UTC (9:04:45 am MST)
Landing site	White Sands, Northrop Strip Runway 17
Orbital parameters
Reference system	Geocentric orbit
Regime	Low Earth orbit
Perigee altitude	241 km (150 mi)
Apogee altitude	249 km (155 mi)
Inclination	38.00°
Period	89.40 minutes
Instruments
	Development Flight Instrumentation (DFI); Office of Space Science (OSS-l) pallet; Plasma Diagnostics Package (PDP);
	; STS-3 mission patch; ; Lousma and Fullerton Space Shuttle program ← STS-2 STS-4 →

Last updated October 18, 2024

STS-3 was NASA's third Space Shuttle mission, and was the third mission for the Space Shuttle Columbia. It launched on March 22, 1982, and landed eight days later on March 30, 1982. The mission, crewed by Jack R. Lousma and C. Gordon Fullerton, involved extensive orbital endurance testing of Columbia itself, as well as numerous scientific experiments. STS-3 was the first shuttle launch with an unpainted external tank, and the only mission to land at the White Sands Space Harbor near Alamogordo, New Mexico. The orbiter was forced to land at White Sands due to flooding at its originally planned landing site, Edwards Air Force Base.

Crew


Position	Astronaut
Commander	Jack R. Lousma ^[1] Second and last spaceflight
Pilot	C. Gordon Fullerton First spaceflight

Commander Jack R. Lousma previously flew as pilot of the second Skylab crew (Skylab 3), staying aboard the space station for 59 days from July to September 1973. Lousma had previously been selected in 1978 as Pilot for STS-2, which was then scheduled as a Skylab reboost mission. When delays in the Shuttle's development prevented Columbia from being launched in time to rendezvous with Skylab in 1979, STS-2 Commander Fred W. Haise Jr. retired from NASA and Lousma was then moved up as Commander of STS-3.^[2] Lousma also served on the support crews for Apollo 9, 10 and 13; he was the CAPCOM during the time of the latter mission's near-disastrous accident. He was also selected as backup Docking Module Pilot for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) in 1975.

Fullerton was a rookie who transferred to NASA in 1969 after the cancelation of the U.S. Air Force's Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) program. Fullerton had previous experience with the Shuttle as he had flown the shuttle Enterprise as Pilot alongside Haise during the Approach and Landing Tests (ALT) program in 1977. He also served as part of the support crew for Apollo 14, 15, 16 and 17.

Backup crew


Position	Astronaut
Commander	Ken Mattingly ^[1]
Pilot	Henry Hartsfield

Support crew

Crew seat assignments

Seat^[4]	Launch	Landing	Seats 1–4 are on the flight deck. Seats 5–7 are on the mid-deck.
1	Lousma
2	Fullerton
3	Unused
4	Unused
5	Unused
6	Unused
7	Unused

Mission summary

Columbia was launched from Kennedy Space Center at 16:00 UTC, on March 22, 1982, the planned launch date.^[5] This was the first launch with an unpainted external tank (ET). The launch was delayed by one hour due to the failure of a heater on a nitrogen-gas ground support line. Prior to the launch, Columbia had spent only 70 days in the Orbiter Processing Facility – a record checkout time.

Attempt	Planned	Result	Turnaround	Reason	Decision point	Weather go (%)	Notes
1	22 Mar 1982, 11:00:00 am	Success	—	Technical			Delayed by one hour when the Main Engine GN2 purge header temperature sensor failed in GSE.^[6]

The primary objectives of the flight were to continue testing the Remote Manipulator System (Canadarm), and to carry out extensive thermal testing of Columbia by exposing its tail, nose and top to the Sun for varying periods of time. The crew found that prolonged exposure to the Sun caused the cargo bay doors to warp slightly, preventing them from closing fully. Rolling the orbiter to balance temperatures around the orbiter resolved the issue.^[7]

In addition, in its payload bay, Columbia again carried the Development Flight Instrumentation (DFI) package, and OSS-l (named for the NASA Office of Space Science and Applications) which consisted of a number of instruments mounted on a Spacelab pallet, intended to obtain data on the near-Earth environment and the extent of contamination caused by the orbiter itself. Among other experiments, the OSS pallet contained a X-ray detector for measuring the polarization of X-rays emitted by solar flares.^[8] A test canister for the Small Self-Contained Payload program – also known as the Getaway Special (GAS) – was mounted on one side of the payload bay.

For the first time, a number of experiments were carried in the shuttle's mid-deck lockers. These included an Electrophoresis Equipment Verification Test experiment to study the separation of biological components, and a Mono-disperse Latex Reactor experiment, to produce uniform micrometer-sized latex particles. The first Shuttle Student Involvement Project (SSIP) – a study of insect motion – also was carried in a mid-deck locker.

A variety of minor problems were experienced during the flight. The orbiter's toilet malfunctioned on first use resulting in, according to Lousma, "eight days of colorful flushing"; one Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) overheated^[7] (but worked properly during descent); both crew members experienced some space sickness; and on March 26, 1982, three communications links were lost.

STS-3 was planned as a 7-day flight. The landing was moved to Northrop Strip (later renamed White Sands Space Harbor) at White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico since the planned landing site at Edwards Air Force Base had flooded. Lousma and Fullerton chose to land at White Sands instead of the new Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF) at Kennedy Space Center (KSC) because they had trained there. A large-scale equipment movement (reportedly "40 train carloads") from Edwards Air Force Base to White Sands was undertaken before and during the mission, to ensure that a landing could be fully supported.^[7] Although time-sensitive equipment movements of this nature were originally to be handled by Air Force cargo planes, NASA altered those plans and moved the equipment in two dedicated trains over the 1,600 km (990 mi) - distance via the Santa Fe Railroad and the Southern Pacific Railroad. The choice to move the support equipment by rail saved NASA approximately US$2 million in transportation costs.^[9] High winds at White Sands reduced visibility and delayed the landing by a day. As all mission objectives had been accomplished, the crew enjoyed what Lousma described as "an extra day in our world's favorite vacation spot ... We finally had a chance to look out the window and enjoy being there".^[7]

As on the previous day's wave off, strong westerly high level winds were in excess of system verification values. As a result, Columbia had to fly a less desirable high "right base" turn onto final approach instead of the more usual and forgiving overhead pattern. At this stage in the test program the Orbiter had significantly less electronic energy management information available to the crew than on later missions. With the runway visible only on his side Fullerton called the turn in for his commander. Their escorting T-38s were led by astronaut Dick Covey and NASA photographer Pete Stanley. The final approach was in part flown by the shuttle's autopilot, but the autoland software was not complete so it could not include an automatic landing. Rolling out on final approach, the autopilot was reengaged, and responded by closing the speedbrakes (despite the orbiter being on profile), resulting in increased speed. The autopilot then commanded full speedbrakes, and kept oscillating like this for some time. Lousma left the autopilot activated in order to gather data on its behavior, but disconnected it again at a very late stage to touch down manually. The landing was also one of the more dramatic of the program, with the landing gear deploying at an altitude of 46 m (151 ft) at a speed of 509 km/h (316 mph) and locking just five seconds before touchdown. Early automatic speed brake closure had resulted in high speed on the inner glideslope and Lousma opted to touchdown fast rather than excessively long. The nose then began to lower at greater than planned airspeed and raised again right before nose-gear touchdown.^[10]^[7] Touchdown occurred at 16:04:46 UTC on March 30, 1982, on runway 17 at Northrop Strip.^[11]

Former Administrator of NASA Charles F. Bolden Jr. stated that Lousma was trained to disengage autoland by moving the control stick. He rolled the stick, but did not pitch it sufficiently, so autoland was still partially engaged until Fullerton warned him, causing Lousma to pitch up; Bolden, who had worked on the autoland system early in his astronaut career prior to his first space flight, stated in 2004 that the crew "saved the vehicle" by doing so.^[12]

STS-3 was the only shuttle mission to land at White Sands Missile Range. The unexpectedly difficult landing and post flight conditions damaged the shuttle, requiring extensive repair at KSC. So much gypsum dust covered Columbia that Bolden recalled, "I flew it several flights later on my first flight, STS-61-C, and when we got on orbit, there was still gypsum coming out of everything! They thought they had cleaned it ... but it was just unreal what it had done!" Dust continued to be found in the spacecraft for the rest of its career.^[13]

Columbia made 130 orbits and traveled 5,300,000 km (3,300,000 mi) during its 8 day, 0 hour, 4 minute, 46 second flight. A total of 36 thermal protection tiles were lost and 19 were damaged. The orbiter was returned to Kennedy Space Center on April 6, 1982. STS-3 was the last mission for which NASA named a complete backup crew.

While on a post-mission goodwill tour in Beijing, Lousma displayed a photo he had taken from space of a "beautiful emerald-colored lake" in China and was surprised by the audience reaction. He later learned that the picture was likely of a secret atomic test site for the Chinese nuclear weapons program.^[7]

Mission insignia

On the mission patch, Columbia is shown emerging from a star, representing the bright aspiration of space exploration. The orbiter is seen grabbing a PDP with the Canadarm, and is shown with many experiments in its payload bay. The three large orange triangular points of the mission patch indicate the flight's numerical designation in the Space Transportation System's mission sequence.

Wake-up calls

NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Project Gemini, and first used music to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15.^[14] Each track is specially chosen, often by the astronauts' families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.^[14]

Flight Day	Song	Artist/Composer
Day 2	"On the Road Again"	Willie Nelson
Day 3	"Marine Corps Hymn"
Day 4	"The Air Force Song"
Day 5	"Sailing"	Christopher Cross
Day 6	"Six Days on the Road"	Dave Dudley
Day 7	"This is My Country"

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Henry Hartsfield</span> American astronaut (1933–2014)

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jack R. Lousma</span> American astronaut and politician (born 1936)

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">C. Gordon Fullerton</span> American astronaut (1936–2013)

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References

1 2 "STS-3". NASA. Retrieved August 1, 2018. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
↑ Evans, Ben (March 11, 2018). "'To Fly the First One': 40 Years Since the First Space Shuttle Crews". America Space. Retrieved December 3, 2019.
↑ STS-3 Mission Transcript Internet Archive. Retrieved October 24, 2012
↑ "STS-3". spacefacts.de. Archived from the original on March 3, 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
↑ "NASA – STS-3". NASA. Retrieved May 9, 2008. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
↑ "Space Shuttle Mission Summary" (PDF). NASA Johnson Space Center. February 11, 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 22, 2016. Retrieved February 4, 2017. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Lousma, Jack R. (March 15, 2010). "Jack R. Lousma Edited Oral History Transcript" (Interview). Interviewed by Ross-Nazzal, Jennifer. NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. Retrieved February 18, 2012. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
↑ Tramiel, Leonard J.; Chanan, Gary A.; Novick, R. (May 1, 1984). "Polarization evidence for the isotropy of electrons responsible for the production of 5-20 keV X-rays in solar flares". The Astrophysical Journal. 280: 440. Bibcode:1984ApJ...280..440T. doi: 10.1086/162010 .
↑ "The NASA Railroad" (PDF). NASA. 2007. Retrieved December 22, 2012. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
↑ "Orbiter Overhaul, STS-3 landing video". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
↑ "Oral History Transcript: C. Gordon Fullerton" (PDF). Interviewed by Wright R. NASA JSC Oral History Project. 2002. pp. 28 to 29. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 16, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2018. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
↑ Bolden, Charles F. (January 6, 2004). "Charles F. Bolden" (Interview). Interviewed by Johnson, Sandra; Wright, Rebecca; Ross-Nazzal, Jennifer. NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. pp. 14 to 18. Retrieved January 19, 2015. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
↑ Evans, Ben (March 30, 2013). "'A Kind of Wheelie': The Desert Landing of STS-3". America Space.
1 2 Fries, Colin (June 25, 2007). "Chronology of Wakeup Calls" (PDF). NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 20, 2023. Retrieved August 13, 2007. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .

External links

STS-3 mission summary. NASA.
STS-3 video highlights Archived January 29, 2010, at the Wayback Machine . NSS.
Video of STS-3 landing at White Sands. Spaceflight Now.

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Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
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[nasasts3-1] 1 2 "STS-3". NASA. Retrieved August 1, 2018. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[2] Evans, Ben (March 11, 2018). "'To Fly the First One': 40 Years Since the First Space Shuttle Crews". America Space. Retrieved December 3, 2019.

[sts3transcript-3] STS-3 Mission Transcript Internet Archive. Retrieved October 24, 2012

[spacefacts-sts3-4] "STS-3". spacefacts.de. Archived from the original on March 3, 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2014.

[5] "NASA – STS-3". NASA. Retrieved May 9, 2008. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .

[missionsummary-6] "Space Shuttle Mission Summary" (PDF). NASA Johnson Space Center. February 11, 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 22, 2016. Retrieved February 4, 2017. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[lousma20100315-7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lousma, Jack R. (March 15, 2010). "Jack R. Lousma Edited Oral History Transcript" (Interview). Interviewed by Ross-Nazzal, Jennifer. NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. Retrieved February 18, 2012. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .

[tramiel1984-8] Tramiel, Leonard J.; Chanan, Gary A.; Novick, R. (May 1, 1984). "Polarization evidence for the isotropy of electrons responsible for the production of 5-20 keV X-rays in solar flares". The Astrophysical Journal. 280: 440. Bibcode:1984ApJ...280..440T. doi: 10.1086/162010 .

[9] "The NASA Railroad" (PDF). NASA. 2007. Retrieved December 22, 2012. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .

[10] "Orbiter Overhaul, STS-3 landing video". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved August 12, 2010.

[11] "Oral History Transcript: C. Gordon Fullerton" (PDF). Interviewed by Wright R. NASA JSC Oral History Project. 2002. pp. 28 to 29. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 16, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2018. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .

[bolden20040106-12] Bolden, Charles F. (January 6, 2004). "Charles F. Bolden" (Interview). Interviewed by Johnson, Sandra; Wright, Rebecca; Ross-Nazzal, Jennifer. NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. pp. 14 to 18. Retrieved January 19, 2015. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .

[13] Evans, Ben (March 30, 2013). "'A Kind of Wheelie': The Desert Landing of STS-3". America Space.

[chronology-14] 1 2 Fries, Colin (June 25, 2007). "Chronology of Wakeup Calls" (PDF). NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 20, 2023. Retrieved August 13, 2007. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .

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v t e Space Shuttle Columbia (OV-102)
Flights	STS-1 STS-2 STS-3 STS-4 STS-5 STS-9 STS-61-C STS-28 STS-32 STS-35 STS-40 STS-50 STS-52 STS-55 STS-58 STS-62 STS-65 STS-73 STS-75 STS-78 STS-80 STS-83 STS-94 STS-87 STS-90 STS-93 STS-109 STS-107
Status	Out of service: Columbia disaster (destroyed) 1 February 2003 (STS-107)
Related	Columbia Accident Investigation Board STS-61-E STS-61-H STS-144 Columbia Memorial Space Center Columbia Hills (Mars) "Countdown" (1982 song) Hail Columbia (1982 documentary) Columbia: The Tragic Loss (2004 documentary)

v t e ← 1981 Orbital launches in 1982 1983 →
January	Kosmos 1331 Kosmos 1332 Kosmos 1333 Satcom 4 Kosmos 1334 OPS 2849 Kosmos 1335
February	Kosmos 1336 Ekran No.22L Kosmos 1337 Kosmos 1338 Kosmos 1339 Kosmos 1340 Westar 4
March	Molniya 1-53 Kosmos 1341 Taifun-2 Intelsat V F-4 Kosmos 1342 OPS 8701 Gorizont No.14L Kosmos 1343 STS-3 Molniya 3-18 Kosmos 1344 Meteor 2-8 Kosmos 1345
April	Kosmos 1346 Kosmos 1347 Kosmos 1348 Kosmos 1349 INSAT-1A Kosmos 1350 Salyut 7 (Iskra 2) Kosmos 1351 Kosmos 1352 Kosmos 1353 Kosmos 1354 Kosmos 1355
May	Kosmos 1356 Kosmos 1357 Kosmos 1358 Kosmos 1359 Kosmos 1360 Kosmos 1361 Kosmos 1362 Kosmos 1363 Kosmos 1364 OPS 5642 OPS 6553 Soyuz T-5 Kosmos 1365 Zenit-6 Kosmos 1366 Kosmos 1367 Kosmos 1368 Progress 13
June	Kosmos 1369 Kosmos 1370 Molniya 1-54 Kosmos 1371 Kosmos 1372 Kosmos 1373 Kosmos 1374 Kosmos 1375 Kosmos 1376 Kosmos 1377 Westar 5 Kosmos 1378 Yantar-4K2 Kosmos 1379 Kosmos 1380 Kosmos 1381 Soyuz T-6 Kosmos 1382 STS-4 Kosmos 1383
July	Kosmos 1384 Kosmos 1385 Kosmos 1386 Progress 14 Kosmos 1387 Landsat 4 Kosmos 1388 Kosmos 1389 Kosmos 1390 Kosmos 1391 Kosmos 1392 Kosmos 1393 Kosmos 1394 Kosmos 1395 Molniya 1-55 Ekran No.23L Kosmos 1396 Kosmos 1397
August	Kosmos 1398 Kosmos 1399 Kosmos 1400 Soyuz T-7 Kosmos 401 Anik D1 Molniya 3-19 Kosmos 1402
September	Strela-2M Kosmos 1403 Kosmos 1404 Kiku-4 Kosmos 1405 Kosmos 1406 Marecs B Sirio 2 Fanhui Shi Weixing 0-5 Kosmos 1407 Kosmos 1408 Ekran No.24L Progress 15 (Astrozond) Kosmos 1409 Kosmos 1410 Intelsat V F-5
October	Kosmos 1411 Kosmos 1412 Kosmos 1413 Kosmos 1414 Kosmos 1415 Kosmos 1416 Kosmos 1417 Gorizont No.16L Kosmos 1418 Satcom 5 DSCS II F-16 DSCS III A-1 Progress 16 (Iskra 3)
November	Kosmos 1419 Kosmos 1420 STS-5 (SBS-3, Anik C3) OPS 9627
December	Kosmos 1427
Unknown month	Kosmos 1421 Strela-1M (x8) Gran' No.21L Kosmos 1422 Kosmos 1423 Meteor 2-9 Kosmos 1424 OPS 9845 Kosmos 1425 Gran' No.22L Kosmos 1426
Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ). Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).