List of massacres of Armenians

Last updated

Contents

This is the list of massacres of ethnic Armenians.

List

NameDateLocationPerpetratorsArmenian victims
Armenian massacre by Amir Timur 1389-1390 Tataev, Armenia Timurid.svg Timurids 20,000-100,000
Hamidian massacres 1894–1896Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg  Ottoman Empire Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman government under Sultan Abdul Hamid II 88,243 [1] –300,000 [2]
Armenian–Tatar massacres 1905–1907 Flag of Russia.svg Baku, Baku Governorate, Elizavetpol Governorate, Erivan Governorate, and Tiflis Governorate of the Russian Empire Azerbaijani mobs and irregulars500[ citation needed ]
Adana massacre April 1909 Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Adana Vilayet and Aleppo Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire Muslim mobs19,479 [3] –25,000 [4]
Armenian genocide 1915–1923Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg  Ottoman Empire Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Committee of Union and Progress government800,000–1,500,000 [5] [6]
September Days September 1918 Flag of Azerbaijan 1918.svg Baku, Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
(under Ottoman control at the time)		 Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Army of Islam
Azerbaijani mobs		10,000–30,000 [7]
Muslim uprisings in Kars and Sharur–Nakhichevan July 1919 – July 1920 Flag of the First Republic of Armenia.svg Ararat, Kars, Nakhichevan, Sharur, Surmalu Flag of Azerbaijan 1918.svg Azerbaijani-Turkish soldiers and locals10,000 [8]
Agulis Massacre [lower-alpha 1] December 24–25, 1919 Flag of the First Republic of Armenia.svg Agulis, First Republic of Armenia Flag of Azerbaijan 1918.svg Azerbaijani-Turkish authorities and Azerbaijani mobs and refugees1,400 [9]
Khaibalikend massacre June 1919 Flag of the First Republic of Armenia.svg Ghaibalishen, Krkjan Jamilli, and Pahlul villages of Karabakh Council Flag of Azerbaijan 1918.svg Azerbaijani Army 700 [10]
Shusha massacre March 1920 Flag of Azerbaijan 1918.svg Shusha, Azerbaijan Democratic Republic Flag of Azerbaijan 1918.svg Azerbaijani Army 500 [11] –20,000 [12]
Turkish–Armenian War September–December 1920 Flag of the First Republic of Armenia.svg First Republic of Armenia Flag of Turkey.svg Turkish Nationalist forces 60,000 [13] –198,000 [14]
Sumgait pogrom February 1988 Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Sumgayit, Soviet Azerbaijan Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1956-1991).svg Azerbaijani mobs26 (official) to 200 [15] (nonofficial sources)
Kirovabad pogrom November 1988 Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Kirovabad, Soviet Azerbaijan Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1956-1991).svg Azerbaijani mobs10–12 (official) [16] to 130 [17] (nonofficial sources)
Baku pogrom January 1990 Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Baku, Soviet Azerbaijan Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1956-1991).svg Azerbaijani mobs90 [18]
Dushanbe riots February 12–14, 1990 Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Dushanbe, Soviet Tajikistan Tajik nationalist & Islamist activists26
Artashevan massacre May 1991 Artashevan, Nagorno-Karabakh Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijani Armed Forces 300
Maraga massacre 10 April 1992 Maraga, Nagorno-Karabakh Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijani Armed Forces 50–100 [19] [20] [21]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ As part of the Muslim uprisings in Kars and Sharur–Nakhichevan.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First Republic of Armenia</span> 1918–1920 country in Western Asia

The First Republic of Armenia, officially known at the time of its existence as the Republic of Armenia, was an independent Armenian state that existed from May 1918 to 2 December 1920 in the Armenian-populated territories of the former Russian Empire known as Eastern or Russian Armenia. The republic was established in May 1918, with its capital in the city of Yerevan, after the dissolution of the short-lived Transcaucasian Federation. It was the first Armenian state since the Middle Ages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Turkish–Armenian War</span> Conflict during the Turkish War of Independence

The Turkish–Armenian War, known in Turkey as the Eastern Front of the Turkish War of Independence, was a conflict between the First Republic of Armenia and the Turkish National Movement following the collapse of the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920. After the provisional government of Ahmet Tevfik Pasha failed to win support for ratification of the treaty, remnants of the Ottoman Army's XV Corps under the command of Kâzım Karabekir attacked Armenian forces controlling the area surrounding Kars, eventually recapturing most of the territory in the South Caucasus that had been part of the Ottoman Empire prior to the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) and was subsequently ceded by Soviet Russia as part of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Treaty of Batum</span> Treaty signed by the Democratic Republic of Armenia and the Ottoman Empire

The Treaty of Batum was signed in Batumi on 4 June 1918, between the Ottoman Empire and the three Transcaucasian states: the First Republic of Armenia, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the Democratic Republic of Georgia. It was the first treaty of the First Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and had 14 articles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Karabakh Council</span> Government of the Republic of Artsakh

The Karabakh Council was the unrecognised government over Mountainous Karabakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) in eastern Armenia between 1918 and 1920. The council's body was elected by the assembly of Mountainous Karabakh—the representative body of the people of Nagorno-Karabakh—on 27 July 1918. Initially it was called the People's Government of Karabakh, but in September 1918 it was renamed into the Karabakh Council. The Karabakh Council's control throughout 1918–1920 did not exceed the ethnic Armenian locales of Karabakh which were subordinate to them. The council's statehood related to the historical Artsakh province and the modern-day self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh founded in 1991. Its capital was the city of Shushi (Shusha).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)</span> 1918–20 conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan

The Armenian-Azerbaijani war (1918–1920) was a conflict that took place in the South Caucasus in regions with a mixed Armenian-Azerbaijani population, broadly encompassing what are now modern-day Azerbaijan and Armenia. It began during the final months of World War I and ended with the establishment of Soviet rule.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Armenia</span> Armenian irredentist concept

United Armenia, also known as Greater Armenia or Great Armenia, is an Armenian ethno-nationalist irredentist concept referring to areas within the traditional Armenian homeland—the Armenian Highland—which are currently or have historically been mostly populated by Armenians. The idea of what Armenians see as unification of their historical lands was prevalent throughout the 20th century and has been advocated by individuals, various organizations and institutions, including the nationalist parties Armenian Revolutionary Federation and Heritage, the ASALA and others.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shusha massacre</span> 1920 mass killing of Armenian civilians by Azerbaijani forces in Nagorno-Karabakh

The Shusha or Shushi massacre, also known as the Shusha pogrom, was the mass killing of the Armenian population of Shusha from 22–26 March 1920. The number of deaths vary across sources, with the most conservative estimate being 500, and the highest estimates reaching 20,000.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Azerbaijanis in Armenia</span> Ethnic group

Azerbaijanis in Armenia numbered 29 people according to the 2001 census of Armenia. Although they have previously been the biggest minority in the country according to 1831–1989 censuses, they are virtually non-existent since 1988–1991 when most fled or were forced out of the country as a result of the tensions of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War to neighboring Azerbaijan. The UNHCR estimates that the current population of Azerbaijanis in Armenia to be somewhere between 30 and a few hundred people, with most of them living in rural areas as members of mixed couples, as well as elderly or sick. Most of them are reported to have changed their names to maintain a low profile to avoid discrimination.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Armenians in Nakhchivan</span> Ethnic group in Azerbaijan

Armenians had a historic presence in Nakhchivan. According to an Armenian tradition, Nakhchivan was founded by Noah, of the Abrahamic religions. During the Soviet era, Nakhchivan saw a significant demographic shift. The Armenian population saw a great reduction in their numbers throughout the years repatriating to Armenia. Nakhchivan's Armenian population gradually decreased to around 0%. Still some Armenian political groupings of Armenia and the Armenian diaspora, claim that Nakhchivan should belong to Armenia. The Medieval Armenian cemetery of Jugha (Julfa) in Nakhchivan, regarded by Armenians as the biggest and most precious repository of medieval headstones marked with Christian crosses – khachkars, was completely demolished by 2006.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Khosrov bey Sultanov</span>

Khosrov bey Alipasha bey oghlu Sultanov, also spelled as Khosrow Sultanov, was an Azerbaijani statesman, General Governor of Karabakh and Minister of Defense of the Azerbaijani Democratic Republic.

The Khaibalikend massacre was the mass killing of Armenian civilians in the villages of Ghaibalishen (Khaibalikend), Jamilli, and Karkijahan and Pahlul in Nagorno-Karabakh, from June 5 to 7, 1919. The villages were destroyed, and from 600 to 700 ethnic Armenians, including women and children, were murdered by armed ethnic Azeri and Kurdish irregulars and Azerbaijani soldiers. The massacre was organized by Nagorno-Karabakh's Governor-General Khosrov bek Sultanov and led by his brother, Sultan bek Sultanov.

Anti-Armenian sentiment or Armenophobia is widespread in Azerbaijan, mainly due to the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh. According to the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI), Armenians are "the most vulnerable group in Azerbaijan in the field of racism and racial discrimination." A 2012 opinion poll found that 91% of Azerbaijanis perceive Armenia as "the biggest enemy of Azerbaijan." The word "Armenian" (erməni) is widely used as an insult in Azerbaijan. Stereotypical opinions circulating in the mass media have their deep roots in the public consciousness.

Bibliography of the Armenian genocide is a list of books about the Armenian genocide:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agulis massacre</span> Massacre event

The Agulis massacre was a massacre of the Armenian population of Agulis by Azerbaijani state authorities and Azeri locals from Ordubad and refugees from Zangezur as part of the Muslim uprisings in Kars and Sharur–Nakhichevan against the First Republic of Armenia. The attack, lasting from December 24 to December 25, 1919, resulted in the destruction of the town of Agulis.

Anarchism in Armenia emerged as part of the Armenian national liberation movement, with its roots in various heretical Christian sects that practiced in the region. It took on an organized form with the establishment of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation in 1890, before being suppressed by the various empires and authoritarian regimes that ruled over Armenia during the 20th century. It eventually re-emerged in the 21st century, as part of the anti-establishment movement that spread throughout the country in the wake of its independence.

Zangezur <i>uezd</i> Uezd in Caucasus, Russian Empire

The Zangezur uezd was a county (uezd) of the Elizavetpol Governorate of the Russian Empire with its administrative center in Gerusy from 1868 until its formal abolition and partition between the Soviet republics of Armenia and Azerbaijan in 1921. The area of the Zangezur uezd corresponded to most of the contemporary Syunik province of Armenia, and Lachin, Gubadly, Zangilan, and the westernmost parts of Shusha districts of Azerbaijan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Armenia–Artsakh relations</span> Bilateral relations

Armenia–Artsakh relations were the foreign relations between the former unrecognized Republic of Artsakh and Armenia. The Republic of Artsakh controlled most of the territory of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast. Artsakh had very close relations with Armenia. It functioned as a de facto part of Armenia. A representative office of Nagorno-Karabakh exists in Yerevan.

In the aftermath of World War I and during the Armenian–Azerbaijani and Russian Civil wars, there were mutual massacres committed by Armenians and Azerbaijanis against each other. A significant portion of the Muslim population of the Erivan Governorate were displaced during the internecine conflict by the government of Armenia. Starting in 1918, Armenian partisans expelled thousands of Azerbaijani Muslims in Zangezur and destroyed their settlements in an effort to "re-Armenianize" the region. These actions were cited by Azerbaijan as a reason to start a military campaign in Zangezur. Ultimately, Azerbaijan took in and resettled tens of thousands of Muslim refugees from Armenia. The total number of killed is unknown.

<i>Agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan respecting the District of Zanghezour</i> 1919 peace agreement

The Agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan respecting the District of Zanghezour was a peace agreement between the short-lived Armenian and Azerbaijani republics signed on 23 November 1919 in Tiflis and brokered by Georgia. The peace treaty came as a result of an unsuccessful Azerbaijani military campaign to absorb the Zangezur region controlled by local Armenians, in order to reach and support the Azerbaijanis in control of neighbouring Nakhchivan.

References

  1. ↑ Hovannisian, Richard G. (1967). Armenia on the road to independence, 1918. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 267. ISBN   0-520-00574-0. OCLC   825110.
  2. ↑ Akçam, Taner (2006) A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility p. 42, Metropolitan Books, New York ISBN   978-0-8050-7932-6
  3. ↑ Hovannisian, Richard G. (1967). Armenia on the road to independence, 1918. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 268. ISBN   0-520-00574-0. OCLC   825110. In the report of Hakob Papikian, member of Parliament and the Inquiry, the number of victims given is 21,000, of whom 19,479 were Armenian, 850 Syrian, 422 Chaldean, and 250 Greek.
  4. ↑ Suny, Ronald Grigor (2015). "They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide. Princeton University Press. p. 171. ISBN   978-1-4008-6558-1.
  5. ↑ Bijak, Jakub; Lubman, Sarah (2016). "The Disputed Numbers: In Search of the Demographic Basis for Studies of Armenian Population Losses, 1915–1923". The Armenian Genocide Legacy. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 26–43. ISBN   978-1-137-56163-3.
  6. ↑ Morris, Benny; Ze’evi, Dror (2019). The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924. Harvard University Press. p. 486. ISBN   978-0-674-91645-6.
  7. ↑ Hovannisian, Richard G. (1967). Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918 . Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.  227, 312, note 36. ISBN   0-520-00574-0.
  8. ↑ Hovannisian, Richard G. (1982). The Republic of Armenia. Vol. 2. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 107. ISBN   0-520-04186-0.
  9. ↑ Hovannisian, Richard G. (1982). "The Doom of Akulis". The Republic of Armenia, Vol. II: From Versailles to London, 1919-1920. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 207–238. ISBN   0-520-04186-0.
  10. ↑ Wright, John F. R. (1996). Transcaucasian Boundaries. Psychology Press. p. 99. ISBN   9780203214473.
  11. ↑ Richard G. Hovannisian. The Republic of Armenia, Vol. III: From London to Sèvres, February–August 1920 p. 152
  12. ↑ "The Nagorno-Karabagh Crisis: A Blueprint for Resolution" (PDF). Public International Law & Policy Group and the New England Center for International Law & Policy. June 2000. p. 3. In August 1919, the Karabagh National Council entered into a provisional treaty agreement with the Azerbaijani government. Despite signing the Agreement, the Azerbaijani government continuously violated the terms of the treaty. This culminated in March 1920 with the Azerbaijanis' massacre of Armenians in Karabagh's former capital, Shushi, in which it is estimated that more than 20,000 Armenians were killed.
  13. ↑ The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus. New York: Berghahn Books, pp. 360–361. ISBN   1-57181-666-6.
  14. ↑ Akçam, Taner (2007). A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. pp.  327. - Profile at Google Books
  15. ↑ "Senate and House Members Condemn Sumgait and Baku Massacres". Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
  16. ↑ Yuri Rost, "Armenian Tragedy", London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1990, p. 82.
  17. ↑ Parks, Michael (27 November 1988). "Soviet Tells of Blocking Slaughter of Armenians : General Reports His Soldiers Have Suppressed Dozens of Massacre Attempts by Azerbaijanis". LA Times. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  18. ↑ de Waal, Thomas (2003). Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War. New York: New York University Press. p.  90. ISBN   978-0-8147-1945-9. Around ninety Armenians died in the Baku pogroms.
  19. ↑ De Waal. Black Garden, p. 176.
  20. ↑ Human Rights Watch/Helsinki (1994). Azerbaijan: Seven years of conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh. New York: Human Rights Watch. p. 6. ISBN   1-56432-142-8.
  21. ↑ Amnesty International. "Azerbaydzhan: Hostages in the Karabakh conflict: Civilians Continue to Pay the Price ." Amnesty International. April 1993 (POL 10/01/93), p. 9.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.