List of massacres in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

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This is a list of all massacres in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Contents

List

NameDateFatalitiesNotes
Hema massacre of 1911 4 December 1911200+By Lendu people against Hema people [1]
Elisabethville Massacre December 194130-70
Léopoldville riots January 195949+
Massacre at Luluabourg October 1959300+By Lulua people against Baluba people in Luluabourg [2]
Luluabourg massacre (1961) 27-28 February, 196144 The New York Times reported that 44 civilians had been killed by government forces in revenge for the killing of three soldiers by rioters. [3]
Port Francqui incident April 28, 1961 (1961-April-28)47 [4]
Kindu atrocity 11 or 12 November 196113Murders of 13 Italian airmen by soldiers during the Congo Crisis.
November 19648+Four Protestant missionaries, four Spanish nuns, and an unknown number of Catholic priests were brutally murdered by Communist rebels during the Simba rebellion. [5]
Battle of Kolwezi 18–22 May 1978HundredsThe Congolese National Liberation Front massacred hundreds of White European civilians during Shaba II, mostly Belgians. [6] [7]
Luamwela massacre 5 July 197950Killing of 50 miners by the Congolese army and the Societé Minière de Bakwanga. [8]
Katelakayi massacre July 19, 1979 (1979-07-19)140-200Killing of at least 140 miners by the Congolese army and the Societé Minière de Bakwanga. Some reports said that over 200 miners had died. [8]
20 March to July 199314,000Initially starting in the town of Mtutu, as an anti-Banyarwanda massacre by Hunde and Nyanga people, Banyarwanda fought back, starting an ethnic conflict that killed 14,000 people. [9]
Mokoto monastery massacre May 12, 1996 (1996-05-12)750750 Tutsi refugees hiding in a monastery were slaughtered by Hutu forces. [10] [9] [11]
Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War 1996-1997Thousands
Lemera massacre October 6, 19963737 individuals, including FAZ (Forces Armées Zaïroises) soldiers, nurses, patients, and Zairean civilians who were in the vicinity of the Lemera hospital, were killed by the forces of the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (AFDL).
Musekera massacreOctober 20, 1996 (1996-10-20)300Three hundred Hutu civilians were bludgeoned to death by Rwandan soldiers. [12]
Butembo massacre From February 20 to April300-600Reprisals for Mayi Mayi attacks by Congolese Armed Forces [13]
Kasika massacre September 5, 1998 (1998-09-05)1,000+Massacre of Nyindu during the Second Congo War. The figure of 1,000 was estimated by the United Nations Mapping Report. The massacre was actually a series of massacres that began with the killing of 36 Nyindu civilians inside a Catholic church by Rwanda, Ugandan, or Banyamulenge forces. [14]
Makobola massacre From December 30, 1998, to January 2, 1999800+The forces of the Rally for Congolese Democracy (Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie; RCD) perpetrated a massacre, resulting in the death of over 800 civilians, predominantly from the Bembe community.
Kisangani massacre 13-15 May 2002183
Kiwanja massacre 4-5 November 2008150Perpetrated by the National Congress for the Defence of the People [15] [16]
2008 Christmas massacres 24-27 December 2008620-860+Attack by the Christian terrorist Lord's Resistance Army
Makombo massacre 14-17 December 2009321-345Attack by the Christian terrorist Lord's Resistance Army
Masisi massacre 201470+ [17]
2014 Mutarule attack June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)35
Beni massacre August 14, 2016 (2016-08-14)101
Kipupu massacre July 16, 2020 (2020-07-16)18-220 [18]
Drodro massacre November 21, 2021 (2021-11-21)44
Plaine Savo massacre February 2, 2022 (2022-02-02)60
Otomabere massacre June 5, 2022 (2022-06-05)18-27Suspected Allied Democratic Forces attacked Otomabere in Irumu Territory, Ituri Province.
Kishishe massacre 29 November - 1 December 2022131-300+

Related Research Articles

The earliest known human settlements in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo have been dated back to the Middle Stone Age, approximately 90,000 years ago. The first real states, such as the Kongo, the Lunda, the Luba and Kuba, appeared south of the equatorial forest on the savannah from the 14th century onwards.

Human occupation of Rwanda is thought to have begun shortly after the last ice age. By the 11th century, the inhabitants had organized into a number of kingdoms. In the 19th century, Mwami (king) Rwabugiri of the Kingdom of Rwanda conducted a decades-long process of military conquest and administrative consolidation that resulted in the kingdom coming to control most of what is now Rwanda. The colonial powers, Germany and Belgium, allied with the Rwandan court.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Kivu</span> Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

South Kivu is one of 26 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Its capital is Bukavu.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Interahamwe</span> Paramilitary group involved in 1994 Rwandan Genocide

The Interahamwe is a Hutu paramilitary organization active in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda. The Interahamwe was formed around 1990 as the youth wing of the National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development, the then-ruling party of Rwanda, and enjoyed the backing of the Hutu Power government. The Interahamwe, led by Robert Kajuga, were the main perpetrators of the Rwandan genocide, during which an estimated 500,000 to 1,000,000 Tutsi, Twa, and moderate Hutus were killed from April to July 1994, and the term "Interahamwe" was widened to mean any civilian militias or bands killing Tutsi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rwandan genocide</span> 1994 genocide in Rwanda

The Rwandan genocide, also known as the genocide against the Tutsi, occurred between 7 April and 15 July 1994 during the Rwandan Civil War. During this period of around 100 days, members of the Tutsi minority ethnic group, as well as some moderate Hutu and Twa, were killed by armed Hutu militias. Although the Constitution of Rwanda states that more than 1 million people perished in the genocide, the actual number of fatalities is unclear, and some estimates suggest that the real number killed was likely lower. The most widely accepted scholarly estimates are around 500,000 to 800,000 Tutsi deaths.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Goma</span> Provincial capital and city in North Kivu, DR Congo

Goma is the capital and largest city of the North Kivu Province in the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It is located on the northern shore of Lake Kivu, next to the Rwandan city of Gisenyi. It shares its borders with Bukumu Chiefdom to the north, the Republic of Rwanda to the east, Masisi Territory to the west, and is flanked by Lake Kivu to the south. The city lies in the Albertine Rift, the western branch of the East African Rift System, and lies only 13–18 km (8.1–11.2 mi) south of the active Nyiragongo Volcano. With an approximate area of approximately 75.72 square kilometers, the city has an estimated population of nearly 2 million people according to the 2022 census, while the 1984 estimate placed the number at 80,000.

Banyamulenge, also referred to as Banyamurenge, is a community from the Democratic Republic of the Congo's South Kivu province. The Banyamulenge are culturally and socially distinct from the Tutsi of North Kivu, with most speaking Kinyamulenge, a mix of Kinyarwanda, Kirundi, Ha language, and Swahili. Banyamulenge are often discriminated against in the DRC due to their Tutsi phenotype, similar to that of people living in the Horn of Africa, their insubordination towards colonial rule, their role in Mobutu's war against and victory over the Simba Rebellion, which was supported by the majority of other tribes in South Kivu, their role during the First Congo War and subsequent regional conflicts (Rally for Congolese Democracy–Goma, Movement for the Liberation of the Congo, National Congress for the Defence of the People, and more importantly for the fact that two of the most influential presidents of their country declared them as enemy of the State both in 1996 and 1998.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">AFDL</span> Anti-Mobutu military coalition (1996–1997)

The Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire, also known by the French acronym AFDL, was a coalition of Rwandan, Ugandan, Burundian, and Congolese dissidents, disgruntled minority groups, and nations that toppled Mobutu Sese Seko and brought Laurent-Désiré Kabila to power in the First Congo War. Although the group was successful in overthrowing Mobutu, the alliance fell apart after Kabila did not agree to be dictated by his foreign backers, Rwanda and Uganda, which marked the beginning of the Second Congo War in 1998.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First Congo War</span> 1996–1997 war in central Africa

The First Congo War (1996–1997), also nicknamed Africa's First World War, was a civil war and international military conflict which took place mostly in Zaire, with major spillovers into Sudan and Uganda. The conflict culminated in a foreign invasion that replaced Zairean president Mobutu Sese Seko with the rebel leader Laurent-Désiré Kabila. Kabila's unstable government subsequently came into conflict with his allies, setting the stage for the Second Congo War in 1998–2003.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James Kabarebe</span> Rwandan military officer (born 1959)

James Kabarebe is a Rwandan retired military officer who has served as a Senior Presidential Adviser on security matters in the government of Rwanda, since 19 October 2018.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Army for the Liberation of Rwanda</span> Rebel group from the Second Congo War

The Army for the Liberation of Rwanda was a rebel group largely composed of members of the Interahamwe and Armed Forces of Rwanda. Operating mostly in the eastern regions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo along the border with Rwanda, it carried out attacks throughout the Second Congo War against forces aligned with Rwanda and Uganda. In 2000, the ALiR agreed to merge with the Hutu resistance movement based in Kinshasa into the new Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR). ALiR was largely supplanted by the FDLR by 2001.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</span>

The International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo or the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is an ongoing investigation by the International Criminal Court (ICC) into crimes committed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during the Second Congo War and its aftermath, including the Ituri and Kivu conflicts. The war started in 1998 and despite a peace agreement between combatants in 2003, conflict continued in the eastern parts of the country for several years. In April 2004 the government of the DRC formally referred the situation in the Congo to the International Criminal Court, and in June 2004, prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo, formally opened an investigation. To date, arrest warrants have been issued for:

The DRC Mapping Exercise Report, or the Democratic Republic of the Congo 1993-2003 UN Mapping Report, was a report by the United Nations within the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the wake of the armed aggressions and war which took place between March 1993 and June 2003. Its aim was to map the most serious violations of human rights, together with violations of international humanitarian law, committed within the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In doing this it was to assess the capacities within the national justice system to deal appropriately with such human rights violations and to formulate a series of options aimed at assisting the government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in identifying appropriate transitional justice mechanisms to deal with the legacy of these violations. It contained 550 pages and contained descriptions of 617 alleged violent incidents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bunyakiri</span> Town in Democratic Republic of the Congo

Bunyakiri is a town located in the high plateau of Kalehe Territory in the South Kivu Province in the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Bunyakiri is nearby the Bulehe and Mulamba villages. It is mainly inhabited by Tembo, Havu, Twa and Hunde ethnic groups.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Uvira Territory</span> Territory in South Kivu, DR Congo

Uvira Territory is a territory in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is bordered by Walungu Territory to the north, Mwenga Territory to the west, Fizi Territory to the south, and Burundi and Lake Tanganyika to the east. Its capital is Uvira.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kamwina Nsapu rebellion</span> Rebellion in the DRC

The Kamwina Nsapu rebellion, also spelled Kamuina Nsapu rebellion, was an uprising that took place in the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 2016 and 2019. It was instigated by the Kamwina Nsapu militia against state security forces in the provinces of Kasaï-Central, Kasaï, Kasaï-Oriental, Lomami and Sankuru. The fighting began after the militia, led by Kamwina Nsapu, attacked security forces in August 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War</span> Genocidal massacres

During the First Congo War, Rwandan, Congolese, and Burundian Hutu men, women, and children in villages and refugee camps were hunted down and became victims of mass killings in eastern Zaire.

Kinyandonyi is a village in the Rutshuru Territory of the North Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Kinyandonyi is situated 10 km east of the city of Kiwanja in Bukoma groupement, in the Bwisha Chiefdom and 85 km north of the capital of the province Goma. The region is inhabited by the Hunde people as well as some remaining autochthonous populations of African Pygmies, including the Twa people and the Mbuti people. In addition to the Hunde, Twa, and Mbuti, there are other ethnic groups, including the Nyanga, Lega, Kumu, Hutu and Tutsi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lubarika</span> Village in the DRC

Lubarika is a village situated in the hills and high plateaus of Bafuliiru Chiefdom in Uvira Territory, located in the South Kivu Province in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). It sits at an elevation of 969 meters above sea level and is near the villages of Murunga and Nyakagobe II. Lubarika is a predominantly agricultural region with large hectares used for subsistence agriculture. Agriculture is practiced by an extensive segment of the population. The products grown are mainly intended for domestic consumption and commercialization. Moreover, fishing is carried out artisanally in Lake Tanganyika by the local population.

The Kasika massacre took place on August 24, 1998, in the villages of Kasika, Kilungutwe, Kalama, and Zokwe, located in the Luindi Chiefdom of the Mwenga Territory in the South Kivu Province, situated in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Troops from the Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD) and Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA), primarily composed of Tutsi armed forces, killed over 1,000 civilians, predominantly belonging to the Nyindu community.

References

  1. ↑ Fahey, Dan (2013). Ituri: Gold, land, and ethnicity in north-eastern Congo. London, United Kingdom: Rift Valley Institute. p. 20. ISBN   978-1-907431-12-8.
  2. ↑ "THE BELGIAN CONGO: Sounds of the Future". Time. 1959-10-26. ISSN   0040-781X . Retrieved 2022-12-10.
  3. ↑ Times, Henry Tanner Special To the New York (1961-03-03). "44 SLAIN IN KASAI AS CONGO TROOPS FIRE ON CIVILIANS; Soldiers in Luluabourg Riot After Mob Kills 3 -- Ileo Repeats Call-Up Order 44 SLAIN IN KASAI BY CONGO TROOPS". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2022-12-10.
  4. ↑ "Today in History: How 43 Ghanaian peacekeepers were killed by Congolese army". GhanaWeb. 2020-04-28. Retrieved 2022-06-20.
  5. ↑ "The Congo Massacre". ChristianityToday.com. 18 December 1964. Retrieved 2022-12-10.
  6. ↑ Odom, Lieutenant Colonel Thomas P. (April 1993). "Shaba II: The French and Belgian Intervention in Zaire in 1978" (PDF). Combat Studies Institute.
  7. ↑ "The Age - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved 2022-06-20.
  8. 1 2 "Chronology of the Democratic Republic of Congo/Zaire (1960-1997) | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network". www.sciencespo.fr. 2016-01-25. Retrieved 2022-06-20.
  9. 1 2 Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Chronology for Tutsis in the Dem. Rep. of the Congo". Refworld. Retrieved 2022-06-18.
  10. ↑ Binet, Laurence (April 2013). "The Hunting and Killing of Rwandan Refugees in Zaire-Congo (1996-1997)" (PDF). Médecins Sans Frontières.
  11. ↑ "Letter from the Archive: The Genocide in Rwanda". The New Yorker. 2014-04-04. Retrieved 2022-06-18.
  12. ↑ "A second Rwanda genocide is revealed in Congo". NBC News. 10 October 2010. Retrieved 2022-06-18.
  13. ↑ "Amnesty International Annual Report 1999".
  14. ↑ "CASUALTIES OF WAR". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 2022-06-18.
  15. ↑ "Massacre de Kiwanja en RDC: dix ans plus tard, aucune poursuite judiciaire". RFI (in French). 2018-11-06. Retrieved 2022-06-18.
  16. ↑ Wambua-Soi, Catherine. "Revisiting massacre site". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2022-06-18.
  17. ↑ "UN blames DR Congo groups for 'Masisi massacre'". BBC News. 2014-02-14. Retrieved 2022-06-18.
  18. ↑ Presse, AFP-Agence France. "Congolese Nobel Laureate Speaks Out Against Killings". www.barrons.com. Retrieved 2022-06-18.
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