List of massacres of Turkish people

Last updated

This is a list of massacres against ethnic Turks.

Contents

List

NameDatePresent locationPerpetratorsDeaths
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction 19th and early 20th centuriesFormer Ottoman territoriesRussian Empire, Tsardom of Bulgaria, France, Kingdom of Serbia, Kingdom of Greece, Kingdom of MontenegroAt least 2 million, [1] [2] up to 5.5 million [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
Massacres of the Turkish population during the Russo-Turkish War April 1877–March 1878 Balkans and Caucasus Armies of the Russian Coalition, mainly Russian Army250,000–600,000 [8] [9]
Deportation of the Meskhetian Turks 14–15 November 1944 Flag of Georgia.svg Meskheti, Georgia NKVD 12,589–50,000
Buda massacre September 1686 Flag of Hungary.svg Buda, Hungary Armies of the Holy League +3,000 [10]
Navarino massacre [11] 19 August 1821 Flag of Greece.svg Pylos, Greece Greek revolutionaries 3,000
Tripolitsa massacre [12] 23 September 1821 Flag of Greece.svg Tripoli, GreeceGreek revolutionaries6,000–30,000 [13] [14]
Galați massacre20 February 1821 Flag of Romania.svg Galați, Romania Greek revolutionaries50–300 [15]
Massacres of the Turkish population during the April Uprising April–May 1876 Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria Bulgarian revolutionaries200–1,000 [16] [17] [18]
Harmanli massacre 16–17 January 1878 Flag of Bulgaria.svg Harmanli, BulgariaRussian Army2,000-5,000 [19]
Kızanlık massacres1877-78 Flag of Bulgaria.svg Kazanlak, BulgariaRussian Army, Bulgarians1,751 [20]
Lasithi massacres 1897 Flag of Greece.svg Crete, GreeceChristian mobs850–1,000 [21] [22]
Sarakina massacreFebruary 1897 Flag of Greece.svg Crete, GreeceChristian mobs104 (61 children, 23 women and 20 men) [23]
Sitia massacreFebruary 1897 Flag of Greece.svg Sitia, Crete, GreeceChristian mob300 [24]
Kissamos massacreFebruary 1897 Flag of Greece.svg Kissamos, Crete, GreeceChristian mob23 [24]
Kirchova massacreAugust 1903 Flag of North Macedonia.svg Kichevo, North MacedoniaBulgarian revolutionaries8 [25]
Raionovo, Planitsa and Kukurtevo massacresAutumn 1912 Flag of North Macedonia.svg Raionovo, Planitsa and Kukurtevo, Macedonia Bulgarian irregulars+700 [26] [27]
Cisr-i Mustafapaşa massacreOctober 1912 Flag of Bulgaria.svg Svilengrad, BulgariaBulgarians200 [28]
Edeköy massacre1912 Flag of Turkey.svg Edeköy, Edirne, TurkeyGreeks1,659 [29]
Serres massacre1912 Flag of Greece.svg Serres, GreeceBulgarians600 [30]
Dedeagac massacre1912 Flag of Greece.svg Alexandroupolis, GreeceArmenians20 [30]
Bulgarian school massacre1912 Flag of North Macedonia.svg Chair quarter of Uskub, North MacedoniaSerbians18 [30]
Ohrid massacre1912 Flag of North Macedonia.svg Ohrid, North MacedoniaSerbians500 [31]
Strumica massacre1912 Flag of North Macedonia.svg Strumitsa, North MacedoniaGreeks3,000 [30]
Petrovo massacre1912 Flag of Bulgaria.svg Petrovo Bulgarians"every living Turkish thing" [32]
Yaylacık massacre1912 Flag of Greece.svg Yaylacık, close to Salonica Greeks15 [30]
Salonica massacre1912 Flag of Greece.svg SalonicaGreeks27 [32]
Derin Çatak massacre1912 Flag of Turkey.svg Malkara Bulgarians11 [33]
Avrethisar villages massacre1912-1913 Flag of Greece.svg Kilkis Bulgarians451 [34]
Pravishte massacres1912-1913 Flag of Greece.svg Eleftheroupoli Greeks195 [30]
Kaz massacreMarch 1913 Flag of Turkey.svg Yukarı Kılıçlı Bulgarians43 [35]
Karasatı massacreJune 1913 Flag of Turkey.svg Karasatı, Keşan Bulgarians and Greeks29 [36]
Uzunköprü massacreJuly 1913 Flag of Turkey.svg Uzunköprü Bulgarians42 [37] [38]
Habibçe massacreJuly 1913 Flag of Bulgaria.svg Lyubimets Bulgarians20 [38]
Greek landing at Smyrna 15 May 1919 Flag of Turkey.svg İzmir Hellenic Army and local Greeks400–600 [39]
Yeşiloba massacre11 June 1920 Flag of Turkey.svg Yeşiloba, Adana French Armenian Legion64–200 [40]
Menemen massacre 17 June 1919 Flag of Turkey.svg Menemen, İzmir Hellenic Army and local Greeks200
Massacre in Erbeyli 20–21 June 1919 Flag of Turkey.svg Erbeyli, Aydın Hellenic Army72
Birecik massacre11–24 February 1920 Flag of Turkey.svg Birecik, Şanlıurfa French Army280 [41]
Massacre in Marash 1920 Flag of Turkey.svg Marash French Army and French Armenian Legion 4,500 [42] [43]
Massacre in Aintab 1920-1921 Flag of Turkey.svg Aintab French Army and French Armenian Legion6,000-7,000 [41] [44]
Yalova Peninsula massacres [45] 1920–1921 Flag of Turkey.svg Armutlu Peninsula Hellenic Army, local Christians and Circassians [46] 5,500–9,100 [47] [48]
Bilecik massacre [49] March–April 1921 Flag of Turkey.svg Bilecik, Sögüt, Bozüyük Hellenic Army and local Greeks208 [50]
İzmit massacre [51] 24 June 1921 Flag of Turkey.svg İzmit Hellenic Army300 [52] [53]
Karatepe village massacre14 February 1922 Flag of Turkey.svg Karatepe, Köşk Hellenic Army385 [54]
Uşak massacre1 September 1922 Flag of Turkey.svg Uşak Hellenic Army and local Greeks200 [55]
Alaşehir massacre [56] 3–4 September 1922 Flag of Turkey.svg Alaşehir, Manisa Hellenic Army3,000 [57]
Turgutlu massacre4–6 September 1922 Flag of Turkey.svg Turgutlu, Manisa Hellenic Army1,000 [57]
Salihli massacre5 September 1922 Flag of Turkey.svg Salihli, Manisa Hellenic Army+76 [58]
Manisa massacre [59] [ circular reference ]6–7 September 1922 Flag of Turkey.svg Manisa Hellenic Army and local Christians4,355 [60] [57]
1924 Kirkuk massacre 4 May 1924 Flag of Iraq.svg Kirkuk, Iraq Iraq Levies +200 [61]
Suşiçe massacreApril 1941 Flag of North Macedonia.svg Sušica Kingdom of Bulgaria 7 [62]
Blatec executionsSeptember 1944 Flag of North Macedonia.svg Blatec Kingdom of Bulgaria 15 [62]
Istibanje-Teranci massacresOctober 1944 Flag of North Macedonia.svg Istibanja and Teranci Nazi Germany 17 [62]
Gavurbağı massacre 12 July 1946 Flag of Iraq.svg Kirkuk, Iraq Iraqi Police 20
1959 Kirkuk massacre 15 July 1959 Flag of Iraq.svg Kirkuk, IraqKurdish soldiers31-79 [61]
Limassol massacre13 February 1963 Flag of Cyprus.svg Limassol, Cyprus Greek Cypriots16 [63]
Bloody Christmas [64] [65] 21–31 December 1963 Flag of Cyprus.svg Nicosia, CyprusGreek Cypriots364 [66]
Massacre in Famagusta11 May 1964 Flag of Cyprus.svg Famagusta, Cyprus Cypriot Police 10–17 [67] [68]
Massacre in Akrotiri and Dhekelia 13 May 1964 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Akrotiri and Dhekelia Cypriot Police and local Cypriots11 [67] [68]
Massacre in Kofinou14–15 November 1967 Flag of Cyprus.svg Kofinou, CyprusGreek Cypriots26 [69] [63]
Massacre in Alaminos [70] 20 July 1974 Flag of Cyprus.svg Alaminos, Cyprus Cypriot National Guard 13–14 [71] [72]
Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre 14 August 1974 Flag of Cyprus.svg Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda, Cyprus EOKA B 126 [73] [74]
Tochni massacre 15 August 1974 Flag of Cyprus.svg Taşkent, CyprusEOKA B84 [67]
Fergana massacre 3–12 June 1989 Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Fergana valley, Uzbekistan Uzbek mobs97 [75]
Bulgarization of Turks in People's Republic of Bulgaria 1984-1989 Flag of Bulgaria.svg BulgariaBulgarian army300 to 1,500 (according to HRW) [76]
Altun Kupri massacre 28 March 1991 Flag of Iraq.svg Altun Kupri, Iraq Iraqi Army 135 [77]
Çewlik massacre 24 May 1993 Flag of Turkey.svg Bingöl, Turkey Kurdistan Workers' Party 38
Başbağlar massacre 5 July 1993 Flag of Turkey.svg Başbağlar, TurkeyKurdistan Workers' Party33
Yavi massacre 25 October 1993 Flag of Turkey.svg Erzurum, TurkeyKurdistan Workers' Party33 [78]
Erbil massacre 31 August 1996 Flag of Iraq.svg Erbil Iraqi Armed Forces48
Blue market massacre 13 March 1999 Flag of Turkey.svg Istanbul, TurkeyKurdistan Workers' Party13
Turkmen genocide by ISIL 2014-2017 Flag of Iraq.svg Kirkuk, Saladin, Diyala, Erbil and Nineveh, Iraq ISIL 3,500 [79]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Turkish Armed Forces</span> Combined military forces of Turkey

The Turkish Armed Forces are the military forces of the Republic of Turkey. The Turkish Armed Forces consist of the Land Forces, the Naval Forces and the Air Forces. The Chief of the General Staff is the Commander of the Armed Forces. In wartime, the Chief of the General Staff acts as the Commander-in-Chief on behalf of the President, who represents the Supreme Military Command of the TAF on behalf of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Coordinating the military relations of the TAF with other NATO member states and friendly states is the responsibility of the General Staff.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Treaty of Lausanne</span> 1923 treaty between Turkey and the Allies

The Treaty of Lausanne is a peace treaty negotiated during the Lausanne Conference of 1922–1923 and signed in the Palais de Rumine in Lausanne, Switzerland, on 24 July 1923. The treaty officially resolved the conflict that had initially arisen between the Ottoman Empire and the Allied French Republic, British Empire, Kingdom of Italy, Empire of Japan, Kingdom of Greece, Kingdom of Serbia, and the Kingdom of Romania since the outset of World War I. The original text of the treaty is in English and French. It emerged as a second attempt at peace after the failed and unratified Treaty of Sèvres, which had sought to partition Ottoman territories. The earlier treaty, signed in 1920, was later rejected by the Turkish National Movement which actively opposed its terms. As a result of Greek defeat in the Greco-Turkish War, Turkish forces recaptured İzmir, and the Armistice of Mudanya was signed in October 1922. This armistice provided for the exchange of Greek-Turkish populations and allowed unrestricted civilian, non-military passage through the Turkish Straits.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Young Turks</span> Political reform movement in the Ottoman Empire

The Young Turks formed as a constitutionalist broad opposition-movement in the late Ottoman Empire against the absolutist régime of Sultan Abdul Hamid II. The most powerful organization of the movement, and the most conflated, was the Committee of Union and Progress, though its goals, strategies, and membership continuously morphed throughout Abdul Hamid's reign. By the 1890s, the Young Turks were mainly a loose and contentious network of exiled intelligentsia who made a living by selling their newspapers to secret subscribers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greece–Turkey relations</span> Bilateral relations

Greece and Turkey established diplomatic relations in the 1830s following Greece's formation after its declaration of independence from the Ottoman Empire. Modern relations began when Turkey was proclaimed a republic in 1923 following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I. Rivalry has characterised their relations for most of their history with periods of positive relations but no underlying resolution of the main issues.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)</span> Conflict between the Kingdom of Greece and the Turkish National Movement

The Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922 was fought between Greece and the Turkish National Movement during the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I, between 15 May 1919 and 14 October 1922. This conflict was a part of the Turkish War of Independence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</span> President of Turkey from 1923 to 1938

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, also known as Mustafa Kemal Pasha until 1921, and Ghazi Mustafa Kemal from 1921 until the Surname Law of 1934, was a Turkish field marshal, revolutionary statesman, author, and the founding father of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first president from 1923 until his death in 1938. He undertook sweeping progressive reforms, which modernized Turkey into a secular, industrializing nation. Ideologically a secularist and nationalist, his policies and socio-political theories became known as Kemalism (Atatürkism).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fevzi Çakmak</span> Turkish field marshal and politician (1876–1950)

Mustafa Fevzi Çakmak was a Turkish field marshal (Mareşal) and politician. He served as the Chief of General Staff from 1918 and 1919 and later the Minister of War of the Ottoman Empire in 1920. He later joined the provisional Government of the Grand National Assembly and became the Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of National Defense and later as the Prime Minister of Turkey from 1921 to 1922. He was the second Chief of the General Staff of the provisional Ankara Government and the first Chief of the General Staff of the Republic of Turkey.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nureddin Pasha</span> Ottoman/Turkish general (1873–1932)

Nureddin Ibrahim Pasha, known as Nureddin İbrahim Konyar from 1934, was a Turkish military officer who served in the Ottoman Army during World War I and in the Turkish Army during the Western Front of the Turkish War of Independence. He was called Bearded Nureddin because being the only high-ranking Turkish officer during the Turkish War of Independence sporting a beard. He is known as one of the most important commanders of the war. He ordered several murders and massacres.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Turkish people</span> Ethnic group native to Turkey

Turkish people or Turks are the largest Turkic people who speak various dialects of the Turkish language and form a majority in Turkey and Northern Cyprus. In addition, centuries-old ethnic Turkish communities still live across other former territories of the Ottoman Empire. Article 66 of the Constitution of Turkey defines a Turk as anyone who is a citizen of Turkey. While the legal use of the term Turkish as it pertains to a citizen of Turkey is different from the term's ethnic definition, the majority of the Turkish population are of Turkish ethnicity. The vast majority of Turks are Muslims and follow the Sunni faith.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kâzım Karabekir</span> Turkish general and politician (1882–1948)

Musa Kâzım Karabekir was a Turkish general and politician. He was the commander of the Eastern Army of the Ottoman Empire during the Turkish War of Independence, and fought a successful military campaign against the Armenian Democratic Republic. He was the a founder and leader of the Progressive Republican Party, the Turkish Republic's first opposition party to Atatürk, though he and his party would be purged following the Sheikh Said revolt. He was rehabilitated with İsmet İnönü's ascension to the presidency in 1938 and served as Speaker of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey before his death.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yalova</span> Town in Turkey

Yalova is a market-gardening town located in northwestern Turkey on the eastern coast of the Sea of Marmara. It is the seat of Yalova Province and Yalova District. Its population is 133,109 (2022). A largely modern town, it is best known for the spa resort at nearby Termal, a popular summer retreat for residents of Istanbul.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Population exchange between Greece and Turkey</span> 1923 agreement between Greece and Turkey

The 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey stemmed from the "Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations" signed at Lausanne, Switzerland, on 30 January 1923, by the governments of Greece and Turkey. It involved at least 1.6 million people, most of whom were forcibly made refugees and de jure denaturalized from their homelands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greek genocide</span> 1913–1922 genocide of Greek Christians in the Ottoman Empire

The Greek genocide, which included the Pontic genocide, was the systematic killing of the Christian Ottoman Greek population of Anatolia, which was carried out mainly during World War I and its aftermath (1914–1922) – including the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923) – on the basis of their religion and ethnicity. It was perpetrated by the government of the Ottoman Empire led by the Three Pashas and by the Government of the Grand National Assembly led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, against the indigenous Greek population of the Empire. The genocide included massacres, forced deportations involving death marches through the Syrian Desert, expulsions, summary executions, and the destruction of Eastern Orthodox cultural, historical, and religious monuments. Several hundred thousand Ottoman Greeks died during this period. Most of the refugees and survivors fled to Greece. Some, especially those in Eastern provinces, took refuge in the neighbouring Russian Empire.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kâzım Sevüktekin</span> Officer of the Ottoman Army and the general of the Turkish Army

Kâzım Sevüktekin was an officer of the Ottoman Army and the general of the Turkish Army, a politician of the Republic of Turkey.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Refet Bele</span> Turkish general

Refet Bele, also known as Refet Bey or Refet Pasha was a Turkish military commander. He served in the Ottoman Army and the Turkish Army, where he retired as a general.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yalova Peninsula massacres</span> Series of massacres during 1920–1921

The Yalova Peninsula massacres were a series of massacres during 1920–1921, the majority of which occurred during March – May 1921. They were committed by local Greek and Armenian bands with the invading Hellenic Army, against the Turkish Muslim population of the Yalova Peninsula. There were 27 villages burned and in Armutlu. According to journalist Arnold J. Toynbee c. 300 Muslims were killed during April–July 1921. In an Ottoman inquiry of 177 survivors in Constantinople, the number of victims reported was very low (35), which is in line with Toynbee's descriptions that villagers fled after one to two murders. Moreover, approximately 1,500 out of 7,000 Muslims remained in the region after the events or 6,000 had left Yalova where 16 villages had been burned. On the other hand, Ottoman and Turkish documents on massacres claim that at least 9,100 Muslim Turks were killed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Committee of Union and Progress</span> 1889–1926 Ottoman and Turkish political party

The Ottoman Committee of Union and Progress was a revolutionary group, secret society, and political party, active between 1889 and 1926 in the Ottoman Empire and in the Republic of Turkey. The foremost faction of the Young Turks, the CUP instigated the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, which ended absolute monarchy and began the Second Constitutional Era. After an ideological transformation, from 1913 to 1918, the CUP ruled the empire as a dictatorship and committed genocides against the Armenian, Greek, and Assyrian peoples as part of a broader policy of ethnic erasure during the late Ottoman period. The CUP and its members have often been referred to as "Young Turks", although the Young Turk movement produced other Ottoman political parties as well. Within the Ottoman Empire its members were known as İttihadcılar ('Unionists') or Komiteciler ('Committeemen').

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</span>

During the decline and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, Muslim inhabitants living in Muslim-minority territories previously under Ottoman control often found themselves persecuted after borders were re-drawn. These populations were subject to genocide, expropriation, massacres, religious persecution, mass rape, and ethnic cleansing.

The question of who was responsible for starting the burning of Smyrna continues to be debated, with Turkish sources mostly attributing responsibility to Greeks or Armenians, and vice versa. Other sources, on the other hand, suggest that at the very least, Turkish inactivity played a significant part on the event. However, the majority of non-Turkish researchers agree that the fire was caused by Turkish soldiers in order to completely eradicate the Christian presence in Anatolia.

References

  1. Owen, Roger (1998). A History of Middle East Economies in the Twentieth Century. Harvard University Press. p. 11. ISBN   978-0-674-39830-6.
  2. Biondich, Mark (2011). The Balkans: Revolution, War, and Political Violence Since 1878. Oxford University Press. p. 93. ISBN   978-0-19-929905-8.
  3. McCarthy, Justin Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922 Archived 2013-06-22 at the Wayback Machine , Darwin Press Incorporated, 1996, ISBN   0-87850-094-4, Chapter one, The land to be lost, p. 1
  4. Biondich, Mark (17 February 2011). The Balkans: Revolution, War, and Political Violence Since 1878. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-929905-8. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  5. Gibney, Matthew J.; Hansen, Randall (2005). Immigration and Asylum: From 1900 To The Present. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN   1-57607-796-9.[ page needed ]
  6. Howard, Douglas A. (Douglas Arthur) (2001). The history of Turkey. Internet Archive. Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press. ISBN   978-0-313-30708-9.
  7. Mojzes, Paul. "Ethnic cleansing in the Balkans" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
  8. Library Information and Research Service. The Middle East, abstracts and index, Part 1 (1999), Northumberland Press, sf. 493, During that war nearly 400000 Rumelian Turks were massacred. About a million of them who fled before the invading Russian armies took refuge in the Thrace, lstanbul and Western Anatolia
  9. Karpat, Kemal. Ouoman Population. pp. 72–5.
  10. Jewish Budapest: Memories, Rites, History, by Kinga Frojimovics, Géza Komoróczy, 1999, p.504-505
  11. William St. Clair, That Greece Might Still Be Free The Philhellenes in the War of Independence, Oxford University Press, London, 1972 p. 40 ISBN   0-19-215194-0
  12. W. Alison, Phillips (1897). The War of Greek Independence, 1821 to 1833. London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. Bouboulina Museum, Spetses Greece (Publisher: Greek Island Spetses; Accessed: 2007-04-18) Archived 2011-08-13 at the Wayback Machine .
  14. Cited by Hercules Millas, « History Textbooks in Greece and Turkey », History Workshop, n°31, 1991.
  15. Ardeleanu, Constantin (January 2013). Military Aspects of the Greek War of Independence in the Romanian Principalities: The Battle of Galați (1821).
  16. MacGahan, Januarius A. (1876). Turkish Atrocities in Bulgaria, Letters of the Special Commissioner of the "Daily News", J.A. MacGahan, Esq. London: Bradbury Agnew and Co. p.  13 . Retrieved 29 September 2013.
  17. Jelavich, Barbara (1999) History of the Balkans: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, Nide 1, Cambridge University Press, pp.347
  18. Quataert, Donald. "The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922 ", Cambridge University Press 2005, pp.69
  19. Medlicott, William Norton (28 October 2013). Congress of Berlin and After. Routledge. p. 157. ISBN   9781136243172.
  20. Irkıçatal, Eftal. İngiliz Belgelerinde 1877-78 Osmanlı-Rus Harbi Sırasında Yaşanan Kızanlık Katliamları.
  21. Carey, John (2005). International Humanitarian Law. BRILL. pp. 68 69. ISBN   9781571052674.
  22. Barchard, David. The Fearless and Self=Reliant Servant (PDF). pp. 27 28 29 30 31.
  23. "Crete - Hansard - UK Parliament". hansard.parliament.uk. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  24. 1 2 "Mussulmans In Crete - Hansard - UK Parliament". hansard.parliament.uk. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  25. Korkmaz, Ender (28 June 2020). "OSMANLI ARŞİV EVRAKLARINA GÖRE İLİNDEN İSYANINDA YAŞANAN BAŞLICA OLAYLAR". International Journal of Current Approaches in Language, Education and Social Sciences (in Turkish). 2 (1): 304–333. doi: 10.35452/caless.2020.15 . ISSN   2687-2528. S2CID   225721639.
  26. "2.1 - The War and the noncombatant population". macedonia.kroraina.com. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  27. International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars (1914). Report of the International Commission to Inquire Into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  28. Ginio, Eyal (2023). "From Cisr-i Mustafa Paşa to Svilengrad: The Ethnic Homogenization of a Thracian Town in the Balkan Wars" (PDF). International Journal of Middle East Studies. 55 (2): 275–298. doi:10.1017/S0020743823000788.
  29. "Balkan Harbi Tefrikaları: Edeköy". Kırmızılar Resmi Web Sayfası (in Turkish). 29 July 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Carnegie Report - Appendix A". macedonia.kroraina.com. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  31. "4.2. Servian Macedonia (b)". macedonia.kroraina.com. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  32. 1 2 Papaioannou, Sefan (2012). BALKAN WARS BETWEEN THE LINES: VIOLENCE AND CIVILIANS IN MACEDONIA, 1912-1918 (PDF). p. 125.
  33. "Güncel - Haberler - DERİN ÇATAK ŞEHİTLERİ ŞEHİT EDİLİŞLERİNİN 100. YILINDA ANILDI - Malkara Belediyesi". www.malkara.bel.tr. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  34. "BELGELERİYLE 1912 BALKAN HARBİNDE, KILKIŞ ve KÖYLERİNDE BULGARLAR TARAFINDAN YAPILAN KIRIMLAR ve KIYIMLAR". www.pikovamubadilleri.com (in Turkish). Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  35. "Süleymanpaşa Belediyesi". www.suleymanpasa.bel.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  36. "Balkan Savaşları ve Keşan (2) KARASATI KATLİAMI". MEDYA KEŞAN (in Turkish). Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  37. "savaş ve işgaller – Uzunköprü Tarihçesi". uzunkoprutarihi.com.tr. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  38. 1 2 Polat, Hasan Ali; Çolak, Fatih. "II. Balkan Harbi'nde Doğu Trakya'da Katliam İddiaları ve Alman Heyeti'nin Trakya Seyahati Gözlemleri" (PDF). Cumhuriyet Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi.
  39. Stavros T. Stavridis : The Greek-Turkish War, 1918-23: an Australian press perspective, Gorgias Press, 2008, ISBN   1593339674, page 117
  40. YURTSEVER, Cezmi (2015). Katliamın Tanığı Yeşiloba. pp. 4–22.
  41. 1 2 "ADANA VE ÇEVRESİNDE ERMENİ MEZALİMİ". Yeni Çağ Gazetesi. 19 April 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  42. Levene, Mark (2013). Devastation. Oxford University Press. pp. 217, 218. ISBN   9780191505546.
  43. Kerr, Stanley Elphinstone (1973). The Lions of Marash. SUNY Press. p. 195. ISBN   9781438408828.
  44. Ade, Mafalda (16 October 2019), "Özgür bir adam", Kaçan Adam, New York: Routledge, pp. 74–75, doi:10.4324/9780429261862-24, ISBN   978-0-429-26186-2, S2CID   213511034
  45. Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 111-112, 2009
  46. Smith, Michael Llewellyn (1999). Ionian vision : Greece in Asia Minor, 1919–1922 (New edition, 2nd impression ed.). London: C. Hurst. p. 209. ISBN   9781850653684. At the same time bands of Christian irregulars, Greek Armenian, and Circassian, looted, burned and murdered in the Yalove-Gemlik peninsula.
  47. McNeill, William H. (1989). Arnold J. Toynbee: A Life. Oxford University Press. ISBN   9780199923397. To protect their flanks from harassment, Greek military authorities then encouraged irregular bands of armed men to attack and destroy Turkish populations of the region they proposed to abandon. By the time the Red Crescent vessel arrived at Yalova from Constantinople in the last week of May, fourteen out of sixteen villages in that town's immediate hinterland had been destroyed, and there were only 1500 survivors from the 7000 Moslems who had been living in these communities.
  48. "Arşiv Belgelerine Göre Balkanlar'da ve Anadolu'da Yunan Mezâlimi 2". www.scribd.com. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013.
  49. State-Nationalisms in the Ottoman Empire, Greece and Turkey: Benjamin C. Fortna, Stefanos Katsikas, Dimitris Kamouzis, Paraskevas Konortas, page 64, 2012
  50. DERGİ (6 November 1917). "Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi | Bilecik ve Çevresinde Yunan Mezalimi". Atam.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  51. Toynbee, Arnold (6 April 1922) [9 March 1922], "Letter", The Times, Turkey.
  52. Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 112, 2009
  53. Toynbee, Arnold Joseph (1970). The Western Question in Greece and Turkey:A Study in the Contact of Civilizations (PDF). H. Fertig, originally: University of California. p. 553. ' But at 1 P.M. on Friday the 24th June, three and a half days before the Greek evacuation, the male inhabitants of the two Turkish quarters of Baghcheshmé and Tepekhané, in the highest part of the town, away from the sea, had been dragged out to the cemetery and shot in batches. On Wednesday the 29th I was present when two of the graves were opened, and ascertained for myself that the corpses were those of Moslems and that their arms had been pinioned behind their backs. There were thought to be about sixty corpses in that group of graves, and there were several others. In all, over 300 people were missing—a death-roll probably exceeding that at Smyrna on the 15th and 16th May 1919.
  54. Turan, Mustafa (2006). Yunan mezalimi: İzmir, Aydın, Manisa, Denizli, 1919-1923 (in Turkish). Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi. ISBN   978-975-16-1850-4.
  55. Adıvar, Halide Edib (1928). The Turkish Ordeal: Being the Further Memoirs of Halidé Edib. Century Company, University of Virginia. p. 363.
  56. Mango, Atatürk, p. 343.
  57. 1 2 3 U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park to Secretary of State, Smyrna, 11 April 1923. US archives US767.68116/34
  58. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 132. Atlantic Monthly Co. 1923. p. 829. Two thirds of Salihli, with a population of 10,000, only a tenth of whom were Greeks, had been burned over, seventy-six people were known to have burned to death, and a hundred young girls were said to have been taken away by Greek
  59. "1922 Manisa yangını - Vikipedi". tr.m.wikipedia.org (in Turkish). Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  60. Tayla, Mustafa (2001). Batı Anadolu'da Yunan mezalimi: Bursa vilayetinde yaşanan acıların dokümanter incelemesi (in Turkish). Stratejik Araştırma ve Etüdler Milli Komitesi (SAEMK).
  61. 1 2 Anderson & Stansfield 2009 , 63
  62. 1 2 3 Türksoylu, Ercan (2020). Yücel Teşkilatı[Yücel Organization]. Astana Yayınları. ISBN   9786055010515.
  63. 1 2 Stephen, Michael (1997). The Cyprus Question. British-Northern Cyprus Parliamentary Group.
  64. "REPORT BY THE SECRETARY-GENERAL ON THE UNITED NATIONS OPERATION IN CYPRUS" (PDF). United Nations. 10 September 1964. Retrieved 17 December 2018. The trade of the Turkish community had considerably declined during the period, due to the existing situation, and unemployment reached a very high level as approximately 25,000 Turkish Cypriots had become refugees.
  65. Bryant, Rebecca (2012). Displacement in Cyprus Consequences of Civil and Military Strife Report 2 Life Stories: Turkish Cypriot Community (PDF). Oslo: PRIO Cyprus Centre. pp. 5–15.
  66. Oberling, Pierre (1982). The road to Bellapais: The Turkish Cypriot exodus to northern Cyprus. Social Science Monographs. p. 120. ISBN   978-0880330008.
  67. 1 2 3 "Katliam emrini Rum Genelkurmay'ı vermiş". CNN Türk (in Turkish). 9 August 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  68. 1 2 sabah, daily (8 August 2018). "'Kill 10 Turks for each slain Greek,' Greek Cypriot forces told amid pre-division violence". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  69. Country Studies: Cyprus - Intercommunal Violence Archived 8 November 2004 at the Wayback Machine
  70. Documents Officiels, United Nations Security Council, p. 82: "Alaminos village has already been in the news because a massacre of 13 Turkish Cypriots was discovered there"
  71. Impact: International Fortnightly, Volumes 4-6 : Fourteen Turkish Cypriots were murdered at the village of Alaminos on 20 July.
  72. Massacre of Turks alleged (St. Petersburg Times, 29 July 1974)
  73. List of Turkish Cypriot missing persons Archived 2011-09-15 at the Wayback Machine (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cyprus) Retrieved on 18 July 2011.
  74. "Muratağa and Sandallar problem is being taken to the European Court of Human Rights" (in Turkish). BRT - Kıbrıs Postası. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
  75. "POPULATION TRANSFER: The Tragedy of the Meskhetian Turks". Cultural Survival. March 1992.
  76. Laber, Jeri (1987). Destroying Ethnic Identity: The Turks of Bulgaria. Human Rights Watch. ISBN   978-0-938579-66-3.
  77. Kerkuklu, Mofak Salman. "Altunköprü the ancient name of Türkmen Township" (PDF). Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  78. "Yavi katliamının acısı 28 yıldır dinmiyor". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  79. "IŞİD'ın Irak'ta Türkmen Coğrafyasındaki Katliamları". 21yyte.org. Retrieved 2 August 2023.

Bibliography