List of massacres in India

For other topics with similar names, see Indian massacre (disambiguation).

A massacre is the deliberate slaughter of members of one group by one or more members of another more powerful group. A massacre may be indiscriminate or highly methodical in application. A massacre is a single event, though it may occur during the course of an extended military campaign or war. A massacre is separate from a battle (an event in which opposing sides fight), but may follow in its immediate aftermath, when one side has surrendered or lost the ability to fight, yet the victors persist in killing their opponents.

Pre-colonial India

Name/Place	Date	Location	Perpetrator	Deaths	Notes	Ref(s)
Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)	1303	Chittor, Guhila kingdom	Sultanate of Delhi	30,000	Alauddin Khalji ordered the massacre of 30,000 people of Chittor after besieging and capturing it, according to Amir Khusrau.	[1]
Siege of Chittorgarh (1568)	February 1568	Chittor Fort	Mughal Empire	30,000	Akbar ordered the general massacre of 30,000 non combatants in Chittor and took many as prisoners.	[2] [3]
Capture of Delhi (1398)	1398	Loni, Ghaziabad, Delhi Sultanate	Timurid Empire	100,000 Indian captives	Before the Battle of Delhi, Timur the Lame saw his plunder and captured slaves reaching massive numbers. Fearing complications, he ordered his soldiers to kill all 100,000 captives to prevent a rebellion before the attack. Historical accounts are unclear, but an estimated million casualties on the Indian side, including slaves, civilians, and soldiers, is assumed.	[4] [5] [6] [7]
Battle of Ahmednagar	1559-60	Ahmadnagar Sultanate	Vijayanagara Empire Ahmadnagar Sultanate	Unknown	According to Firishta, the Vijayanagar army of Ram Raya allied with Bijapur laid waste to the Ahmednagar's country so thoroughly that from Parenda to Junnar and from Ahmednagar to Daulatabad, not a vestige of population was left. They also massacred and looted Muslims in Ahmednagar. During the siege of Ahmednagar Fort, Ali Adil Shah of Bijapur and Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah of Golconda also laid waste to the adjacent territory.	[8] [9] [10]
Khejarli massacre	1730	Khejarli	Kingdom of Marwar	363 Bishnois	363 Bishnois killed, tree harvesting halted and outlawed in the Khejarli	[11]
Chhota Ghallughara	1746	Lahore	Mughal Empire	3,000 Sikh prisoners	7,000 Sikhs were killed in battle with armies of Diwan of Lahore. 3,000 were captured and executed in Lahore.	[12] [13]
Vadda Ghalughara	1763	Punjab	Durrani Empire	Est. 25,000–30,000 Sikhs	Perpetrated by Afghan Muslim forces of Ahmad Shah Durrani.	[13]

Colonial India

Name/Place	Date	Location	Deaths	Notes	Reference(s)
Red Fort, peepal tree massacre	16 May 1857	Delhi, Mughal Empire	~ 40–52 Europeans	Bahadur Shah Zafar's palace servants and Indian soldiers executed the European civilians captured in the previous day's riots.
Mutiny in Allahabad	6 June 1857	Allahabad, Company rule in India	~ 50 Europeans	The 6th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry Mutinied, killing their European officers, and looted the city.	[14]
Siege of Cawnpore	5–25 June 1857	Kanpur, Company rule in India	~ 1,000	Europeans soldiers, merchants, engineers, their wives and children, along with the East India Company sepoys, who were either Christian or refused to join mutiny or join Nana Sahib forces
Massacres by General Neill	17 June–July 1857	Allahabad, Kanpur and surrounding areas, Company rule in India	Thousands of Indian mutineers, suspected rebels and civilians	The massacres at Allahabad took place before the Bibighar massacre; the ones at Kanpur after it	[15]
Satichaura Ghat massacre	27 June 1857	Kanpur, Company rule in India	~ 200 British officers	Massacre by Nana Sahib's forces	[16]
Bibighar massacre	15 July 1857	Kanpur, Company rule in India	~ 200 British women and children	The victims were prisoners under Nana Sahib's forces. The massacre was carried out by a group of butchers, but who ordered it remains unclear.	[17]
Kuka (Namdhari) massacre at Malerkotla	17–18 January 1872	Malerkotla, Punjab, British Raj	~ 65 Kuka (Namdhari) Killed	Mr. Cowan (the Deputy Commissioner of Ludhiana) and Mr. Forsyth (the Commissioner of Ambala) ordered the Namdharis to be executed with cannons, without any trial, on 17 and 18 January 1872 respectively.	[18]
Mangarh massacre	17 November 1913	Mangadh (now Gujarat-Rajasthan), British Raj	Claimed 1,500 tribals	Machine guns and canons were fired under the command of British officers Major S. Bailey and Captain E. Stoiley. R.E. Hamilton, a local political agent had played key role. About 900 more were captured.	[19] [20]
Jallianwala Bagh massacre	13 April 1919	Amritsar, Punjab, British Raj	379–1,500 dead, ~1,100 Indians.	Reginald Edward Harry Dyer ordered a unit of the British Indian Army to open fire on a large meeting, taking place contrary to orders posted by Dyer and subsequent to a series of lynchings, rapes, arsons, and intimidation of local business people by anti-colonial protestors.
Malabar rebellion	October 1921	Malabar, Kerala, British Raj	2,337–10,000 Hindus and Muslims (100,000 Hindus permanently migrated).	Khilafat Movement considered as main cause.
Pal-Chitariya massacre	7 March 1922	Pal-Chitariya, Vijaynagar (now Gujarat), British Raj	Claimed 1200 tribals	The Mewar Bhil Corps led by a British officer, Major H.G. Sutton, fired on a gathering of tribals.	[21]
Kohat riots	9–11 September 1924	Kohat, North-West Frontier Province, British Raj	155 Hindus and Sikhs were killed (3,200 Hindus permanently migrated).
Calcutta riots	15 July 1926	Calcutta, Bengal, British Raj	100+ dead, 200+ injured	A Muslim mob attacked a Hindu possession, later broken up by a mounted police charge on the Muslim rioters.	[22]
United Provinces riots	1923 to 1927	United Provinces, British Raj	thousands dead and injured	88 separate communal riots, including the: 4 September 1927 Nagpur riots, 3–7 May 1927 Lahore, November 1927 Lahore.	[23] [24] [25]
Nagpur riots	4 September 1927	Nagpur, Bombay Presidency, British Raj	22 killed, 100+ injured
Qissa Khwani massacre	23 April 1930	Peshawar, British Raj	1 British Indian Army dispatch rider, and ~ 20– 230 protesters	After a British Indian Army despatch rider was killed and burned in the Bazaar two armoured cars were ordered to drive in and open fire on the protesters.
Amko Simko massacre	25 April 1939	Simko Village, Sundergarh, Odisha British Raj	~ 49 to 300 tribal peasants dead, ~ 50 injured	Crowd of tribals resisting the arrest of freedom fighter Nirmal Munda fired upon by troops of the British Indian army.	[26]
Calcutta Riots	15 August – 17 September 1946	West Bengal, British Raj	7,000 to 10,000 Hindus and Muslims.	Hindus and Muslims clashed during a protest by All-India Muslim League termed as Direct Action Day.	[27]
Noakhali riots	September–October 1946	East Bengal, British Raj	5,000 Hindus	Muslim community attacked Hindu community for seizing wealth and forced conversion to Islam. Around 150,000 to 750,000 survivors were sheltered in temporary relief camps	[28] [29] [30]
Punnapra-Vayalar uprising	March – October 1946	Valayar, Travancore, Kerala British Raj	400	Travancore police attacked communists	[31]
Bihar Massacre	30 October – 7 November 1946	Bihar, British Raj	2,000–3,000 Muslims	By Hindus in reaction to Noakhali riots	[32]
Garhmukteshwar Anti-Muslim Violence	November 1946	United Provinces, British Raj	at least 214 Muslims	Partition of the country into India and Pakistan was looming.	[33]

Independent India

Name/Place	Date	Location	Deaths	Notes	Reference(s)
Partition of India	1947	Punjab, Delhi and Sindh, , Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan	~ 200,000–2,000,000 people	Massacre of Sikhs and Hindus by Muslims in West Punjab and of Muslims by Sikhs and Hindus in East Punjab. The communal violence resulted in the murder of 20,000–25,000 Muslims and 45000-60000 Hindus. UNHCR estimates 14 million were displaced by the violence.	[34] [35] [36] [37]
Jammu massacres	September to November 1947	Jammu division, Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)	20,000–100,000 Muslims [38] [39] 20,000+ Hindus and Sikhs [40] [41] [42]		[39] [43] [44] [45] [46]
Kharsawan massacre	1 January 1948	Kharsawan State, Dominion of India	100+ Adivasis	Massacre of Adivasis by Orissa Military Police in Kharsawan market ground.	[47] [48] [49] [50]
Hyderabad Massacres	1948	Hyderabad State	27,000–40,000 Hyderabadi civilians [51]	Mass murder and rape of Muslims by Indian Armed forces and Hindu paramilitary groups.	[51]
Matikhrü massacre	6 September 1960	Matikhrü (now in Phek district, Nagaland)	9 civilians	The incident took place on September 6, 1960, when forces of the 16th Punjab Regiment of the Indian Army committed an act of mass murder against the village of Matikhrü.	[52] [53]
1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation	7 November 1966	New Delhi	7 killed	Hindu Sadhus and protestors killed by government [54]
Kilvenmani massacre	25 December 1968	Nagapattinam Tamil Nadu	44 killed	Striking agricultural workers murdered by a gang, allegedly by their landlords.
1969 Gujarat riots	1969	Gujarat	Officially 660 total; 430 Muslims, 24 Hindus, 58 others/unidentified casualties	Hindu-Muslim riots. 1074 injured and over 48,000 lost their property. Unofficial reports claim as high as 2000 deaths. Muslim community suffered the majority of the losses. Out of the 512 deaths reported in the police complaints, 430 were Muslims. Property worth 42 million rupees destroyed during the riots, with Muslims losing 32 million worth of property.	[55] [56] [57]
Turkman gate demolition and rioting	1976	Delhi	Officially 6, unofficially 15 killed by police (nearly all Muslims).	Killing of Delhi residents who refused to move residence.	[58]
Marichjhapi massacre	31 January 1979	West Bengal	Official figures 2, Hindustan Times quotes 50 to 1000 Hindu refugees. Actual numbers estimated to be around 3000–5000.	Killing of refugees who came from East Pakistan.	[59]
Moradabad riots	1980	Uttar Pradesh	Officially 400; unofficial estimates as high as 2500.	Started as a Muslim-Police conflict; later turned into a Hindu-Muslim riot.	[60]
Mandai massacre	1980	Tripura	255–500 Bengali Hindu refugees		[61]
Gua massacre	8 September 1980	Bihar	11 Adivasis	Massacre of Adivasis by Bihar Military Police in a hospital.	[62] [63] [64]
Khoirabari massacre	7 February 1983	Assam	100-500 Bengalis		[65] [66]
Nellie massacre	18 February 1983	Assam	2,191 Bengalis, majorly Muslim	In Assam	[67]
Train Passenger massacre I (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab)	23 February 1984	Punjab	11 Hindus
1984 anti-Sikh riots	31 October – 4 November 1984	Primarily Delhi but also other parts of India	8,000 - 17,000 Sikhs all over India	Series of riots after Assassination of Indira Gandhi.
Hondh-Chillar massacre (part of the 1984 anti-Sikh riots)	2 November 1984	Hondh-Chillar, Haryana	32 Sikhs	Rioting by Indian National Congress Party members after Assassination of Indira Gandhi.
Desri Ground massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab)	28 March 1986	Ludhiana, Punjab	13 Hindus
Mallian massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab)	29 March 1986	Jalandhar, Punjab	20 Hindu labourers
Bus Passenger massacre III (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab)	25 July 1986	Mukatsar, Punjab	15 Hindus
Bus Passenger massacre IV (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab)	30 November 1986	Khudda, Punjab	24 Hindus
Hashimpura massacre	22 May 1987	Meerut, Uttar Pradesh	42 Muslims
Bus Passenger massacre V (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab)	July 1987	Fatehbad, Haryana	80 Hindus
Jagdev Kalan massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab)	6 August 1987	Punjab	13 Hindus
Rajbah massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab)	31 March 1988	Punjab	18 Hindus belonging to 1 family
Train Passenger massacre II (part of the 1991 Punjab killings)	15 June 1988	Ludhiana, Punjab	80 (mostly Hindus)
Train Passenger massacre III (part of the 1991 Punjab killings)	December 1988	Ludhiana, Punjab	49 (mostly Hindus)
Bhagalpur riots	October 1989	Bhagalpur, Bihar	The total dead numbered around 1000, around 900 were Muslims; it was difficult to establish the religious identity of other victims.	Two false rumors about the killing of Hindu students started circulating: one rumor stated that nearly 200 Hindu university students had been killed by the Muslims, while another rumor stated that 31 Hindu boys had been murdered with their bodies dumped in a well at the Sanskrit College.
1990 Kashmiri Hindus killings	1990s	Kashmir Valley	30–80 Kashmiri Pandits [68] [69]	Large numbers had fled since 1989 to escape targeted killings and abductions. 219 were killed from 1989 to 2004 according to government of Jammu and Kashmir, while an organization of the community in Kashmir carried out a survey whose data stated that 399 had been killed since 1990 with an estimated 75% killed in 1990 alone.	[70] [71] [72] [73]
Gawkadal massacre	20 January 1990	Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir	50 Kashmiri Protestors	Indian Forces opened fire, with heavy guns, on a group of Kashmiri protesters, who were pelting stones at the police
Ayodhya police firing on Karsevaks	30 October 1990 and 2 November 1990	Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh	16 Hindus (official figure)	Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Mulayam Singh Yadav ordered the police to open fire on kar sevaks who reached Ayodhya. The dead bodies were allegedly thrown in Saryu river.	[74] [75] [76]
1991 anti-Tamil violence in Karnataka	12–13 December 1991	Mainly Bangalore, Mysore but also other parts of southern Karnataka	18 Tamils	violent attacks originated in the demonstrations organised against the orders of the Cauvery Water Tribunal
Bombay riots	December 1992 – January 1993	Mumbai	575 Muslims, 275 Hindus, 45 unknown and 5 others	Hindu-Muslim communal riot as an effect of Demolition of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya.
Sopore massacre	6 January 1993	Sopore, Jammu and Kashmir	55 Kashmiri students	Security forces fired on procession.
1993 Kishtwar massacre	14 August 1993	Sarthal, Kishtwar, Jammu and Kashmir	17 Hindu bus passengers	Militants segregated bus passengers into Hindus and Muslims and fired upon the Hindu group	[77] [78]
Bijbehara massacre	22 October 1993	Bijbehara, Jammu and Kashmir	55 Kashmiri protestors	Indian armed forces fired upon unarmed Kashmiri protestors resulting in 55 civilian deaths.
1994 Mokokchung Massacre	27 December 1994	Mokokchung, Nagaland	12 civilians	The incident took place when forces of the 10 Assam Rifles and the 12 Maratha Light Infantry of the Indian Army raided upon civilian populace of Nagaland's Mokokchung.	[79] [80]
1995 Kohima massacre	5 March 1995	Kohima, Nagaland	7 civilians	The incident was sparked off by a tyre burst from an army convoy's own vehicle leading the armed troops to fire at civilian populace after mistaking the sound of the tyre bursting for a bomb attack.	[81]
1997 Ramabai killings	11 July 1997	Ramabai colony, Mumbai	10 people of the Dalit caste	A team of State Reserve Police Force members fired upon a crowd protesting the recent desecration of a statue of Dalit activist B. R. Ambedkar.
Laxmanpur Bathe massacre	1 December 1997	Arwal district, Bihar	58 people of the Dalit caste	Upper caste Ranvir Sena enter village at night and kill 58 Dalits, were sympathizers of the Maoists behind the killing of 37 upper caste men in Bara in Gaya district in 1992.	[82]
1998 Wandhama massacre	25 January 1998	Wandhama, Jammu and Kashmir	23 Kashmiri Pandit	Unknown militants
1998 Prankote massacre	17 April 1998	Prankote, Udhampur, Jammu and Kashmir	26 Hindus
1998 Chapnari massacre	19 June 1998	Chapnari, Jammu and Kashmir	25 Hindus	Allegedly perpetrated by Pakistani-backed insurgents.
1998 Chamba massacre	3 August 1998	Chamba district, Himachal Pradesh	35 Hindus	Attack by Islamic militant group
Manjolai labourers massacre	23 July 1999	Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu	17 Dalits	Forceful dispersion of protestors by police
Chittisinghpura massacre	20 March 2000	Chittisinghpura, Anantnag district, Jammu and Kashmir	36 Sikhs	Attack by Islamic militant group
Gouranga Tilla massacre	2000	Tripura	16 non-tribal Hindus		[83]
Bagber massacre	20 May 2000	Tripura	25 non-tribal Hindus		[83]
Nanoor massacre	27 July 2000	West Bengal	11 labourers
2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre	1 August 2000	Jammu and Kashmir	30 (Hindu pilgrims)	Attack by Muslim militants
Bhojpur village massacre	15 October 2000	Bhojpur village, Bihar	5 members of a lower caste (including a former village chief) were killed and another three were wounded in an attack.	8 of the gunmen of the Akhilesh Singh Gang were arrested following the attack [84]	[85]
2001 Aluva massacre	6 January 2001	Aluva, Kerala	6 members of a family
2001 Kishtwar massacre	3 August 2001	Jammu and Kashmir	19 Hindus	Attack by Muslim militants
Godhra massacre	27 February 2002	Godhra, Gujarat	59 Hindus	Hindu passengers (mostly women and children) burnt alive and pelted with rocks. Different commissions were set up; one was by the Government of Gujarat to investigate the train burning spent 6 years going over the details of the case, and concluded that the fire was arson committed by a mob of 1000–2000 people. But some reports say the cause of the Godhra train fire is still uncertain. The court convicted 31 Muslims and another 63 were acquitted due to lack of evidence.	[86] [87] [88]
2002 Gujarat riots	28 February 2002	Ahmedabad	As per government reports, 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus killed, 223 reported missing, 2,500 injured. Unofficial estimates by groups like Human Rights Watch put the death toll to over 2,000. [89] [90]	Communal violence	[91]
Gulbarg Society massacre (part of the 2002 Gujarat riots)	28 February 2002	Ahmedabad	69 (mostly Muslims)
Naroda Patiya massacre (part of the 2002 Gujarat riots)	28 February 2002	Naroda, Ahmedabad	97 Muslims		[92] [93] [94]
March 2002 Raghunath attack (part of 2002 Raghunath temple attacks)	30 March 2002	Jammu & Kashmir	11 Hindus killed, 20 injured (Hindu devotees)	Muslim militant
2002 Qasim Nagar massacre	13 July 2002	Jammu and Kashmir	29 Hindus	Terrorist attack
Akshardham Temple attack	24 September 2002	Gujarat	29 killed, 79 injured (Hindus)	Terrorist attack
November 2002 Raghunath temple attack (part of 2002 Raghunath temple attacks)	24 November 2002	Jammu & Kashmir	14 killed, 45 injured (mostly Hindu devotees)	Blamed on Lashkar-e-Taiba	[95]
2003 Nadimarg massacre	23 March 2002	Jammu and Kashmir	24 Hindus	Terrorist attack
2002 Kaluchak massacre	14 May 2002	Jammu and Kashmir	31	Terrorist attack on a tourist bus and Army's family quarter.
Marad massacre	May 2003	Kerala	8 killed, 58 injured - A.
Kamalnagar massacre	14 August 2003	Tripura	14 killed		[96]
2005 Delhi bombings	29 October 2005	Delhi	62 killed, 210	Terrorist attack on two markets two days before Diwali.
2006 Varanasi bombings	March 2006	Uttar Pradesh	28 killed, 101 injured - Devotees of Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple targeted	Terrorist attack on a Hindu temple.
2006 Doda massacre	30 April 2006	Jammu & Kashmir	35 Hindus	Terrorist attack
2007 Samjhauta Express bombings	18 February 2007	Diwana station	68 people mostly Pakistani nationals and some Indians including some Railway employees		[97]
2008 Mumbai attacks	26 November 2008	Mumbai	Over 164 killed, over 600 injured	11 coordinated attacks by proven Pakistani terrorists; casualties include people of various nationalities, and Israeli victims were reportedly tortured before being killed.	[98]
April 2010 Maoist attack in Dantewada	6 April 2010	Chhattisgarh	76	Maoist militant ambushed CRPF
2010 Dantewada bus bombing	17 May 2010	Chhattisgarh	44	Maoist militant attacked a civilian bus.
2012 Assam violence	July 2012	Assam	77	Racial sentiments of the majority Assamese and Bodo community towards the local Bengali speaking Bangladeshi Muslim community leads to several attempts to deport the minority Bengali Muslums to Bangladesh forcefully, thus with a protest in defence from the other party, Communal violence broke out between Assamese, Bodos (Tribal, Christian, and Hindu faith) and Bengali speaking Bangladeshi Muslims.
2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley	25 May 2013	Darbha Valley, Sukma district, Chhattisgarh	28	28 people from a Congress Party motorcade
2013 Muzaffarnagar riots	25 August 2013 – 17 September 2013	Muzaffarnagar district, Uttar Pradesh	42 Muslims and 20 Hindus killed and 93 injured	Eve teasing of Hindu Girls, murder of a Muslim boy, then public lynching of the murderers (two Hindu boys) triggered communal riot between the Hindu and the Muslim community.
2017 Amarnath Yatra attack	10 July 2017	Anantnag district, Jammu and Kashmir	8 Hindu pilgrims	A bus carrying Hindu pilgrims of Amarnath Yatra was attacked by Lashkar-e-Taiba, resulting in deaths of 8 pilgrims.	[99]
2017 Northern India riots	25-26 August 2017	Panjab, Haryana, Chandigarh district, Northern India	41+ killed and 300+ injured	546 Arrested, Nearly 1000 Detained, Caused by Rape conviction of Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh, Charged Honeypreet Insan, Rioting and arson
2020 Delhi riots	23 February 2020 – 1 March 2020	North East Delhi	53 killed and 200+ injured, both Hindus and Muslims	2,200 arrested (including detained). Caused by clashes between pro-CAA mobs and anti-CAA mobs.
2021 Nagaland killings	4 December 2021	Oting, Mon district, Nagaland	13 killed	Ethnic clashes	[100]
2023 Manipur violence	3 May 2023	Manipur	181+ killed and 310+ injured	Caused by ethnic tensions between Meitei and Kuki-Zomi	[101]
2023 Haryana riots	31 July 2023	Nuh district, Haryana	6 killed - 5 Hindus (two police officers, three pilgrims), 1 Muslim and 200+ injured	116 arrested. Organized Muslim mob attacked Hindu religious procession.	[102]

See also

• Religious violence in India
  • Violence against Muslims in India
  • Madhe Sahaba Agitation
  • Violence against Christians in India
  • Persecution of Hindus
• Caste-related violence in India
• List of wars involving India
  • List of battles of Rajasthan
• List of riots in India
  • 1925 Indian riots
  • List of riots in Mumbai
• Terrorism in India
  • List of terrorist incidents in India

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