List of religious slurs

The following is a list of religious slurs or religious insults in the English language that are, or have been, used as insinuations or allegations about adherents or non-believers of a given religion or irreligion, or to refer to them in a derogatory (critical or disrespectful), pejorative (disapproving or contemptuous), or insulting manner.

Christians

Non-denominational

Term	Location of origin	Targeted demographic	Meaning origin and notes	References
Bible beater, Bible basher	North America	Evangelicals of Baptist, Methodist and Pentecostal denominations	A dysphemism for evangelical Christians who believe in the inerrancy of the Bible, particularly those from Baptist, Methodist and Pentecostal denominations. [1] It is also a slang term for an evangelising Christian. Commonly used universally against Christians who are perceived to go out of their way to energetically preach their faith to others.	[1] [2] [3]
Bible thumper	United States	Christian people	Someone perceived as aggressively imposing their Christian beliefs upon others. The term derives from preachers thumping their hands down on the Bible, or thumping the Bible itself, to emphasize a point during a sermon. The term's target domain is broad and can often extend to anyone engaged in a public show of religion, fundamentalist or not. The term is frequently used in English-speaking countries.	[4]
Cafeteria Christian	United States	Selection of Christian doctrines	Used by some Christians, and others, to accuse other Christian individuals or denominations of selecting which Christian doctrines they will follow, and which they will not.	[5]
Chuhra	Punjab	Christians	Derived from the Chuhra caste, a Dalit community whose traditional occupation was sweeping and cleaning. Most Christians in Punjab, along with many in Uttar Pradesh, are from the Chuhra and Chamar communities. The term has been used in an abusive manner to refer to Dalits in the Indian subcontinent and in Pakistan specifically, it has been applied to Christians and Hindus of Dalit ancestry. In India, the terms "Chuhra" and "Chamar" are used abusively as well towards those of Dalit ancestry, though without reference to any specific religious community.	[6] [7] [8] [9]
Fundie	United States	Christian fundamentalists	Shortening of fundamentalist . Usually used to mean a Christian fundamentalist.	[10]
God botherer	Australia	Christian people	Similar to Bible basher, a person who is very vocal about their religion and prayer.	[11]
Isai	Pakistan	Christian people	From Isa Masih, a name of Jesus Christ in the Hindi-language Bible. [12] The term literally means '[person/people] of Jesus' in India and Pakistan, but in the latter country, Isai has been pejoratively used by non-Christians to refer to 'street sweepers' or 'labourers', occupations that have been held by Christian workers of Dalit ancestry. [13] In neighboring India, the term Isai simply refers to Christians and has no negative connotations; in northern India, Christians use the term Isai to refer to themselves. [14]
Rice Christian, Rice bag	United Kingdom, India	Materially benefiting Christians In India: Christians (especially lower caste converts)	Someone who has formally declared themself a Christian for material benefits rather than for religious reasons. In India, the term has been extended to refer to any Christian convert.	[15] [16]

Protestants

Term	Location of origin	Targeted demographic	Meaning origin and notes	References
Campbellite	United States	Followers of Church of Christ	Followers of the Church of Christ, from American Restoration Movement leaders Thomas Campbell and Alexander Campbell, the latter being one of two key people considered the founders of the movement.	[17]
Holy Roller	United States	Methodists of the Holiness Movement, Holiness Pentecostals	Named after church services involving spontaneous acts of worship, such as sobbing, wailing, groaning, and kneeling.	[18] [19] [20]
Hun	United Kingdom, Ireland	Christian Protestants, especially Glasgow Rangers supporters	Used by Irish republicans against Protestant unionists, especially by Glasgow Celtic supporters against those of Glasgow Rangers	[21] [22]
Jaffa	United Kingdom	Christian Protestants	Named after a common orange-flavoured cake/biscuit in Ireland and UK.	[22]
Prod, Proddy	United Kingdom, Ireland	Christian Protestants	Particularly used by bullies to disparage a child who attends a Protestant school. Proddywhoddy and proddywoddy are used in children's school rhymes in Cork.	[23] [22]
Orangie	Ireland	Ulster Protestants	Referring to the Orange Order	[22]
Russellite	United States	Jehovah's Witnesses	Jehovah's Witnesses, from American religious leader Charles Taze Russell.	[24] [25]
Shaker	United States	Christian people	Member of the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing. Originated as "Shaking Quakers", in reference to their similarity to Quakers as well as their charismatic worship practices, which involved dancing, shouting, and speaking in tongues. The term was originally derogatory, but very early on was embraced and used by the Shakers themselves.	[26] [27] [28]
Shouting Methodists	United States, United Kingdom	Methodists	Member of a Methodist denomination, in reference to their free expression and enthusiasm during worship, particularly during revival services and camp meetings.	[29] [30]
Soup-taker	Ireland	Christian who has sold out their beliefs	Person who has sold out their beliefs, referring to the Great Famine of Ireland when some Catholics converted to a Protestant faith in order to gain access to a free meal.	[31]

Catholics

Term	Location of origin	Targeted demographic	Meaning origin and notes	References
Left-footer	United Kingdom	Roman Catholics	An informal phrase for a Roman Catholic, particularly in the armed forces. Derived from a belief that Irish laborers kick their shovels into the ground with their left foot.	[32] [33]
Fenian	United Kingdom	Irish Catholics	A term originally referencing the Fenian Brotherhood and the Irish Republican Brotherhood, organizations which supported a united Ireland. Today the term is used as a sectarian slur by Protestants, especially in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Australia.	[34]
Mackerel snapper	North America	Roman Catholics	The term originated in the U.S. in the 1850s and refers to the custom of Friday abstinence. The Friday abstinence from meat (red meat and poultry) distinguishes Catholics from other Christians, especially in North America.	[35] [36]
Mick	United Kingdom	Irish Catholics	Usually an Irish Catholic (a reference to the common "Mc" patronymic of Irish surnames, or a hypocorism of "Michael").	[37]
Papist	Northern Ireland, North America, U.K. in general	Roman Catholic	Usually Irish Catholic; online often used generically for any Catholic. [38]	[38]
Red letter tribe	North America	Roman Catholics	A name given to Catholics for their keeping so many holy days; marked in their almanacs with red-coloured letters.	[39]
Bead-rattler	Anglophone countries; predominantly the United States, U.K., Canada, and Australia	Roman Catholics	Roman Catholic person, in reference to the Catholic ritual of praying with rosary beads.	[40] [41] [42]
Redneck	Ireland	Roman Catholics	Roman Catholic person, now considered archaic due to its association with the better-known American term.	[43]
Romanist	Predominantly North America and the U.K.	Roman Catholics	Term used when anti-Catholicism was more common in the United States, as well as in Northern Ireland by Ulster Protestants	[44] [45]
Shaveling	Unknown	Roman Catholics	Usually disparaging: a tonsured clergyman, priest.	[46]
Taig	Northern Ireland	Irish Catholics	From tadhg, perhaps Irish for "Timothy".	[47]

Oriental Orthodox

Term	Location of origin	Targeted demographic	Meaning origin and notes	References
Jacobite		Syriac Orthodox	The term is named after Jacob Baradeus who liberated the Oriental Orthodox from persecution in the mid-6th century. This title is rejected by the Syriac Orthodox as it assumes that the Church had been started by Jacob.	[48]

Latter Day Saint movement

Term	Location of origin	Targeted demographic	Meaning origin and notes	References
Molly Mormon	United States	Latter Day Saint	Term for the stereotype of a "perfect" female member of LDS Church.	[49]
Peter Priesthood	United States	Latter Day Saint	Term for the stereotype of a "perfect" male member of LDS Church.	[50]
Jack Mormon	United States	Latter Day Saint	A non-faithful LDS person or a non-Mormon altogether. Jack Mormon is usually used by non-Mormons to describe Mormons that do not follow the Word of Wisdom (dietary and health practices that exclude the use of tobacco or alcohol) and by Mormons to describe members that do not sufficiently follow practices. It is also used by Mormons to describe those who were Mormon but remain friendly to the church. It may be applied to ex-Mormons who have repudiated the church and its teachings but that is a rare usage.	[51]

Jews

For the word "Jew" as a perceived or actual slur, see Jew (word) § Perception of offensiveness.

Term	Location of origin	Targeted demographic	Meaning, origin and notes	References
Abbie, Abie	North America	Jewish male	A Jewish male. From the proper name Abraham. Originated before the 1950s. [52]	[52]
Christ-killer		Jews	In reference to Jewish deicide.	[53]
Feuj (verlan for juif)	France	Jews	A corruption of the French word for Jewish, juif. Originating from the French argot Verlan.	[54]
Heeb, Hebe	United States	Jews	Derived from the word Hebrew.	[55] [56]
Hymie	United States	Jews	Derived from the Hebrew Chaim ('life'). Also used in the term Hymietown, a nickname for Brooklyn, New York, and as a first name.	[57]
Ikey, Ike	United States	Jews	Derived from Isaac, an important figure in Judaism and common Hebrew given name.	[58]
Itzig	Nazi Germany	Jews	From Yiddish איציק‎ (itsik), a variant or pet form of the name Isaak (alternatively Isaac).	[59]
Jewboy	United States	Young Jewish boys	For a young Jewish male, originally young Jewish boys who sold counterfeit coins in 18th century London.	[60] [61]
Jidan	Romania	Jews	From jid, Romanian equivalent of yid.	[62]
Kike	United States	Jews	Possibly from the Yiddish word for 'circle', kikel, It was suggested by Leo Rosten that the term originates from Jews who entered the United States at Ellis Island signed their names with a circle instead of a cross because they associated the cross with Christianity.	[63] [64]
Mocky	United States	Jews	First used in the 1930s, possibly from the Yiddish word makeh meaning 'plague'.	[65] [66]
Red Sea pedestrian	Australia	Jews	A Jew, from the story of Moses leading the Jewish people out of Egypt in the Book of Exodus.	[67]
Rootless cosmopolitan (Russian : безродный космополит)	Soviet Union	Jews	Soviet epithet as an accusation of lack of full allegiance to the Soviet Union.	[68]
Sheeny	Europe	Jews	From Yiddish sheyn or German schön meaning 'beautiful'.	[69]
Shylock	England	Jews	Jewish people as shrewd and money-loving; derived from the character in Shakespeare's play "Merchant of Venice".	[70]
Yid	Europe	Jews	Yiddish word for 'Jew'.	[71]
Zhyd Zhydovka	Russia Ukraine	Jews	From Russian and other Slavic languages, originally neutral, but became pejorative during debate over the Jewish question in the 1800s. Its use was banned by the Soviet authorities in the 1930s.	[72]

Muslims

Term	Location of origin	Targeted demographic	Meaning origin and notes	References
Abdul, Abdool	India	Muslims	Derives from the common Muslim name Abdul.	[73]
Chuslim	India	Muslims	Portmanteau of the words Chutiya+Muslim, chutiya being a common swear word in Hindi/Urdu.	[74]
Grave worshipper	Muslim world	Sufis	A derogatory term used by Salafis to condemn Sufis for their reverence toward the shrines of Sufi saints.	[75]
Jihadi	India	Muslims, especially fundamentalist Jihadists	Derives from jihad .	[76]
Kadrun	Indonesia	Islamic fundamentalism and reactionaries	Portmanteau of kadal gurun meaning 'desert lizard'. Originated as a social media political insult, the term is used for closed-minded Muslims influenced by Islamic extremism and fundamentalism from the Middle East.	[77] [78]
Kala, Kaliya	Myanmar	Rohingyas, Muslims	Term meaning 'black' in various Indo-Aryan languages, referring to the dark skin colour of South Asian Muslims. The term originally was targeted at all Muslims of South Asia, but more recently is used as a slur directly against Rohingyas due to their perceived Bangladeshi origin.	[79]
Kanglu	Bangladesh	Bengali Muslims	used to denote Bengali refugees, now used derogatorily against Bangladeshis.	[80]
Katwa, Katwe, Katuve, Katua, K2a, K2o, k2wa, kto	India	Muslim men	Derives from the Hindi/Urdu for 'cut' referring to circumcision, a common practice among Muslim men.	[76] [81]
Khatmal	Pakistan	Sh īʿi Muslims	Derives from the Urdu word for 'bedbug,' this term is used to dehumanize Shīʿites by portraying them as bloodsucking parasites.	[82]
Miya	Assam, India	Bengali Muslims	Derives from the honorific Mian.	[83]
Mulla, Mullah, Katmulle, Sulla, Bulla	India	Muslims	Derives from mullah , a common title for Islamic religious scholars.	[73] [74]
Muklo	Philippines	Filipino Muslims (especially among Bangsamoro ethnic groups)	First used by soldiers of the Armed Forces of the Philippines stationed in Mindanao as an ethnic slur towards the Muslim Moro insurgents.	[84]
Muzzie	Australia	Muslims	A shortened version of the word Muslim.	[85]
Namazi, Andhnamazi	India	Muslims	Derives from namaz, the Persian word for obligatory daily prayers usually used instead of salah in the Indian subcontinent.	[76]
Peaceful, peacefools, pissful, shantidoot	India	Muslims	Derives from the common statement that Islam is a "religion of peace". Sometimes the Hindi word "shantidoot" (Messenger of Peace) is used.	[73]
Osama	North America	Islamic men	From Osama bin Laden.	[86]
Qadiani	Pakistan	Ahmadiyya	The term originates from Qadian, a small town in present-day Indian Punjab, the birthplace of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, the founder of the Ahmadiyya movement. The use of Qadiani is primarily in Pakistan. The term has even been used in official Pakistani documents. It is also known as the Q-word.	[87] [88] [89]
Rafida, Rawafid	Arab peninsula	Sh īʿi Muslims(regardless of race)	Term originally denoting extremist Shīʿites who reject (rafḍ) the caliphates of Abu Bakr and ʿUmar; often employed by critics as a slur against those Shīʿi Muslims who do not criticize the first three Caliphs, but only believe in "Alī’s right to the caliphate over Muʿāwiyah".	[90]
Raghead	North America	Islamic turban wearers	From Islamic wearing of turbans.	[86] [91]
Safavid	Iraq	Feyli Kurds	Mainly used by higher class Sunni Arabs during Ba'athist Iraq to insult Feyli Kurds for their belief in Shia Islam	[92]
Terrorist	United States	Muslims	Used by radical anti-Islamists, due to anti-Muslim sentiments following September 11 attacks and subsequently ISIS attacks.	[93]
Hajji, Hadji, Haji	United States	Muslims	Derived from the honorific Al-Hajji, the title given to a Muslim who has completed the Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca).	[94] [95]
Wahhabi	Muslim world	Salafis	Derived from the name of its founder Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, it is used by opponents of his teachings in a derogatory way to refer to his followers, namely the Salafis.	[96]

Hindus

Term	Location of origin	Targeted demographic	Meaning origin and notes	References
Pajeet	Europe, North America	Hindus, Sikhs and other South Asians	A derogatory racist slur used in some parts of America and western countries to target Hindus, Sikhs and other South Asians	[97] [98]
Bhakt, Andhbhakt, bhakchonhar	India, Pakistan and Bangladesh	Hindus	A derogatory hindu slur used against Hindus and followers of Hinduism. While, "Bhakt" meaning a devotee of God in Hinduism.	[99] [100]
Bongal	Assam, India	Bengali Hindus	The term is a derogatory slur used primarily in Assam, India, to refer to Bengali Hindus, labeling them as foreigners or outsiders.	[101] [102]
Cow piss drinker, piss drinker, Gaumutra	Europe and United States	Hindus	Referring to the practice of drinking gomutra, or cow urine, as a folk medicine advocated by some Hindu groups. However, the practice is misleading for several reasons.	[103]
Malaun	Bangladesh	Bengali Hindus	Derived from Bengali মালাউন (maalaaun), which in turn was derived from Arabic ملعون‎ (mal'un), which means 'cursed' or deprived from God's mercy.	[104] [105] [106]
Dothead	Europe	Hindu women	Referring to the practice of applying bindis, a dot-like marking used by married women. Also the namesake of a terrorist group from New Jersey that murdered Indians known as the Dotbusters.	[107]

Buddhists

Term	Location of origin	Targeted demographic	Meaning origin and notes	References
Buddhahead	United States	Buddhist, specially Asian people	Also used by mainland Japanese Americans to refer to Hawaiian Japanese Americans since World War II.	[108] [109]

Sikhs

Term	Location of origin	Targeted demographic	Meaning origin and notes	References
Pajeet	Europe, North America	Hindus, Sikhs and other South Asians	A derogatory racist slur used in some parts of America and western countries to target Hindus, Sikhs and other South Asians	[97] [98]
Khalistani	India	Sikhs	The term is used to stigmatize Sikhs more generally, associating them with terrorism or separatism	[110]
Lassi	India, Pakistan	Sikhs	In reference to the famous Punjabi beverage Lassi which is a term used to denigrate Sikhs and Punjabis in general. This slur is mostly used by people from the Bihar region	[111] [91] [112]
Santa-Banta	India, Pakistan	Gursikhs	In reference to the popular Santa-Banta joke category which portrayed Sikhs intellectually inferior.	[113] [114]
Raghead, Towelhead	United States, Canada	Sikh turban wearers	In reference to the Sikh practice of wearing dastar (turban)	[115]

Scientologists

Term	Location of origin	Targeted demographic	Meaning origin and notes	References
Clam	United States	Scientologists	Referring to a passage about clam engrams in L. Ron Hubbard's 1952 book, What To Audit, later renamed Scientology: A History of Man .	[116]

African religions

Term	Location of origin	Targeted demographic	Meaning origin and notes	References
Voodoo	United States	Vodouists, African diaspora people, particularly Haitian Americans	Used against people practicing any indigenous African religions to imply they are fraudulent and dangerous, with racialized connotations of curses and primitive superstitions. Used to justify Afrophobic legislation.	[117]
Obeah	Jamaica	Practitioners of Obeah, Black Jamaicans	Used against practicioners of Obeah as well as people who receive services from Obeah priests. Connotation of being fraudulent, deceptive, vengeful, and uncivilized. Originally used by colonial authorities to suppress slave rebellions that were organized by Obeah spiritual leaders. Laws still exist in Jamaica criminalizing Obeah.	[118]

General non-believers

Giaour

Word for a person who is not Muslim, but especially for a Christian. Adapted from the Turkish gâvur. In the Ottoman Empire, it was usually applied to Orthodox Christians. ^{[119] [120]}

Heathen

A person who does not belong to a widely held religion (especially one who is not a Christian, Jewish, or Muslim) as regarded by those who do. ^[121]

Infidel

A term used generally for non-believers. ^[122]

Kafir

A person who is a non believer. ^[123] Used by some Muslims. ^[124] Not to be confused with the South-African slur Kaffir.

Murtad

A word meaning people who left Islam, mainly critics of Islam. ^[125]

Mushrik

A person who doesn't believe in Tawhid (Islamic monotheism) and practices polytheism, worships idols, saints, ancestors or graves.

Pagan

A person who believe in a non-Abrahamic religion. Synonymous with heathen. ^[126]

Savage

A member of a people the speaker regards as primitive and uncivilized. The term has also been applied to non-adherents of Christianity. ^{[127] [128]}

Shiksa (female), shegetz (male)

(Yiddish) A non-Jewish girl (generally still single) or boy, or one who is of Jewish descent but does not practise Orthodox Judaism. ^{[129] [130]} Primarily used to refer to non-Jews. See also "goy".

Religious practitioners in general

Cult, cultist

Used as an ad hominem attack against groups with differing doctrines or practices. ^{[131] [132] [133]}

See also

• Hate speech
• Lists of pejorative terms for people
• List of ethnic slurs

Notes

1. Garner's Modern American Usage (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, US. 2009. p. 286. ISBN   978-0199888771. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
2. Eble, Connie (1996). Slang & sociability in-group language among college students. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 157. ISBN   978-1469610573. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
3. Dalzell, Tom (2007). The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. London: Routledge. p. 51. ISBN   9780203962114.
4. Gilbert, Robert E. (1 October 2008). "Ronald Reagan's Presidency: The Impact of an Alcoholic Parent". Political Psychology. 29 (5): 737–765. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00662.x.
5. Odermann, Valerian (February 2002). "Pass it on: Encouraging the heart". The American Monastic Newsletter. 32 (1). Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2018. Yet a danger does still remain. It is the danger of "cafeteria Christianity," which lets people mix and match traditions any way they want, without discipline and without accountability. Unless we transcend cafeteria Christianity, our practices will be more sarabaite or gyrovague than Benedictine.
   - "Archbishop calls on Costa Ricans to abandon "cafeteria Christianity" and defend life". San Jose: Catholic News Agency. 29 March 2005. Archbishop Hugo Barrantes Urena of San Jose, Costa Rica, told Costa Ricans in his Easter message to embrace the faith without conditions or short-cuts and to defend the life of the unborn against efforts to legalize abortion. The archbishop warned that "based on a relativistic understanding of the Christian faith and a conditional adherence to the Church, some Catholics seek to construct a Christianity and, consequently, a Church to their own liking, unilateral and outside the identity and mission that Jesus Christ has fundamentally given us."
6. Leslie, Julia (22 November 2017). Authority and Meaning in Indian Religions: Hinduism and the Case of Valmiki. Routledge. p. 69. ISBN   978-1-351-77299-0. As a result, whatever their chosen religion, Panjabi dalits are invariably defined by caste: either they are grouped together as 'untouchable' (or by a similarly demeaning label, such as 'Chuhra-Chamar') or they are marginalized as a sub-category of the religious tradition in question, such as 'Achut' ('untouchable') Hindu or 'Mazhabi' Sikh.
7. Kaur, Naunidhi (21 May 2004). "Social boycotts, segregation". Frontline . Retrieved 1 October 2020. The term chuhra-chamar (scavenger and tanner) is freely employed by landlords belonging to the Jat community to refer to Dalits.
8. Khalid, Haroon (2 October 2016). "The language curse: How proud community names have been reduced to insults in Pakistan". scroll.in. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
9. Chaudhry, Kamran. "Pakistani politician draws censure for Christian slur". UCA News. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
10. Shuy, Roger W. (2009). The Language of Defamation Cases. Oxford University Press. p. 81. ISBN   9780199742318.
11. "God-botherer definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary".
12. "ईसा मसीह (Isa Masih) meaning in English". HinKhoj. Retrieved 20 November 2024.
13. Pakistan NGO tackles demeaning low-caste word for 'Christians', World Watch Monitor
14. John, Vinod (19 November 2020). Believing Without Belonging?: Religious Beliefs and Social Belonging of Hindu Devotees of Christ. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 111. ISBN   978-1-5326-9722-7. "Isai" is the most common form of address for Christians throughout northern India.
15. "Rice Christians". Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2007.
16. The Term “rice bag” is a Derogatory way to Curb Dissent, SheThePeople TV
17. The Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary describes the term as "sometimes offensive". Merriam-Webster, I. (2003). Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary. (Eleventh ed.). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, Inc. Entry on "Cambellite."
18. Synan, Vinson (25 August 1997). The Holiness-Pentecostal Tradition: Charismatic Movements in the Twentieth Century. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 9. ISBN   978-0-8028-4103-2. At times the emotions of the sanctified Methodists would exceed the limits of control. "Some would be seized with a trembling, and in a few moments drop on the floor as if they were dead; while others were embracing each other with streaming eyes, and all were lose in wonder, love and praise," wrote one observer. Another noted that some wept for grief while others shouted for joy "so that it was hard to distinguish one from the other." At times the congregations would "raise a great shout" that could be heard for miles around.
19. Snyder, C. Albert (1 May 2006). Spiritual Journey. Xulon Press. p. 69. ISBN   9781600340161. Holiness means different things to different people. Our church, the Free Methodist, is a "holiness" church. One doctor said to me: "Free Methodists? I know about them; they are holy rollers. They used to have camp meetings near where I grew up."
20. "Definition of HOLY ROLLER". Merriam Webster. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
21. Flint, John; Kelly, John (2013). Bigotry, Football and Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd. p. 204. ISBN   978-0-7486-7037-6.
22. Hughes, Brendan (18 April 2017). "'Sponger' is slang for Catholic, says PSNI language guide". The Irish News. Archived from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
23. Share, Bernard (2005), p. 253.
24. "Russellite - Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias". enacademic.com. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015. Russellite /rus"euh luyt'/, n. Offensive. a member of the Jehovah's Witnesses. [1875-80, Amer.; after C. T. Russell; see -ITE1]
25. "russellite - Useful English Dictionary". enacademic.com. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015. russellite ˈrəsəˌlīt noun (-s) Usage: usually capitalized Etymology: Charles Taze Russell died 1916 American religious leader + English -ite : one of the Jehovah's Witnesses — often taken to be offensive
26. "Shaker Farms Country Club - Westfield, MA". www.shakerfarmscc.com. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
27. Paterwic, Stephen J. (11 August 2008). Historical Dictionary of the Shakers. Scarecrow Press. ISBN   9780810862555. Archived from the original on 1 May 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
28. ""Let us labor": The Evolution of Shaker Dance". Shaker Heritage Society. 4 April 2012. Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
29. Smith, Lillian C.; Beasley, Erin; Coleman, Justin; Caldwell-Gross, Jevon; Lightsey, Pamela R.; Johnson, F. Willis; Ross, Vance P.; Graves, Rodney Lorenzo; Butler, Tori C.; Rasmus, Rev Rudy (3 November 2020). I'm Black. I'm Christian. I'm Methodist. Abingdon Press. ISBN   978-1-7910-1710-1. In the 1800s, Methodists were derided with the label "Shouting Methodists".
30. Hudson, Winthrop S. "Shouting Methodists". Alaskan Dreams. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
31. Hughes, "Ireland" p. 78
32. "Left-footer definition and meaning - Collins English Dictionary". www.collinsdictionary.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
33. Partridge, Eric (2 May 2006). A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. Routledge. p. 674. ISBN   9781134963652.
34. "Socialist Worker page". 11 November 2011. Archived from the original on 11 November 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
35. The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English Archived 9 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine p. 1250 (2005 Taylor & Francis)
36. Morrow, Maria C. (2016). "To Eat Meat or Not?: Paenitemini, The NCCB's Pastoral Statement, and the Decline of Penance". Sin in the Sixties: Catholics and Confession, 1955-1975. Washington DC: Catholic University of America Press. p. 182. ISBN   978-0-8132-2898-3 . Retrieved 4 August 2017. So finally abstinence from meat on Friday became just a kind of badge of the fact we were Catholics
37. Dalzell, Tom; Victor, Terry (2014). The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. Routledge. p. 514. ISBN   9781317625124. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
38. Simpson, Oxford Dictionary of Modern Slang "papist"; Share, Bernard (2005), p. 237.
39. Kersey, John (1772). A New English Dictionary.
40. Greenslade, Roy (22 April 2008). "Scots paper runs full-page apology for an insult to 'bead-rattling' Catholics". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
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References

• Richard A. Spears, Slang and Euphemism, (2001)
• John A. Simpson, Oxford Dictionary Of Modern Slang ISBN   0-19-861052-1
• John A. Simpson, Oxford English Dictionary Additions Series ISBN   0-19-861299-0
• Share, Bernard (2005). Slanguage: A Dictionary of Slang and Colloquial English in Ireland. Gill & Macmillan. ISBN   9780717139590.