List of sovereign states by research and development spending

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World map by research and development spending, according to Our World in Data Research & development spending as a share of GDP.png
World map by research and development spending, according to Our World in Data
World map of sovereign states by research and development spending per capita, according to OECD .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} $2000-$2249 $1750-$1999 $1500-$1749 $1250-$1499 $1000-$1249 $750-$999 $500-$749 $250-$499 $0-$249 No data States by research and development spending per capita.svg
World map of sovereign states by research and development spending per capita, according to OECD
  $2000-$2249
  $1750-$1999
  $1500-$1749
  $1250-$1499
  $1000-$1249
  $750-$999
  $500-$749
  $250-$499
  $0-$249
  No data

This is a list of countries by research and development (R&D) spending in real terms, based on data published by World Bank, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Contents

According to World Bank, ″Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D) include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.″ [3]

According to United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, ″Research and development (R&D) expenditure as a proportion of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined as the total intramural expenditure on research and experimental development (R&D) performed in the national territory during a specific reference period expressed as a percentage of national gross domestic product (GDP).″ [4]

According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ″Gross domestic spending on R&D is defined as the total expenditure (current and capital) on R&D carried out by all resident companies, research institutes, university and government laboratories, etc., in a country. It includes R&D funded from abroad, but excludes domestic funds for R&D performed outside the domestic economy.″ [2]

As of 2022, Israel leads the world in R&D spending as a percentage of GDP, followed by South Korea, the United States, Japan, Belgium and Sweden.

List

The following table provides information on R&D spending, based on data published by World Bank, [5] United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, [6] and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. [2] The indicator is measured in USD constant prices using 2015 base year and purchasing power parities (PPPs) by OECD and as percentage of GDP.

Research and development expenditure
Country WB [7] UNECE [8] OECD [9] [10]
Research and development expenditureResearch and development expenditureGross domestic spending on R&D
 % of GDPYear % of GDPYear % of GDPmil USD  PPC Year
Flag of Albania.svg  Albania 0.15%2008
Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria 0.53%2017
Flag of American Samoa.svg  American Samoa 0.40%2006
Flag of Angola.svg  Angola 0.03%2016
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 0.52%2021
Flag of Armenia.svg  Armenia 0.21%20220.21%2022
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia 1.83%2019
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 3.26%20213.26%20213.20%15,247.242022
Flag of Azerbaijan.svg  Azerbaijan 0.15%20220.15%2022
Flag of Bahrain.svg  Bahrain 0.10%2014
Flag of Belarus.svg  Belarus 0.48%20220.48%2022
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 3.43%20213.43%20213.41%19,815.992022
Flag of Bermuda.svg  Bermuda 0.23%2020
Flag of Bolivia.svg  Bolivia 0.16%2009
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg  Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.19%20220.19%2022
Flag of Botswana.svg  Botswana 0.56%2013
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 1.15%2020
Flag of Brunei.svg  Brunei 0.28%2018
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria 0.77%20210.77%2021
Flag of Burkina Faso.svg  Burkina Faso 0.25%2021
Flag of Burundi.svg  Burundi 0.21%2018
Flag of Cape Verde.svg  Cabo Verde 0.07%2011
Flag of Cambodia.svg  Cambodia 0.12%2015
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 1.55%20221.55%20221.71%32,444.092022
Flag of Chad.svg  Chad 0.30%2016
Flag of Chile.svg  Chile 0.33%2020
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 2.43%2021
Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia 0.29%2020
Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Costa Rica 0.28%2021
Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia 1.24%20211.24%2021
Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba 0.32%2021
Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus 0.83%20210.83%2021
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic 2.00%20212.00%20211.96%8,065.572022
Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg  Côte d'Ivoire 0.07%2016
Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg  Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.41%2015
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 2.81%20212.81%20212.89%9,482.752022
Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador 0.44%2014
Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt 1.02%2022
Flag of El Salvador.svg  El Salvador 0.16%2021
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia 1.75%20211.75%20211.78%851.982022
Flag of Eswatini.svg  Eswatini 0.27%2015
Flag of Ethiopia.svg  Ethiopia 0.27%2017
Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg  Faroe Islands 0.85%2003
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 2.99%20212.99%20212.96%7,630.492022
Flag of France.svg  France 2.22%20212.22%20212.18%63,972.562022
Flag of Gabon.svg  Gabon 0.58%2009
Flag of The Gambia.svg  Gambia 0.07%2018
Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia 0.24%20220.24%2022
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 3.14%20213.14%20213.13%131,833.552022
Flag of Ghana.svg  Ghana 0.38%2010
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece 1.46%20211.46%20211.49%4,673.542022
Flag of Greenland.svg  Greenland 0.65%2004
Flag of Guam.svg  Guam 0.26%2005
Flag of Guatemala.svg  Guatemala 0.06%2021
Flag of Honduras.svg  Honduras 0.06%2019
Flag of Hong Kong.svg  Hong Kong 1.07%2022
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 1.64%20211.64%20211.39%4,632.642022
Flag of Iceland.svg  Iceland 2.81%20212.81%20212.60%533.652022
Flag of India.svg  India 0.65%2020
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia 0.28%2020
Flag of Iran.svg  Iran 0.79%2019
Flag of Iraq.svg  Iraq 0.04%2021
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland 1.13%20211.13%20210.96%5,346.652022
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel 5.56%20215.56%20216.02%24,338.762022
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 1.45%20211.45%20211.32%31,678.332022
Flag of Jamaica.svg  Jamaica 0.06%2002
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 3.30%20213.41%180,459.432022
Flag of Jordan.svg  Jordan 0.70%2016
Flag of Kazakhstan.svg  Kazakhstan 0.12%20220.12%2022
Flag of Kenya.svg  Kenya 0.41%2022
Flag of Kuwait.svg  Kuwait 0.08%2022
Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg  Kyrgyzstan 0.08%20220.08%2022
Flag of Laos.svg  Laos 0.04%2002
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia 0.74%20210.74%20210.76%441.572022
Flag of Lesotho.svg  Lesotho 0.05%2015
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania 1.11%20211.11%20211.02%1,086.652022
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 1.04%20211.04%20210.98%715.642022
Flag of Macau.svg  Macau 0.49%2022
Flag of Madagascar.svg  Madagascar 0.01%2017
Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia 0.95%2020
Flag of Mali.svg  Mali 0.17%2021
Flag of Malta.svg  Malta 0.67%20210.67%2021
Flag of Mauritania.svg  Mauritania 0.01%2018
Flag of Mauritius.svg  Mauritius 0.31%2022
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 0.27%2022
Flag of Moldova.svg  Moldova 0.23%20220.23%2022
Flag of Monaco.svg  Monaco 0.04%2005
Flag of Mongolia.svg  Mongolia 0.00%2022
Flag of Montenegro.svg  Montenegro 0.36%20190.36%2019
Flag of Morocco.svg  Morocco 0.66%2010
Flag of Mozambique.svg  Mozambique 0.31%2015
Flag of Myanmar.svg  Myanmar 0.04%2022
Flag of Namibia.svg  Namibia 0.35%2014
Flag of Nepal.svg  Nepal 0.30%2010
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 2.31%20212.31%20212.30%22,861.222022
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand 1.45%2021
Flag of Nicaragua.svg  Nicaragua 0.11%2015
Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria 0.28%2019
Flag of North Macedonia.svg  North Macedonia 0.38%20220.38%2022
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 1.94%20211.94%20211.56%7,209.062022
Flag of Oman.svg  Oman 0.28%2022
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan 0.16%2021
Flag of Palestine.svg  Palestine 0.45%2013
Flag of Panama.svg  Panama 0.18%2022
Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg  Papua New Guinea 0.03%2016
Flag of Paraguay.svg  Paraguay 0.14%2021
Flag of Peru.svg  Peru 0.16%2022
Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines 0.32%2018
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 1.44%20211.44%20211.45%19,638.972022
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal 1.73%20221.73%20221.70%6,039.442022
Flag of Puerto Rico.svg  Puerto Rico 0.43%2015
Flag of Qatar.svg  Qatar 0.68%2021
Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg  Republic of the Congo 0.41%2022
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania 0.47%20210.47%2021
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 0.94%20220.94%2022
Flag of Rwanda.svg  Rwanda 0.76%2019
Flag of Saint Lucia.svg  Saint Lucia 0.27%1999
Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.11%2002
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia 0.46%2022
Flag of Senegal.svg  Senegal 0.58%2015
Flag of Serbia.svg  Serbia 0.97%20220.97%2022
Flag of Seychelles.svg  Seychelles 0.22%2016
Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore 2.16%2020
Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia 0.92%20210.92%20210.98%1,843.372022
Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia 2.13%20212.13%20212.11%1,708.272022
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 0.60%2020
Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea 4.93%20215.21%119,643.782022
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 1.43%20211.43%20211.44%25,758.292022
Flag of Sri Lanka.svg  Sri Lanka 0.12%2020
Flag of Sudan.svg  Sudan 0.22%2005
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 3.42%20213.42%20213.41%19,031.002022
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland 3.36%20213.36%2021
Flag of Syria.svg  Syria 0.02%2015
Flag of Tajikistan.svg  Tajikistan 0.09%20200.09%2020
Flag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania 0.51%2013
Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand 1.21%2021
Flag of Togo (3-2).svg  Togo 0.20%2014
Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg  Trinidad and Tobago 0.05%2021
Flag of Tunisia.svg  Tunisia 0.75%2019
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 1.40%20211.40%20211.32%36,986.662022
Flag of Uganda.svg  Uganda 0.14%2014
Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine 0.33%20220.33%2022
Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates 1.50%2021
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 2.91%20212.91%2021
Flag of the United States Virgin Islands.svg  United States Virgin Islands 0.03%2007
Flag of the United States.svg  United States 3.46%20213.46%20213.59%761,582.952022
Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay 0.42%2021
Flag of Uzbekistan.svg  Uzbekistan 0.16%20220.16%2022
Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela 0.69%2016
Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam 0.43%2021
Flag of Zambia.svg  Zambia 0.28%2008
Flag of Europe.svg  European Union 2.11%408,322.10 2022
OECD 2.73%1,707,220.86 2022

References

  1. ↑ Our World in Data. "Research and development spending as a share of GDP". ourworldindata.org. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  2. 1 2 3 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. "Gross domestic spending on R&D". data.oecd.org. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  3. ↑ World Bank. "Metadata Glossary | Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". databank.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  4. ↑ United Nations. "Indicator 9.5.1: Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  5. ↑ World Bank. "Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  6. ↑ United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. "Indicator 9.5.1 Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP, %". w3.unece.org. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  7. ↑ "Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". World Bank. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  8. ↑ "Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP, %". United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  9. ↑ "Gross domestic spending on R&D (% of GDP)". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  10. ↑ "Gross domestic spending on R&D (Million US dollars)". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 2024-10-16.

See also

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