Machinery of government

Last updated

The machinery of government (sometimes abbreviated as MoG) is the interconnected structures and processes of government, such as the functions and accountability of departments in the executive branch of government. The term is used particularly in the context of changes to established systems of public administration where different elements of machinery [1] are created.

Contents

The phrase 'machinery of government' was thought to have been first used by author John Stuart Mill in Considerations on Representative Government (1861). [2] It was notably used to a public audience by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt in a radio broadcast in 1934, [3] commenting on the role of the National Recovery Administration (NRA) in delivering the New Deal. A number of national governments, including those of Australia, Canada, South Africa, and the United Kingdom, have adopted the term in official usage.

Australia

In Australia, the terms 'machinery of government changes' and 'administrative re-arrangements' are interchangeable and are used to refer to the changes to the structure of government and the allocation of government functions between departments and ministers. [4]

Machinery of government changes may occur at any time, however the most significant changes generally occur immediately following an election. [5] There is usually very little consultation or discussion prior to machinery of government changes in Australia, especially those following elections. [6]

The Commonwealth Government and some state and territory governments use Administrative Arrangements Orders (also called AAOs) as legal instruments as a primary method to make machinery of government changes.

Australian Government Administrative Arrangements Orders

At the Commonwealth Government level, Administrative Arrangements Orders (AAOs) are made by the Governor-General on the advice of the Prime Minister formally allocating executive responsibility among ministers. AAOs establish Departments of State under the Constitution, including the principal matters and legislation dealt with by each department and its minister(s). [7] The AAO is generally only updated when functions move between departments, ordering machinery of government changes. [7] Since 1901, there have been over 170 AAOs ordered by the Governor-General. [8] Only one AAO remains active at any one time; when a new AAO is made, all previous AAOs are revoked. [9] Administrative Arrangement Orders are generally published in the Commonwealth Gazette. [10]

Administrative Arrangements Orders are seen by some academics as a central platform of good government management as the orders set the basic structure of cabinet, ministerial responsibilities, portfolios, and departments. [11]

Implementation costs

When an Administrative Arrangements Order orders departments to be split, cut, or combined, the costs involved in public service machinery of government may include:

  • renaming departments, redesigning websites, and changing signs; [12]
  • transferring staff, furniture, equipment, leases, and files between departments; [12]
  • transferring or merging IT services; [12] and
  • cutting staff, particularly in senior ranks. [13] Total costs associated with issuing new Administrative Arrangements Orders are unknown, as the costs involved with machinery of government changes are not collated or reported, [12] [14] but in November 2013, the Secretary of the Department of Immigration and Border Protection told a Senate estimates hearing that the cost of the department's name change was cheap at 'only' an estimated $195,000. [15]

State and territory government machinery of government mechanisms

Australian Capital Territory

According to KPMG, in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), the Chief Minister of the ACT is given full power to allocate executive power to ministers and to establish government 'administrative units'. [16]

New South Wales

According to KPMG, in New South Wales (NSW) government structure is established under section 104 of the Public Sector Employment and Management Act 2002. [16] The Act gives the Governor of New South Wales the power to create, rename or abolish any NSW Government department through the issue of an executive order, acting on the advice of the elected government. [16]

Northern Territory

In the Northern Territory (NT), according to KPMG, the Administrator of the Northern Territory determines government structural arrangements, acting on the advice of the government of the day. [16]

Queensland

In Queensland (Qld), the Premier has sole responsibility for determining ministerial portfolios. [17] On the Premier's advice, the Governor of Queensland sets out the responsibilities of ministers and their portfolios in AAOs. [17] AAOs are re-issued or amended when government structural changes take place. [17]

The biggest machinery of government changes in Queensland's history were in December 1989, under the Labor Government headed by Wayne Goss. [18] Machinery of government changes made in March 2009 were also significant, collapsing 23 stand-alone government departments into 13. [18]

South Australia

According to KPMG, in South Australia the Governor may establish, alter and abolish government departments under powers provided in section 26 of the Public Service Act 2009. [16]

Tasmania

In Tasmania, administrative arrangements are set out in Administrative Arrangements Orders [19] The orders cover which Minister is responsible for the administration of legislation. [20]

Victoria

In Victoria (Vic), government structure is set by an Order in Council made under section 10 of the Public Administration Act 2004. [16] [21] The Act gives the Governor of Victoria the power to create departments and allocate functions. [16] Staff and work units can also be transferred between departments by declaration of the relevant Minister. [21]

Western Australia

According to KPMG, under section 35(1) of the Western Australian Public Sector Management Act 1994, the Governor of Western Australia may establish, amalgamate or abolish government departments on the recommendation of the Public Service Commissioner. [16] Section 35(4) of the same Act provides that the Minister responsible for public service matters may direct the Public Service Commissioner to make recommendations the Governor and the Commissioner must comply with that recommendation. [16] [22]

See also

Related Research Articles

Public holidays in Australia refer to the holidays recognised in law in Australia. Although they are declared on a state and territory basis, they comprise a mixture of nationally celebrated days and holidays exclusive to the individual jurisdictions.

The Australian Department of the Environment was a department of the Government of Australia that existed between September 2013 and July 2016. The department was charged with responsibility for developing and implementing national policy, programs and legislation to protect and conserve Australia's environment and heritage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Department of Immigration and Border Protection</span> Former department of the Australian government

The Department of Immigration and Border Protection (DIBP) was a department of the Government of Australia that was responsible for immigration, citizenship and border control. It has now been subsumed into the Department of Home Affairs, which combines its responsibilities with a number of other portfolios.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">States and territories of Australia</span> First-level administrative subdivisions of Australia

The states and territories are the second level of government of Australia. The states are administrative divisions that are self-governing polities that are partly sovereign, having ceded some sovereign rights to the federal government. They have their own constitutions, legislatures, executive governments, judiciaries and law enforcement agencies that administer and deliver public policies and programs. Territories can be autonomous and administer local policies and programs much like the states in practice, but are still legally subordinate to the federal government.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monarchy of Australia</span> Key institution of the Commonwealth of Australia

The monarchy of Australia is a key component of Australia's form of government, by which a hereditary monarch serves as the country’s sovereign and head of state. The Australian monarchy is a constitutional one, modelled on the Westminster system of parliamentary government, while incorporating features unique to the constitution of Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Department of Finance (Australia)</span> Department of the government of Australia

The Department of Finance is a department of the Government of Australia that is charged with the responsibility of assisting the government across a wide range of policy areas to ensure its outcomes are met, particularly with regard to expenditure, financial management, and the operations of government.

Services Australia, formerly the Department of Human Services and before that the Department of Social Security, is an executive agency of the Australian Government, responsible for delivering a range of welfare payments, health insurance payments, child support payments and other support services to eligible Australian citizens and permanent residents. Services Australia delivers social services through the government programs Centrelink, Medicare, the PBS and the Child Support Agency. Eligible Australian citizens and permanent residents can access many of these services through a myGov account.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Department of Infrastructure, Regional Development and Cities</span> Australian government department

The Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Cities was an Australian Public Service department of the Government of Australia that existed between December 2017 and May 2019, charged with the responsibility for infrastructure and major projects, transport, local government, external territories administration, rural and regional development, population policy, and cities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Minister for Industry and Science</span> Australian cabinet position

The Minister for Industry and Science is an Australian Government cabinet position which is currently held by Ed Husic in the Albanese ministry since 1 June 2022, following the Australian federal election in 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australian Public Service</span> Federal civil service of Australia

The Australian Public Service (APS) is the federal civil service of the Commonwealth of Australia responsible for the public administration, public policy, and public services of the departments and executive and statutory agencies of the Government of Australia. The Australian Public Service was established at the Federation of Australia in 1901 as the Commonwealth Public Service and modelled on the Westminster system and United Kingdom's Civil Service. The establishment and operation of the Australian Public Service is governed by the Public Service Act 1999 of the Parliament of Australia as an "apolitical public service that is efficient and effective in serving the Government, the Parliament and the Australian public". The conduct of Australian public servants is also governed by a Code of Conduct and guided by the APS Values set by the Australian Public Service Commission.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Minister for Government Services</span> Australian cabinet position

The Minister for Government Services is the minister in the Government of Australia responsible for Services Australia. The current minister since 1 June 2022 is the Hon Bill Shorten MP, who also serves as Minister for the National Disability Insurance Scheme.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Minister for Resources</span> Australian cabinet position

The Minister for Resources is an Australian Government cabinet position which is currently held by Madeleine King following the swearing in of the full Albanese ministry on 1 June 2022.

Ombudsmen in Australia are independent agencies who assist when a dispute arises between individuals and industry bodies or government agencies. Government ombudsman services are free to the public, like many other ombudsman and dispute resolution services, and are a means of resolving disputes outside of the court systems. Australia has an ombudsman assigned for each state; as well as an ombudsman for the Commonwealth of Australia. As laws differ between states just one process, or policy, cannot be used across the Commonwealth. All government bodies are within the jurisdiction of the ombudsman.

The Department of Regional Australia, Local Government, Arts and Sport was an Australian government department. It was formed in December 2011, absorbing the former Department of Regional Australia, Regional Development and Local Government along with Arts and Sport functions from the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. The department was abolished in September 2013 with its functions moved to other Australian Government departments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Department of Social Services (Australia)</span> Australian government department, 2013-

The Department of Social Services (DSS) is a department of the Australian Government charged with the responsibility for national policies and programs that help deliver a strong and fair society for all Australians. The department develops and implements social policy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andrew Metcalfe</span> Australian public servant and policymaker

Andrew Edgar Francis Metcalfe, is a former senior Australian public servant and policymaker who was Secretary of the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry until 4 August 2023 when he retired. He is a Fellow of the Institute of Public Administration Australia and Fellow of the Australian Institute of Management. He was a Partner at Ernst and Young, Canberra in its Government and Public Sector team from 2014-19. Metcalfe was appointed by Attorney-General Mark Dreyfus QC MP to the role of lead reviewer of the Family Relationships Services Program on 15 November 2023, with a 30 June 2024 deadline by which to complete the review.

The Department of Home Affairs is the Australian Government interior ministry with responsibilities for national security, protective services, emergency management, border control, immigration, refugees, citizenship, transport security and multicultural affairs. The portfolio also includes federal agencies such as the Australian Border Force and the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation. The Home Affairs portfolio reports to the Minister for Home Affairs, currently held by Tony Burke, and was led by the Secretary of the Department of Home Affairs, Mike Pezzullo, until his sacking in November 2023 for breaching the code of conduct.

The Australian Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment (DAWE) was an Australian Government department which operated from 1 February 2020 until 30 June 2022. It represented Australia's national interests in agriculture, water and the environment.

The Department of the Premier and Cabinet is a department of the Government of Western Australia. The department was formed in 2001 under the Public Sector Management Act 1994.

References

  1. ↑ For example, a Number 10 Press Notice on 5 May 2006 was entitled Machinery of Government changes in announcing the creation of a new department of the British Government, accessed at "Number 10 press notices". www.Number10.gov.uk. 10 Downing Street. Archived from the original on 2 April 2003. Retrieved 12 June 2006. 12 June 2006
  2. ↑ Stuart Mill, J.S. (1861) Considerations on Representative Government, Chapter V; editions include Kessinger, ISBN   0-7661-8898-1; text accessed at University of Texas at Austin 12 June 2006
  3. ↑ Roosevelt, F.D. Fireside Chat broadcast 30 September 1934 accessed at Mid-Hudson Regional Information Center Archived 11 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine 12 June 2006
  4. ↑ "Chapter 1: Machinery of Government Process". Implementing machinery of government changes. Australian Public Service Commission. September 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2013.{{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ "Archive: Implementing Machinery of Government Changes". www.APSC.gov.au. Australian Public Service Commission. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  6. ↑ Nethercote, John (29 June 1999). "Departmental Machinery of Government Since 1987: Research paper No. 24 1998-99" (PDF). www.APH.gov.au. Department of the Parliamentary Library.
  7. 1 2 "Explore the law: an A-Z of key jargon and sources". ComLaw. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  8. ↑ "Administrative Arrangements Orders". www.NAA.gov.au. National Archives of Australia. Archived from the original on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  9. ↑ "Administrative Arrangements Order - 16 May 2013". ComLaw. 17 May 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  10. ↑ "Glossary". www.NAA.gov.au. National Archives of Australia. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  11. ↑ Podger, Andrew (2 July 2013). "A wish-list for better government". The Canberra Times . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Mannheim, Markus (18 September 2013). "High price of churn". The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  13. ↑ Griffiths, Emma (19 September 2013). "Tony Abbott sworn in as Australia's 28th Prime Minister". www.ABC.net.au. ABC News. Archived from the original on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  14. ↑ "How to navigate Machinery of Government changes". www.NAA.gov.au (Press release). National Archives of Australia. 9 August 2013. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  15. ↑ Aston, Heath (20 November 2013). "Department's new name to cost $200,000". The Canberra Times . Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Machinery of Government" (PDF). www.KPMG.com/AU. KPMG. April 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  17. 1 2 3 "Changes to our structure". www.Qld.gov.au. Queensland Government. 27 June 2013. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  18. 1 2 MacDonald, Robert (16 January 2012). "A mog's life with fickle masters". The Courier Mail . News Ltd.
  19. ↑ "Administrative Arrangements for Tasmanian Enactments". www.DPAC.Tas.gov.au. 27 February 2013. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  20. ↑ "Tasmanian Legislation: Administrative Arrangements [Statutory Rule 23/2006 (amend 40/2006)]". www.Parliament.Tas.gov.au. Tasmanian Parliamentary Library. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  21. 1 2 "Machinery of Government". www.DPC.Vic.gov.au. Victorian Department of the Premier and Cabinet. 24 April 2013. Archived from the original on 28 April 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  22. ↑ "Appendix G - Machinery of government changes". www.PublicSector.WA.gov.au. Government of Western Australia Public Sector Commission. 10 December 2013. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.