The original Norwegian name was Nytt sjømålsmissil (literally "New sea target missile", indicating that it was the successor of the Penguin missile). The English marketing name Naval Strike Missile was adopted later. According to Kongsberg the NSM/JSM had been selected by Norway, Poland, Malaysia, Germany, the United States, Japan, Romania, Canada, Australia and Spain as of 2022.[2]
The Joint Strike Missile (JSM) is a multi-role air-launched version of the NSM currently in development.
Development
Polish Navy's NSM Coastal Defense System launcher and TRS-15M Odra 3D radar in the background
The Naval Strike Missile's initial serial production contract was signed in June 2007.[3] It has been chosen by the Royal Norwegian Navy for its Fridtjof Nansen-classfrigates and Skjold-classcorvettes. In December 2008 the NSM was selected by the Polish Navy, which ordered fifty land-based missiles (including two for testing) in deals made in 2008 and 2011, with delivery planned for 2013–2016.[4][5] The final milestone was completed in June 2011 with tests at Point Mugu.[6][7] On 12 April 2011, the Norwegian Ministry of Defense announced phase 2 of development.[8]
On October 10, 2012, the Royal Norwegian Navy fired an NSM for the first time, from the HNoMS Glimt, a Skjold-class patrol boat.[9] On Wednesday, June 5, 2013, the Royal Norwegian Navy made the first test firing of an NSM missile carrying a live warhead against a target vessel. The decommissioned Oslo-classfrigateHNoMS Trondheim was hit and the munition functioned as intended.[10][11]
In June 2013 Poland completed the Coastal Missile Division equipped with 12 NSMs and 23 vehicles on Jelcz chassis (including 6 launchers, 2 TRS-15C radars, 6 fire control vehicles, and 3 command vehicles).[12] Ultimately, the Coastal Missile Division will be equipped with 12 launchers carrying 4 missiles each for a total of 48 missiles. In December 2014 Poland ordered a second batch of launchers and missiles to equip a Naval Strike Missile battalion.[13]
In late July 2014, the U.S. Navy confirmed that the NSM would be tested aboard the littoral combat shipUSSCoronado(LCS-4).[14] The test occurred successfully on 24 September 2014.[15] Kongsberg and Raytheon teamed to pitch the NSM to equip the LCS as its over-the-horizon anti-ship missile in 2015.[16] By May 2017, the extended-range BoeingRGM-84 Harpoon and Lockheed MartinAGM-158C LRASM had been withdrawn from the Navy's Over-the-Horizon Weapon System (OTH-WS) competition, leaving the NSM as the only remaining contender.[17] On 31 May 2018, the Navy officially selected the NSM to serve as the LCS' OTH anti-ship weapon. The $14.8 million initial contract award to Raytheon calls for the delivery of Kongsberg-designed "encanistered missiles loaded into launching mechanisms; and a single fire control suite,” and buys about a dozen missiles; the entire contract value could grow to $847.6 million if all contract options are exercised.[18] The Navy plans to deploy the NSM in late 2019.[19] The NSM will be designated as the RGM-184A in US service.[20]
During RIMPAC 2014 the frigate Fridtjof Nansen made a successful firing of the NSM during a SINKEX, with the missile impacting and detonating as designed.[21]
In the LIMA exhibition 2015, Malaysia announced that the Naval Strike Missile had won the contract to fulfil the Royal Malaysian Navy's Maharaja Lela-class's anti-ship missile requirement.[22]
In February 2017, the Norwegian government announced that the German Navy will acquire "a significant amount" of Naval Strike Missiles under a deal valued at "more than 10 billion NOK".[23]
During RIMPAC 2018, USARPAC fired a Naval Strike Missile from the shore to sink a ship.[24]
In October 2019 the USS Gabrielle Giffords fired off a Naval Strike Missile at a surplus US Navy frigate, USS Ford, which was towed close to Guam, in the Pacific, to act as a target in a SINKEX.
Navy Marine Expeditionary Ship Interdiction System (NMESIS) launcher deploys into position at Pacific Missile Range Facility Barking Sands
According to Naval News in June 2024 the Arleigh Burke-class Guided Missile Destroyer USS Fitzgerald, and Hobart-class Guided Missile Destroyer HMAS Sydney, were observed in Honolulu with NSM box launchers during RIMPAC 2024.[25]
The NSM is to be used by the U.S. Marine Corps as part of the Navy/Marine Expeditionary Ship Interdiction System (NMESIS), which places an NSM launcher unit on an unmannedJLTV-based mobile launch platform to enable the Marines to fire anti-ship missiles from land.[26][27]
The Australian Government's Minister for Defence Industry and Capability Delivery, the Hon. Pat Conroy MP, announced on 22 August 2024 that a partnership agreement has been signed with Kongsberg's local subsidiary — Kongsberg Defence Australia — for the manufacture and servicing of Naval Strike Missiles and Joint Strike Missiles for the Australian Defence Force at a new purpose built factory. The factory is to be constructed at RAAF Base Williamtown near the city of Newcastle in New South Wales. Manufacturing of missiles is expected to commence from 2027.[29]
During the MSPO 2024 defense exhibition it was announced that the NSM missiles will equip Poland's Wicher-class frigates, replacing the previously planned RBS 15 Mk 3.[30]
The state-of-the-art design and use of composite materials are meant to give the missile sophisticated stealth capabilities. The missile will weigh slightly more than 400kg (880lb) and have a range of more than 185km (115mi; 100nmi). NSM is designed for littoral waters ("brown water") as well as for open sea ("green water and blue water") scenarios. The usage of a high-strength titanium alloy blast/fragmentation warhead from TDW is in line with the modern lightweight design and features insensitive high-explosive.[clarification needed] Warhead initiation is by a void-sensing Programmable Intelligent Multi-Purpose Fuze designed to optimise effect against hard targets.[31]
Like its Penguin predecessor, NSM is able to fly over and around landmasses, travel in sea skim mode, and then make random manoeuvres in the terminal phase, making it harder to stop by enemy countermeasures. While the Penguin is a yaw-to-turn missile, NSM is based on bank-to-turn flight (see Yaw (flight) and flight control). In 2016, it was confirmed by the Royal Norwegian Navy that NSM also can attack land targets.[32]
The target selection technology provides NSM with a capacity for independent detection, recognition, and discrimination of targets at sea or on the coast. This is possible by the combination of an imaging infrared (IIR) seeker and an onboard target database. NSM is able to navigate by GPS, inertial and TERCOM systems.
After being launched into the air by a solid rocket booster which is jettisoned upon burning out, the missile is propelled to its target in high subsonic speed by a turbojet sustainer engine—leaving the 125kg multi-purpose blast/fragmentation warhead to do its work, which in case of a ship target means impacting the ship at or near the water line.
NSM CDS (coastal defence system)
Polish variant
An NSM coastal battery consists of three missile launch vehicles (MLV), one battery command vehicle (BCV), three combat command vehicles (CCV), one mobile communication center (MCC), one mobile radar vehicle (MRV) with TRS-15C radar, one transport and loading vehicle (TLV), and one mobile workshop vehicle (MWV). Each MLV carries 4 missiles and can be connected to the CCV by optical fiber or radio up to 10km (6.2mi) away; up to 6 launchers with 24 missiles can be netted together at once.[33] When installed on ships, NSMs can be deck-mounted in packs of one, two, three, four, or six launchers. Total installation weight, including electronics and cabling, is 8,600lb (3,900kg) for 4 launchers, 17,000lb (7,700kg) for 8 launchers, and 26,000lb (12,000kg) for 12 launchers.[34][35]
NSM-SL (submarine launched)
At MSPO 2017, a variant of the submarine launched NSM was unveiled.[36] Spain is interested in this missile for the S-80 Plus submarines.[37]
NSM-AL (aircraft launched)
In 2024, the Spanish ministry of defence launched a study to evaluate the capacity to equip the NSM missile to its NH90 HHSPN.[37]
Project LAND 8113 - Phase 2, the StrikeMaster (NSM missile launcher on Thales Bushmaster). It is in competition with the M142 HIMARS, but the government favours it as it is cheaper and as it is produced locally.[65][66]
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Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace (KDA) is one of three business units of Kongsberg Gruppen (KONGSBERG) of Norway and a supplier of defence and space related systems and products, mainly anti-ship missiles, military communications, and command and weapons control systems for naval vessels and air-defence applications. Today, the company is probably best known abroad for its development/industrialisation and production of the first passive IR homing anti-ship missile of the western world, the Penguin, starting delivery in the early 1970s. As of 2021, Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace had 3,500 employees.
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