![<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hijab</span> Islamic head covering for women](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Woman_in_Tunisia.jpg/320px-Woman_in_Tunisia.jpg)
In modern usage, hijab generally refers to various head coverings conventionally worn by many Muslim women. It is similar to the tichel or snood worn by Orthodox Jewish women, certain headcoverings worn by some Christian women, such as the mantilla, apostolnik and wimple, and the dupatta worn by many Hindu and Sikh women. Whilst a hijab can come in many forms, it often specifically refers to a scarf wrapped around the head, covering the hair, neck and ears but leaving the face visible. The use of the hijab has been on the rise worldwide since the 1970s and is viewed by many Muslims as expressing modesty and faith; it has also been worn for purposes of adornment. When it comes to the obligation for a Muslim woman to cover her hair and body, many have expressed confusion about the origin of this commandment. However, there has never been any debate within Sunni Islamic scholarship at any point in history regarding the obligation of hijab for all Muslim women who have reached the age of puberty.
![<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fez (hat)</span> Cylinder-shaped cap with a flat crown](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Fez.jpg/320px-Fez.jpg)
The fez, also called tarboosh/tarboush, is a felt headdress in the shape of a short, cylindrical, peakless hat, usually red, typically with a black tassel attached to the top. The name "fez" may refer to the Moroccan city of Fez, where the dye to color the hat was extracted from crimson berries. However, its origins are disputed.
![<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kaftan</span> Traditional elongated cloak-like garment](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Kurd_Man.png/320px-Kurd_Man.png)
A kaftan or caftan is a variant of the robe or tunic. Originating in Asia, it has been worn by a number of cultures around the world for thousands of years. In Russian usage, kaftan instead refers to a style of men's long suit with tight sleeves.
![<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elazığ</span> Municipality in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_City_Center.jpg/320px-Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_City_Center.jpg)
Elazığ is a city in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey, and the administrative centre of Elazığ Province and Elazığ District. Founded in and around the former city of Harput, it is located in the uppermost Euphrates valley. The plain on which the city extends has an altitude of 1,067 metres (3,501 ft). Elazığ resembles an inland peninsula surrounded by the natural Lake Hazar and reservoirs of Keban Dam, Karakaya Dam, Kıralkızı and Özlüce. Its population is 387,072 (2022).
![<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sarafan</span> Traditional sleeveless Russian overdress](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/PG_Girl_with_strawberries.jpg/320px-PG_Girl_with_strawberries.jpg)
A sarafan is a long, trapezoidal Russian jumper dress worn by girls and women and forming part of Russian traditional folk costume.
![<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ottoman Bulgaria</span> Bulgarian territory controlled by the Ottoman Empire, 14th-19th centuries](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Feudal_fragmentation_of_Bulgaria_and_fall_under_Ottoman_rule.png/320px-Feudal_fragmentation_of_Bulgaria_and_fall_under_Ottoman_rule.png)
The history of Ottoman Bulgaria spans nearly 500 years, beginning in the late 14th century, with the Ottoman conquest of smaller kingdoms from the disintegrating Second Bulgarian Empire. In the late 19th century, Bulgaria was liberated from the Ottoman Empire, and by the early 20th century it was declared independent.
![<span class="mw-page-title-main">Van vilayet</span> First-level administrative division of the Ottoman Empire](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Van_Vilayet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281900%29.svg/320px-Van_Vilayet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281900%29.svg.png)
The Vilayet of Van was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire. At the beginning of the 20th century, it reportedly had a population of about 400,000 and an area of 15,000 square miles (39,000 km2).
![<span class="mw-page-title-main">Angora vilayet</span> First-level administrative division of the Ottoman Empire](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/CUINET%281890%29_1.282_Ankara_Vilayet.jpg/320px-CUINET%281890%29_1.282_Ankara_Vilayet.jpg)
The Vilayet of Angora or Ankara was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire, centered on the city of Angora (Ankara) in north-central Anatolia, which included most of ancient Galatia.
![<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scutari vilayet</span> Division of the Ottoman Empire located in Montenegro and Albania](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/320px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png)
The Vilayet of Scutari, Shkodër or Shkodra was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire that existed from 1867 to 1913, located in parts of what today is Montenegro and Albania. In the late 19th century it reportedly had an area of 13,800 square kilometres.
The Ottoman Empire was one of the most dominant empires in the Mediterranean region, having lasted ~600 years and controlling much of the eastern and southern portions of the Sea. Albert Hourani described the Ottoman Empire as "a bureaucratic state, holding different regions within a single administrative and fiscal system".
![<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women in the Ottoman Empire</span>](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/French_School_-_Enjoying_Coffee_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/320px-French_School_-_Enjoying_Coffee_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg)
In the Ottoman Empire, women enjoyed a diverse range of rights and were limited in diverse ways depending on the time period, as well as their religion and class. The empire, first as a Turkoman beylik, and then a multi-ethnic, multi-religious empire, was ruled in accordance to the qanun, the semi-secular body of law enacted by Ottoman sultans. Furthermore, the relevant religious scriptures of its many confessional communities played a major role in the legal system, for the majority of Ottoman women, these were the Quran and Hadith as interpreted by Islamic jurists, often termed sharia. Most Ottoman women were permitted to participate in the legal system, purchase and sell property, inherit and bequeath wealth, and participate in other financial activities, rights which were unusual in the rest of Europe until the 19th century.
The demographics of the Ottoman Empire include population density, ethnicity, education level, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.
![<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tosks</span> Ethnic group](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/%C3%87er%C3%A7iz_Topulli_%28portret%29.jpg/320px-%C3%87er%C3%A7iz_Topulli_%28portret%29.jpg)
Tosks are one of two major ethnic subgroups of Albanians differentiated by their cultural, linguistic, social and religious characteristics.
Opinga are traditional shoes worn by Albanians in Albania, Kosovo, North Macedonia (opinci), Montenegro, Greece, and the Arbëresh villages of Italy. They were also worn by countrymen in Romania (opinca), Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina (opanak), Bulgaria (opinka), and other countries. They are made of a single leather skin, formed to the feet with leather or wool strips. A southern Albanian variety of opinga are the typical turned up leather shoes with red and black wool pompoms on the ends, which are often used for folk dances.
![<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vilayet</span> First-order administrative division of the later Ottoman Empire](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/L%C3%A9gislation_ottomane_ou_Recueil_des_Aristarchi-Bey_Gr%C3%A9goire_Tome2.pdf/page1-320px-L%C3%A9gislation_ottomane_ou_Recueil_des_Aristarchi-Bey_Gr%C3%A9goire_Tome2.pdf.jpg)
A vilayet, also known by various other names, was a first-order administrative division of the later Ottoman Empire. It was introduced in the Vilayet Law of 21 January 1867, part of the Tanzimat reform movement initiated by the Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856. The Danube Vilayet had been specially formed in 1864 as an experiment under the leading reformer Midhat Pasha. The Vilayet Law expanded its use, but it was not until 1884 that it was applied to all of the empire's provinces. Writing for the Encyclopaedia Britannica in 1911, Vincent Henry Penalver Caillard claimed that the reform had intended to provide the provinces with greater amounts of local self-government but in fact had the effect of centralizing more power with the sultan and local Muslims at the expense of other communities.
![<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sanjak of Scutari</span> 1479–1913 Ottoman administrative unit in north Albania](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28Thicker_Crescent%29.svg/320px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28Thicker_Crescent%29.svg.png)
The Sanjak of Scutari or Sanjak of Shkodra was one of the sanjaks of the Ottoman Empire. It was established after the Ottoman Empire acquired Shkodra after the siege of Shkodra in 1478–9. It was part of the Eyalet of Rumelia until 1867, when it became a part, together with the Sanjak of Skopje, of the newly established Scutari Vilayet. In 1912 and the beginning of 1913 it was occupied by members of the Balkan League during the First Balkan War. In 1914 the territory of Sanjak of Scutari became a part of the Principality of Albania, established on the basis of the peace contract signed during the London Conference in 1913.
![<span class="mw-page-title-main">Turkish salvar</span> Traditional baggy trousers of Turkey](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_1_-_Planche_002.jpg/320px-Les_costumes_populaires_de_la_Turquie_en_1873_-_Partie_1_-_Planche_002.jpg)
Turkish şalvar, Turkish trousers or dimiye are traditional baggy trousers gathered in tightly at the ankle. They are part of Turkish folk dress.
![<span class="mw-page-title-main">Turkish folk dress</span>](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Turkish_dancer.jpg/320px-Turkish_dancer.jpg)
Turkish folk dress is a traditional style of varying folk clothing worn primarily in the rural parts of Turkey throughout the seven geographical regions of the country. Within the folk style of clothing are many variations and references that may be based on region, gender, ethnicity, the class of the wearer, culture and to a less extent religion.
![<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shkodër</span> Fifth-largest city in Albania](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/The_City_and_the_Prokletije_from_the_castle.jpg/320px-The_City_and_the_Prokletije_from_the_castle.jpg)
Shkodër is the fifth-most-populous city of the Republic of Albania and the seat of Shkodër County and Shkodër Municipality. Shkodra has been continuously inhabited since the Early Bronze Age, and it has roughly 2,200 years of recorded history. The city sprawls across the Plain of Mbishkodra between the southern part of Lake Skadar and the foothills of the Albanian Alps on the banks of Buna, Drin and Kir. Due to its proximity to the Adriatic Sea, Shkodër is affected by a seasonal Mediterranean climate with continental influences.
![<span class="mw-page-title-main">1915 genocide in Diyarbekir</span> Genocide of the christian population of Diyarbakır in the Ottoman Empire](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/The_famous_Tigris_river_rafts.jpg/320px-The_famous_Tigris_river_rafts.jpg)
In 1915, a genocide was committed in Diyarbekir vilayet, claiming the lives of most Armenians, Syriac Christians, Greek Orthodox, and Greek Catholics living there. The genocide was ordered by governor Mehmed Reshid, partly with the backing of the CUP Central Committee.