Rail suicide

Rail suicide is deliberate self-harm resulting in death by means of a moving railway vehicle. ^[1] The suicide occurs when an approaching train hits a suicidal pedestrian jumping, lying, or wandering on the tracks. ^[2] Low friction on the tracks makes it impossible for the train to stop quickly enough. This type of suicide may cause trauma to the train driver. ^[3]

History

The first recorded train suicide occurred in 1852 in England, ^[4] where rail development in Europe had been most advanced. In 1879 an Italian researcher noted that such suicides were most common in that country's northern Piedmont region, where similarly the rail network was at its most extensive. This led pioneering sociologist Émile Durkheim to reason in his 1897 work Suicide that "the more the land is covered with railroads, the more general becomes the habit of seeking death by throwing one's self under a train", which has since been generally accepted as a rule. Later research has focused on the nuances of what, specifically, about the rail network affects the extent to which it is used for suicide. ^[5]

Types, behavior and delimitation

Jumpers, liers and walkers

Rail suicides typically follow one of three patterns: jumping in front of a train from a station platform, lying on the tracks as one approaches, ^{[lower-alpha 1]} and wandering onto the tracks before they are present, ^[8] a division first identified by researchers on the New York City Subway in 1972, who found jumping the commonest and deadliest in their sample. A fourth group included "touchers", all women, who often went on the tracks after trains had left and deliberately touched the electrified third rail, ^[9] A German researcher also found some outlying methods like jumping from a moving train and jumping from a bridge into the path of an approaching train. ^[10] A railway suicide can also be committed by a vehicle driver, ^{[lower-alpha 2]} such as the Ufton Nervet rail crash, which killed seven others on the train. ^{[12] [13]} In addition to individual suicides, joint suicides on railways have also been reported. ^{[14] [15] [16]}

Studies have found the preferred method differs by country. ^[17] A 2005 Swedish study found walkers most predominant among 145 suicides, followed by those who sat or lay on the tracks with jumpers third, while a 2008 Australian study of 161 suicides along the Queensland rail network found sitters/liers most common with jumpers and walkers evenly split. ^[11] German researchers in 2011, looking at over a thousand cases over five years, found the proportions nearly equal, with jumping the least likely to be fatal; ^[2] twelve years later another group of Germans found liers the largest share, with jumpers close behind. ^[18] A 2013 U.S. study of 50 suicides where this information was available found a slight edge for liers, with walkers and jumpers evenly split. ^[17] Electrocution via third rails remains rare. ^[19]

General locations along lines

Researchers have tried to determine what locations along tracks are more at risk for suicide than others. In response to a 2009 cluster of rail suicides by teens at a level crossing along the Caltrain commuter line in Palo Alto, California, ^[20] the Mineta Transportation Institute (MTI) at nearby San Jose State University studied 17 years of data from Caltrain on suicides and unintended pedestrian fatalities along the 124.7-kilometre (77.5 mi) line from downtown San Francisco south along the Santa Clara Valley for any trends or patterns that might help prevent suicides. The researchers found that while only 20% occurred at stations, most were within 500 metres (0.3 mi) of a station or nearby crossing. ^{[lower-alpha 3]} They theorized that people attempting rail suicide used the stations primarily to access the tracks, wanted to ensure that the train was traveling at a speed as high as possible, and that no one was able to interfere with them. ^[22]

In a broader sense, some sections of track seem more attractive than others; population density in the areas the line passes through may have some effect. The MTI researchers studying Caltrain suicides found that a 40-kilometre (25 mi) section of track between the Burlingame and Sunnyvale stations accounted for a larger share of suicides than the rest of the line, and a greater incidence than trespass fatalities in that area. A Caltrain representative they contacted noted that that section was one of the oldest on the line, with largely residential areas adjacent to the tracks, whereas the line north of that section went through more commercial areas and into tunnels where it might be less accessible. The paucity of suicides south of San Jose's Diridon station was attributed to the lower frequency of train service between there and the line's southern terminus at Gilroy. ^[23]

Other researchers have reported a similar correlation. ^[24] A 2018 Belgian study found that the rail suicide rate over a five-year period was highest along lines in suburban areas. The researchers theorized that tracks in those areas are more accessible than they are in cities, and the trains operate at the same frequency as those in the nearby urban areas but at higher speeds. In what the researchers deemed "high-risk" locations, 2–km (3.2–mile) sections of line where two or more suicides had occurred during the time frame of the study, they noted that there were points where someone attempting suicide could easily hide, and where the driver had limited visibility. ^[25]

However, a 2010 study in the Netherlands, which has the highest rate of rail suicide in Europe, ^[5] found no relation between the population density of the areas adjacent to the tracks over a 57-year period. Instead, the Dutch researchers noted that suicides and attempts appeared to be concentrated on "hotspots", such as nearby psychiatric hospitals, ^[26] a phenomenon also observed in the later Belgian study, ^[25] as well as in Austria ^[27] and Germany. ^[21]

Three years later the same Dutch researchers undertook a comparative study of rail suicides in their country and neighboring Germany in the 2000–07 period, noting that despite many similarities the two countries differed where rail suicide was concerned—the Netherlands, despite a lower suicide rate overall, had a much higher incidence of rail suicide. Building on British research that found a correlation between the rail suicide rate and the overall passenger rail volume, suggesting that familiarity with rail transport might drive rail suicide to a greater extent than the mere availability of tracks, they identified four factors to use for comparative purposes using Poisson regression:

• population density,
• rail density, or the ratio between overall track length outside of privately owned enclosures and the country's land area;
• train traffic intensity, the ratio between annual train-kilometres and overall track length,
• passenger traffic intensity, the ratio between annual passenger-kilometres and the overall population of the country.

The second and third were posed as measures of the availability hypothesis; the fourth as a measure of familiarity. Rail density, when applied to suicide statistics, made the difference larger, which led the researchers to discount it as a factor due to the already extensively developed rail networks in both countries. ^{[lower-alpha 4]} Train traffic intensity, by contrast, resulted in the two countries' rail suicide rates drawing almost even. The researchers considered this their most important finding, suggesting that with more frequent trains a potential suicide may have less time for second thoughts to manifest themselves. ^{[5] [lower-alpha 5]}

A 2015 Swedish study of suicide on the Stockholm Metro found that stations in areas with high rates of drug-related crime had higher suicide rates. ^[28]

Specific locations at and near stations and crossings

A 2023 German study looked at the specific behaviors of 56 rail suicides and attempts in that country over 18 months in 2020–21, where video from CCTV could be reviewed. The majority (42, or 75%) occurred at Deutsche Bahn stations, the rest were on open tracks. ^{[lower-alpha 6]} The 2008 Queensland study, by contrast, found nearly the inverse ratio. ^[11]

The German researchers broke down the suicides and attempts that occurred at stations by several factors determinable from the videos in 35 cases. The most prominent was the section of the platform from which the suicide or attempt occurred. A majority (20, or 57%) leapt from the end of the platform where the train approached, ^{[lower-alpha 7]} seven (20%) used the middle and another eight (22.9%) chose the far end, suggesting that the train struck them at high speed. Over a third chose areas where no one else on the platform was near them at the time. ^[18]

Time patterns

Research has not consistently established any patterns related to the times of the day, week or year in which rail suicide is more common. The 2008 Queensland study found peaks in March–May and September—October, periods accounting for half of the 161 completed suicides over 15 years in the researchers' data set. June accounted for only nine, but they did not find that statistically significant. While there were differences in the weekdays chosen, again they did not reach statistical significance. However, patterns in the time of day showed a preference for late afternoon and early evening, with a third of cases occurring between 5 and 9 p.m. ^[11]

The 2011 German researchers attempted to see if any temporal patterns presented in the 1,004 suicides they analyzed by jumping, lying or walking. The first of those methods was more common during the day at stations; the others at night. ^{[lower-alpha 8]} The researchers theorized that night might provide more concealment for those venturing onto the track from a station or crossing before the train came, while jumping might be harder in the dark. Data on seasonal variation did not show any significant variation ^[2]

The 2015 Stockholm Metro study found as well that they peaked in the later afternoon, and in springtime, but could not find any day of the week that seemed particularly attractive to suicides. The authors noted the contrast with other studies that had, ^[28] such as a 2004 German study of 4,003 rail suicides over five years, breaking them down by sex, which had found more occurring on Mondays and Tuesdays. Rail suicides peaked during April and September. In the summer months women showed a preference for the morning while men peaked in the evening. ^[30]

Behavioral indications

Railway-related suicides are rarely impulsive, and this view has led to research on behaviour analysis using CCTV at known hotspots to see what might indicate a traveler is considering suicide. Some behaviour patterns are implicated such as station-hopping, platform switching, standing away from others, letting a number of trains go by, and standing close to where trains enter. Surveillance cameras are viewable by railway staff. ^[31]

A 2011 German study made online questionnaires available to Federal Police officers who had witnessed, or interviewed witnesses to, rail suicides. From the 202 that were completed, the researchers identified several frequent behaviors of those considering suicide in stations. The most common was dropping personal belongings such as bags, suicide notes or identity cards, and avoiding eye contact, reported by half the respondents. A quarter recounted erratic behavior, such as talking loudly to themselves and general confusion. Intoxication was reported by 20 percent, a proportion lower than the researchers expected based on another previous study, and 15 percent said that the suicider was seen wandering around. These phenomena were similar to those observed in a study of suicides on the Hong Kong subway. ^[29]

Demographics

Rail suicides, like suicides in general and those using similarly violent methods, are mostly attempted and completed by men. ^{[lower-alpha 9]} A 2013 U.S. Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) study using psychiatric autopsies found that the median age of the 55 suicides studied over a three-year period was 40. ^{[33] [lower-alpha 10]} The suicides studied differed from suicides in general in showing a higher rate of diagnosed mental illness—96 percent—in rail suicides, ^[34] a finding comparable to one reported in an earlier Dutch study in which two-thirds of the suicides studied were psychiatric inpatients. ^{[35] [lower-alpha 11]} Comorbidity was reported in 73 percent of the cases, 63 percent had a family history of mental illness, and 53 percent had been prescribed medication. Chronic physical illnesses were also reported in 51 percent. Many were also reported to have been abusing drugs or alcohol during the time prior to their suicide, and autopsies showed that half had recently consumed those substances at the time of their suicides (with all but one of those who had been drinking having a blood alcohol content over 0.08 percent, high enough to be considered legally intoxicated (five had recently been arrested on drunken-driving charges). ^{[lower-alpha 12]} Almost all had recently experienced, or were experiencing, a stressful event such as legal difficulties and/or the end of a relationship. ^{[34] [38]}

Interviewers in the FRA study also asked the relatives of the suicides if they knew whether the suicide had access to a firearm and ammunition, the most common method of suicide in the U.S., accounting for half of all cases. They learned that 22 percent of the cases did. While the authors noted that it was unusual for gun owners who kill themselves to use other means, since that was lower than the share of American households with firearms they theorized that rail may be more attractive to suicides for whom guns are not available. ^[39]

A 2018 study of suicides on the Melbourne rail system in the Australian state of Victoria, which has the highest rate of rail suicide of any state in that country, found two factors which distinguished rail suicides from all suicides. First, they were three times as likely to never have been married. Second, they were more likely to live in areas where a large segment of the population commuted to their jobs via rail, ^[32] offering support for Durkheim's theory that suicides lean toward using a method familiar to them from their everyday life. The researchers speculated that perhaps married people are more likely to have children and commute to work by car. ^[40]

Another Dutch study, in 2024, employed the psychiatric-autopsy technique to study 39 rail suicides over a four-year period. They were found to be predominantly under the age of 30, at a proportion twice that of the general suicide rate for that age group in the Netherlands. Many were well educated and lived with others, either friends or family, in neighborhoods within walking distance of where they took their lives. ^[41]

Reasons for choosing

One British study that interviewed 20 survivors of rail suicide attempts found that almost half had chosen that method because they knew of someone else who had; they also perceived it as likely to be fatal while easily available and accessible. ^[42] A later British study interviewed 34 people in three categories: survivors of rail suicide attempts, those who had attempted suicide by other means but considered trains, and those who had not attempted suicide but contemplated doing so by rail. It quoted their own words extensively, without "interpreting such accounts through a lens of deficit and pathology. ^[43]

"A quick, violent death is quite attractive", one rail suicide survivor told the researchers in the later study. "I think that's one thing that you hope that a train can provide." Another informant, from the group that had considered suicide by train but not attempted any method, said that since it was likely no identifiable remains would be found their survivors would better be able to accept the finality of their death. Two rail suicide survivors also liked the "sense of anonymity" they had at stations. "I'd want to do it somewhere privately," one allowed. "It's not the sort of thing you want to do in front of everybody for a show". The impact on any witnesses, particularly the driver, was also a consideration. One survivor recalled feeling "desperately sorry" for that person, and another said that was the reason they ultimately chose another method, "because that's making somebody else complicit, so that's almost making them feel as if they'd killed me." ^{[lower-alpha 13]} Another deterrent was the possibility of surviving the attempt and living with any permanent injuries. ^[43]

Some survivors chose trains as a metaphor for their own situation:

[They] spoke of there being no alternative, no choice, others that suicide was a response to feeling out of control, or of taking the control that had been removed from them by mental health services. Several accounts implied a wish for agency to come from elsewhere, and in some the person described putting themselves in a situation where their fate would be left to chance, to impulse, or to people around who might or might not intervene

Another expressed the hope that their death might have been seen as an accident. ^[43]

Difference to trespasser fatality

A collision with a suicidal pedestrian is different from a collision with an unauthorised person, a trespasser, who has illegally entered the tracks, and can be distinguished, according to the European Union Agency for Railways, by the presence of suicidal intent. ^[13] Ovenstone criteria are mentioned for categorizing a suicidal intent. ^[13]

Consequences

Lime on rails after a suicide in Mainz-Laubenheim

Police officers removing remaining debris following a suicide approximately an hour earlier on the down track at Kamifukuoka Station in Japan

Approximately 10–30 percent, depending on the method chosen, of those who attempt rail suicide survive the collision ^{[44] [45]} The survivors often suffer severed limbs. ^[45]

Rail suicide is distinct from most other methods in having a wide effect in order to investigate the death and clear the tracks, forcing delays and reroutings of trains in the meantime. As of 2014, the delay of the train caused by a rail suicide can extend from 30 minutes in Japan ^[46] to two hours in most European countries. ^{[47] [3]} A 2012 Belgian study put the annual costs to the country's rail operator at 750 hours and €300,000 based on the 2006–2008 period. ^[48]

Even if the suicide situation is recognized at an early stage, the train driver is hardly in a position to prevent the rail suicide due to the long braking distance and the lack of evasive action. ^[49] Even if the train driver closes their eyes, they can still feel the impact of the collision. ^[50] This results in a heavy psychological burden for the driver, which can lead to years of impairment. ^[51]

In addition to the train driver, a rail suicide can traumatize a bigger number of bystanders who witness the body. ^[52] In case of driverless trains, a witnessing passenger presses the emergency button to stop the train. ^[53]

In some cases, a collision with a pedestrian is not noticed by the train driver and the train continues to travel to the next station with human remains still visible at its front. ^{[54] [55]} In such cases, the driver might be held accountable for violation of instruction and face consequences. ^{[54] [56] [55]}

Germany

In Germany, rail suicide is a criminal offence. ^[57] In 2013, according to Deutsche Bahn , 30 train drivers lost their suitability for the job as a result of traumatic events. ^[58] The train drivers unsuitable for job due to witnessing a rail suicide are paid full salaries. ^[59]

Japan

Suicide by train is seen as a social problem, especially in the larger cities such as Tokyo or Nagoya, because it disrupts train schedules, damages equipment, harms the drivers, ^[3] and, if one occurs during the morning rush-hour, causes numerous commuters to arrive late for work. Family members or next-of-kin of the person who died by suicide are charged with the cost of rail disruption by most rail companies. ^{[60] [61]} It has been argued this prevents possible suicide, as the person who is considering suicide would want to spare the family not only the trauma of a lost family member but also being sued in court. ^[62]

Netherlands

In the Netherlands, one railway suicide incident results in €100,000 of direct economic costs for carrier and railway manager together. ^[63]

United Kingdom

In 2014, UK railways reported £34m of annual loss due to rail suicides. ^[64]

Epidemiology

See also: Epidemiology of suicide

Australia

In Queensland, rail suicides accounted for 2% of all suicides in the period 1990-2004. ^[65]

Canada

As of 1996, 3% of suicides in Canada were committed on railways. ^[66]

Europe

Data gathered to 2014 showed that there were about 3,000 suicides and 800 trespass-related injuries on the European railways each year. ^[3]

ERA [67] [68]	AT	BE	BG	CH	CZ	DE	DK	EE	EL	ES	FI	FR	HR	HU	IE	IT	LT	LU	LV	NL	NO	PL	PT	RO	SE	SI	SK
Rail suicides in 2007	13	94	39	0	150	706	32	0	4	188	54	344		111	5	138	0		10	193	8	28	52	24	78	14	48
Rail suicides in 2008	93		27	0	160	714	24	1	1	174	52	289		111	7	137	0		9	164	7	29	50	29	71	20	58
Rail suicides in 2009	101	69	19	0	185	875	32	0	3	163	62	337		139	2	111	2	4	10	197	8	25	69	25	67	10	56
Rail suicides in 2010	90	84	18	0	198	899	23	0	2	124	44	328		121	6	109	4	3	13	201	7	47	51	23	68	15	48
Rail suicides in 2011	87	98	27	103	235	853	20	0	4	128	64	332	28	155	6	140	5	7	10	215	11	28	42	76	62	25	40
Rail suicides in 2012	80	102	33	140	224	872	32	5	1	138	32	356	24	148	5	124	13	5	7	202	8	80	58	57	82	16	38
Rail suicides in 2013	99	94	17	140	207	834	23	1	5	118	55	291	15	79	3	134	8	4	3	220	10	71	47	66	90	13	55
Rail suicides in 2014	92	97	29	151	279	781	21	5	4	139	64	298	28	79	5	143	6	6	6	192	15	71	44	80	77	18	44
ERA data for 2021 [69]
Rail suicides	75	88	11	127	161	678	19	9	1	71	35	243	19	121	4	132	4	0	5	186	10	138	33	42	83	24	52
Rail suicide attempts	11	13	1	12	16	89	22	1	0	14	19	35	4	45	0	20	0	0	0	9	1	13	5	15	7	6	2
Unauthorized persons killed	6	5	11	4	11	64	3	0	1	10	2	22	3	27	1	42	8	1	5	2	0	99	9	54	4	0	15
Unauthorized persons seriously injured	9	0	7	14	28	39	2	1	4	7	0	18	2	6	0	18	3	0	5	1	1	25	2	2	3	0	8

Germany

As according to STABAG (German : Statistik der Bahnbetriebsunfälle und Gefährlichen Unregelmäßigkeiten) in the years 1991–2000, 8653 (91.0%) rail suicide cases were fatal from total of 9510 incidences occurred on the German railway net. ^[70] A fatal suicide meant a death within 30 days. ^[70] Fatal rail suicides were ca. 7% of all fatal suicides committed in Germany in this time period. ^[70] Of the 5731 suicidal acts in the time period 1997–2002, 66% occurred on open tracks and 34% in station areas. ^[71] The data of 4127 suicial acts from the time period 2002-2006 showed that 32.2% of subjects were jumping, 32.6% lying and 34.2% wandering. Wandering included standing, and lying on the tracks included suicide by train decapitation. Jumping in front of the train had the highest chance of survival, while lying on the tracks most often resulted in death. However, suicidal behavior is not always detectable post mortem. ^[2]

993 cases of total 4127 suicidal acts from the time period 2002-2006 were distributed as follow ^[2]

Location	Jumping in front of the train	Lying on the track	Wandering along the track
open tracks (total 607)	143	231	233
station (total 386)	180	96	110

The Netherlands

In the Netherlands, approximately 10–14% of all suicides are by rail. ^{[72] [73]} Every year, roughly 200 suicides and 50 failed suicide attempts occur on Dutch railways. ^[73]

Japan

In 1999, about 5% of total 33048 suicides in Japan were on train tracks. ^[61] Shin-Koiwa Station in Tokyo has a very high frequency of suicides. ^[74] There have been 13 incidents between 2011 and 2013 at this station. ^[74]

United Kingdom

In 2014, there were 279 suicides on the national rail network per year. ^[64] It was an increase of 11 on the previous year and 55 on 2011. Additionally, annually around 50 suicides on the London Underground were reported for 2014. ^[64] There were more men among the victims than women, aged mostly between 30 and 55, mostly lower income persons. ^[64] Suicides on the railways represent around 4% of the total. ^[64]

ERA data for 2020 [69] for the railway network
Rail suicides	251
Rail suicide attempts	35
Unauthorized persons killed	8
Unauthorized persons seriously injured	2

United States

Subway suicide aftermath, E train on 51st/53rd, New York

Further information: Pedestrian railroad safety in the United States

The U.S. Federal Railroad Administration reports that there are 300 to 500 suicides by train each year. ^[75] The agency also reported that those suicides on railway rights-of-ways were by people who tended to live near railroad tracks, were less likely to have access to firearms, and were significantly compromised by both severe mental disorder and substance abuse. ^[76]

Rail suicides in United States ^[77]

	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Lower estimate of the total number of fatal incidents	276	314	276	328	275	219

In 2015, 328 fatal suicides and 30 suicide-related injuries were recorded on the US rail system. ^[77]

Prevention

One of Nobu Jo's suicide prevention signboards, placed alongside railroad tracks near Kobe; from a 1921 publication.

Woodside station suicide lights at end of the platform.

A sign at a railway crossing in the Netherlands promoting a suicide crisis line (113)

Data from 2008-2018 may indicate that 30% of railway suicides in the Netherlands, approximately 85 suicides per year, could have been prevented by measures taken by ProRail, such as restricting access. ^[63]

Suicide prevention signboards

Beginning in 1916 in Japan, the suicide prevention activist, Nobu Jo, a placed large, well-lit signs at train stations and bridges. ^[78] The signs advised suicidal visitors to stop, to wait, and to visit Jo's home or office, if they were experiencing despair. Jo believed that many suicidal people in the city experienced stress, poor health, poverty, and social isolation, and that these underlying issues might be resolved or relieved without loss of life.

One of the preventive measures taken in the Netherlands was to place suicide prevention signs in high-risk locations, mentioning the suicide prevention hotline (113 Zelfmoordpreventie  [ nl ]). ^[79]

Avoiding Werther effect

Media reporting has been linked to increased rail suicide attempts due to Werther effect. ^[31] In Germany, the number of rail suicides grew significantly after the suicide of Robert Enke. ^[80]

Access restriction

Physical barriers reducing the number of tresspassers and suicides are barrier fences, intermediate fencing between tracks, anti-trespass panels and platform screen doors. ^[81] In Sweden, the number of suicides at stations could be reduced by 62.5 per cent through mid-track fencing. ^[82] Sometimes vegetation along the tracks can obscure the view of the train driver and the removal of this is also advocated. ^[3] On the London Underground the presence of a platform drainage pit has been shown to halve the number of deaths from suicide attempts. ^[3] The pit increases the clearance between the train and the ground, probably allowing a casualty to fall away from the train's wheels. ^[83] In South Korea, platform screen doors reduced the number of suicides by 89 per cent. ^[84]

CCTV cameras

CCTV cameras can be used to identify risk factors for suicide like certain behavior and face expression, to understand a suicide after an attempt for forensic needs, and to automatically intervene using computer vision. ^[85] In Australia, human-monitored CCTV was found to reduce the number of suicides in metro stations. ^[86] Computer vision enhanced CCTV sending alerts to staff are a matter of research. ^[87] Lancaster University together with the company Purple Transform has been awarded £50,000 by Innovate UK's UK Research and Innovation to conduct a project entitled 'Suicide Avoidance via Intelligent Video Examination' (SAIVE) project. ^[88] The goal of the project is to investigate feasibility of AI surveillance system for preventing rail suicides.

Blue light

In Japan, the use of calming blue lights on station platforms is estimated to have resulted in a 74–84 percent reduction in suicide attempts. ^{[89] [90]} They are also often installed at crossings, which West Japan Railway Company (commonly known as "JR West") began doing in 2006. ^[91]

In fiction

Maria Germanova as the title character in the 1914 Russian film adaptation of Anna Karenina

The title character of Leo Tolstoy's 1878 novel Anna Karenina , under the influence of morphine, trapped in a loveless marriage, believing her lover is himself having relationships with other women and may give into his family's plans to arrange a marriage to one of them, kneels on the tracks as a train approaches. ^{[92] [93]} Similarly, Willa Cather's 1905 short story "Paul's Case" ends with its title character, having been unable to bring himself to shoot himself, walks onto a set of tracks so that a train may strike him. ^[94]

In the 1944 film Double Indemnity , the two main characters, Walter Neff and Phyllis Dietrichson, conspire to kill her husband and collect the large insurance settlement enabled by the title by making his death appear to have been an accidental fall from a moving train. The insurance company, Neff's employer, declines to pay on the belief that the death was a suicide. Barton Keyes, the claims adjuster believes it to be murder, citing suicide statistics he is familiar with in a ten-volume set that break down suicides by every possible category. "[O]f all the cases on record", Keyes says, "there's not one single case of suicide by leap from the rear end of a moving train." He also notes that the train was traveling at 15 mph (24 km/h) when the fall occurred, too slow to cause serious injury or death to someone jumping or falling from it. ^[95]

After disrupting his class reunion at the beginning of the film, Yongho, the middle-aged protagonist of the 1999 South Korean film Peppermint Candy climbs onto a nearby trestle where he refuses a fellow attendee's entreaties to come down. As a train approaches, he does not get out of the way and is last shown screaming "I want to go back!"; it is implied that he lets the train hit him. The film uses this as a departure point to show scenes from the previous 20 years of his life in reverse chronological order. Every different time period is preceded by a view of Yongho from the train, the footage running backward so he appears further away each time. ^[96]

The 2008 British film Three and Out tells the story of Paul Callow, a driver on the London Underground who, after accidentally running over two people with his train, learns of a supposed rule that if his train strikes a third person within the month, he can retire and collect £10,000 in a lump sum payment. He then stops a man, Tommy Cassidy from jumping off the Holborn Viaduct and says he will pay him if he jumps in front of his train. Over a last weekend Paul promises Tommy, the latter attempts a reconciliation with his family as Paul begins to have second thoughts. Tommy insists the two follow through, and Paul ultimately does. Calling attention to the trauma suffered by drivers when their trains strike someone on the tracks, the Underground's driver's union, the Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen, denounced the film and staged protests against it. Management publicly defended its cooperation with the filmmakers but privately the Underground's managing director Tim O'Toole had second thoughts in an internal memo, suggesting that it may have been a mistake to work with a film that "does not reflect reality and is in poor taste in attempting to make a suicide event 'funny'". Three and Out failed at the box office. ^[97]

Films have depicted suicide on urban mass rail transit as well. In Oliver Stone's 2010 Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps , Louis Zabel jumps off a New York City subway platform into the path of an oncoming train after the trading firm he owns has suffered a catastrophic loss in value. ^[98] The 2001 Japanese horror film Suicide Club begins with a scene where a group of 54 schoolgirls holding hands before they jump off a station platform into the path of an oncoming train, drenching the horrified other waiting passengers with their blood and beginning an epidemic of mass suicides around the country which a police detective attempts to solve. The scene is echoed in 2023's Bird Box Barcelona , where passengers on an underground platform, under the influence of mysterious unseen creatures, descend to the tracks and walk into the path of an oncoming train. ^[99]

See also

• Train surfing

Notes

1. Lying on the tracks includes suicide by train decapitation as well as hara kiri by train. ^[6] In suicide by train decapitation, victims lie on the tracks in front of approaching trains, with the neck placed on a rail and run over by a train wheel; ^[7] in hara kiri, the train wheel runs over the abdomen. ^[6]
2. One suicide in Australia rode a bicycle into the train. ^[11]
3. Similarly, researchers in an earlier study of German rail suicides found that only a third occurred at stations. ^[21]
4. The researchers suggested that at earlier stages of rail development there might be a measurable effect as had been noted in the late 19th century. ^[5]
5. Population density had an even stronger effect in narrowing the gap, but as it cannot be controlled the researchers recommended targeting train traffic intensity for preventive measures instead. ^[5]
6. This is consistent with an earlier German study based on online questionnaires completed by police officers which found two-thirds of suicides occurring at stations. ^[29]
7. The earlier German study based on police officers' experiences (referenced in the previous endnote) found 70% of those suicides who jumped from the platform as the train entered the station did so from the end where it arrived, reinforcing a 1994 study of suicides on the London Underground that found most occurred from the first third of the platform. ^[29]
8. During the five years from which the data were drawn, rail suicides declined, but jumping at a greater rate. ^[2]
9. An Australian study noted, however, that women who attempt rail suicide are more likely to die. ^[32]
10. The suicides skewed younger, but after a chi-squared test the authors discounted that as an artifact created by the low sample size. ^[33] The 2008 Queensland study found a peak among men in the 15–24 age group, who accounted for nearly a third of its suicides. ^[11]
11. A later German study that chose rail suicides to better homogenize its analysis of predictors of suicides among psychiatric inpatients suggested that the regular sound of trains passing near facilities may help suggest the idea. ^[36] In 2010 a Dutch paper further reported that inpatients chose rail suicide twice as often as outpatients; ^[37] similarly the 2008 Queensland study noted that ten of the suicides were completed by mental inpatients who had absconded from their institutions ("Suicide in this group of people should constitute a very preventable outcome") and that in 22 cases a mental institution was within 500 m (1,600 ft) of the location of the suicide. ^[11] This has led to recommendations that psychiatric facilities be located 3–5 kilometres (1.9–3.1 mi) from the nearest accessible train station, ^[18] and that patients suffering depressive disorders not be allowed easy access to rail. ^[37]
12. The 2008 Queensland study found as well that, in cases where a toxicology report had been done as part of the autopsy, half of the 15–24-aged males in their peak demographic had been drinking before the suicide. ^[11]
13. Two informants both recalled aborting suicide attempts at train stations after becoming aware of the presence of children. ^[43]

References

1. "Glossary for transport statistics — 5th edition — 2019". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
2. Dinkel, Andreas; Baumert, Jens; Erazo, Natalia; Ladwig, Karl-Heinz (2011). "Jumping, lying, wandering: Analysis of suicidal behaviour patterns in 1,004 suicidal acts on the German railway net" (PDF). J. Psychiatr. Res. 45: 121–125. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
3. Havârneanu, GM; Burkhardt, JM; Paran, F (August 2015). "A systematic review of the literature on safety measures to prevent railway suicides and trespassing accidents". Accident Analysis and Prevention. 81: 30–50. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2015.04.012. PMID   25939134.
4. Clarke, M. (February 1994). "Railway suicide in England and Wales, 1850–1949". Soc.Sci.Med. 38 (3): 401–407. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(94)90439-1. PMID   8153743 . Retrieved 27 March 2024.
5. van Houwelingen, Cornelis A.J.; Baumert, J.; Kerkhof, A.; Beersma, D.; Ladwig, K. (2013). "Train suicide mortality and availability of trains: A tale of two countries" (PDF). Psychiatry Res. 209 (3): 466–470. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.12.026. PMID   23380544 . Retrieved 26 March 2024.
6. De-Giorgio, F.; Martinotti, G.; Spagnolo, A.; Vetrugno, G. (2018). "A case of railway-related suicidal death due to falling on the rails in a weird position: an alternative form of Hara-Kiri?" (PDF). Romanian Journal of Legal Medicine. 26 (3): 246–248.
7. Woolery, Samantha; Prahlow, Joseph A. (December 2021). "Train-related suicidal decapitation". Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology. 17 (4): 730–733. doi:10.1007/s12024-021-00396-8. ISSN   1556-2891. PMID   34106423. S2CID   235373955.
8. Symonds, R. L. (August 1985). "Psychiatric aspects of railway fatalities". Psychological Medicine. 15 (3): 609–621. doi:10.1017/S0033291700031469. ISSN   1469-8978. PMID   4048320.
9. Guggenheim, F.G.; Weisman, A.D. (1972). "Suicide in the subway: Publicly witnessed attempts of 50 cases". J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 155 (6): 404–409. doi:10.1097/00005053-197212000-00003. PMID   4636818 . Retrieved 11 April 2024.
10. Schmidtke, A. (1994). "Suicidal behaviour on railways in the FRG". Soc. Sci. Med. 38 (3): 419–426. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(94)90441-3. PMID   8153745 . Retrieved 13 April 2024.
11. De Leo, Diego; Krysinska, Karolina (2008). "Suicidal Behaviour by Train Collision in Queensland, 1990–2004". Aus. N. Z. J. Psych. 42 (9): 772–779. doi:10.1080/00048670802277263 . Retrieved 16 April 2024.
12. "U.K. police: Rail crash may have been suicide". NBC News. 7 November 2004. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
13. "IMPLEMENTATION GUIDANCE FOR CSIs ANNEX I OF DIRECTIVE (EU) 2016/798" (PDF). era.europa.eu. ERA. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
14. "Train Kills 2 Girls (Published 1993)". The New York Times. 3 December 1993. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
15. "1 killed, 1 hurt by train 'in joint suicide bid' - English". ANSA.it. 16 November 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
16. "Teens' double suicide rocks Philadelphia suburb of Norwood". Harrisburg Patriot-News . March 4, 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
17. Berman et al. 2013, p. 18.
18. Moritz, S.; Nguyen, C.; Jelinek, L.; Borsutzky, S.; Scheunemann, J.; Hergerl, U.; Püschel, K.; Gallinat, J. (30 January 2023). "Behavioral and location-related antecedents of train suicides". Suicide Life-Threat. Behav. 2 (53): 303–311. doi: 10.1111/sltb.12941 . PMID   36714989.
19. Rabban, Joseph; Adler, Jonathan; Rosen, Carlo; Blair, Jeffrey; Sheridan, Robert (September 1997). "Electrical injury from subway third rails: serious injury associated with intermediate voltage contact". Burns. 23 (6): 515–518. doi:10.1016/S0305-4179(97)00033-8. PMID   9429035 . Retrieved 26 March 2024.
20. "Teen Train Suicide Cluster Shakes Affluent California Town". ABC News . 21 October 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
21. Erazo, N.; Baumert, J.; Ladwig, K-H. (2004). "Regionale und örtliche Verteilungsmuster von Bahnsuiziden" [Regional and local clusters of railway suicides]. Die Nervenarzt (in German). 75 (11): 1099–1106. doi:10.1007/s00115-004-1703-x. PMID   15549217 . Retrieved 30 March 2004.
22. Botha, Elmasu & Leitzell 2010, pp. 31–39.
23. Botha, Elmasu & Leitzell 2010, pp. 25–30.
24. Sherry 2016, p. 16.
25. Strale, Mathieu; Krysinska, Karolina; Van Overmeiren, Gaetan; Andriessen, Karl (2018). "Suicide on the Railways in Belgium: A Typology of Locations and Potential for Prevention". Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health . 15 (10). MDPI: 2074. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15102074 . PMC   6209948 . PMID   30248897.
26. van Houwelingen, Cornelis A.J.; Kerkhof, Ad J.F.C.; Beersma, Domien G.M. (December 2010). "Train suicides in The Netherlands". J.Affect.Disord. 127 (1–3): 281–286. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.005. PMID   20580436 . Retrieved 26 March 2024.
27. Strauss, Markus; Klimek, Peter; Sonneck, Gernot; Niederkrotenthaler, Thomas (2017). "Suicides on the Austrian railway network: hotspot analysis and effect of proximity to psychiatric institutions". R. Soc. Open Sci. 4 (3): 160711. Bibcode:2017RSOS....460711S. doi:10.1098/rsos.160711. PMC   5383816 . PMID   28405359.
28. Uittenbogaard, Adrian; Ceccato, Vania (2015). "Temporal and spatial patterns of suicides in Stockholm's subway stations". Accid. Anal. Prev. 81: 96–106. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2015.03.043 . Retrieved 14 April 2024.
29. Lukaschek, Karoline; Baumert, Jens; Ladwig, Karl-Heinz (2011). "Behaviour patterns preceding a railway suicide: Explorative study of German Federal Police officers' experiences". BMC Public Health . 11: 620. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-620 . PMC   3199597 . PMID   21816069 . Retrieved 11 April 2024.
30. Erazo, N.; Baumert, J.; Ladwig, K-H. (2004). "Sex-specific time patterns of suicidal acts on the German railway system. An analysis of 4003 cases". J. Affect. Disord. 83 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2004.04.012. PMID   15546640 . Retrieved 14 April 2024.
31. Mishara, BL; Bardon, C (15 March 2016). "Systematic review of research on railway and urban transit system suicides". J. Affect. Disord. 193: 215–26. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.042. PMID   26773913.
32. Too et al. 2017, p. 14.
33. Berman et al. 2013, pp. 11–12.
34. Berman et al. 2013, pp. 14–16.
35. van Houwelingen, Cornelis; Kerkhof, Ad (2008). "Mental healthcare status and psychiatric diagnoses of train suicides". J. Affect. Disord. 107 (1–3): 281–284. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.08.024. PMID   17913238 . Retrieved 31 March 2024.
36. Lukaschek, Karoline; Baumert, Jens; Krawitz, Marion; Erazo, Natalia; Förstl, Hans; Ladwig, Karl-Heinz (2018). "Determinants of completed railway suicides by psychiatric in-patients: case–control study". B. Journ. Psych. 205 (5): 398–406. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.139352 . Retrieved 14 April 2024.
37. Huisman, Annemiek; van Houwelingen, Cornelis A.J.; Kerkhof, Ad J.F.M. (2010). "Psychopathology and suicide method in mental health care". J. Affect. Disord. 1 (1–2): 94–99. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.05.024 . Retrieved 15 April 2024.
38. Halsey III, Ashley (7 August 2018). "'Suicide by train' is in decline, but deaths of people who trespassed on railroad tracks increased in 2017". The Washington Post . Retrieved 31 March 2024.
39. Berman et al. 2013, pp. 19–20.
40. Too et al. 2017, p. 22.
41. Balt, Elias; Mérelle, Saskia; Popma, Arne; Creemers, Daan; Heesen, Karlijn; van Eijk, Nikki; van den Brand, Isa; Gilissen, Renske (2024). "Sociodemographic and psychosocial risk factors of railway suicide: a mixed-methods study combining data of all suicide decedents in the Netherlands with data from a psychosocial autopsy study". BMC Public Health . 24 (1): 607. doi: 10.1186/s12889-024-18120-w . PMC   10895750 . PMID   38408949.
42. O'Donnell, Ian; Farmer, Richard; Catalán, José (1996). "Explaining suicide: the views of survivors of serious suicide attempts". Br. J. Psychiatry . 168 (6): 780–786. doi:10.1192/bjp.168.6.780. PMID   8773824 . Retrieved 5 April 2024.
43. Marsh, Ian; Marzano, Lisa; Mosse, David; Mackenzie, Jay-Marie (2021). "First-person accounts of the processes and planning involved in a suicide attempt on the railway" (PDF). B.J. Psych.Open . 7 (1): e39. doi:10.1192/bjo.2020.173 . Retrieved 5 April 2024.
44. Erazo, N.; Baumert, J.; Ladwig, K.-H. (1 November 2004). "Regionale und örtliche Verteilungsmuster von Bahnsuiziden". Der Nervenarzt (in German). 75 (11): 1099–1106. doi:10.1007/s00115-004-1703-x. ISSN   1433-0407. PMID   15549217.
45. Singen (D), Max Dohner (2 April 2015). "Suizidversuch - Er warf sich wegen Depressionen vor den Zug – und überlebte" [Suicide attempt - He threw himself in front of the train because of depression - and survived]. St. Galler Tagblatt (in German). Retrieved 11 August 2023.
46. Kadotani, Hiroshi; Nagai, Yumiko; Sozu, Takashi (January 2014). "Railway suicide attempts are associated with amount of sunlight in recent days". Journal of Affective Disorders. 152–154: 162–168. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.08.040. ISSN   1573-2517. PMID   24075246.
47. "European Union Agency for Railways Moving Europe towards a sustainable and safe railway system without frontiers" (PDF). www.era.europa.eu. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
48. Andriessen, Karl; Krysinska, Karolina (2012). "Railway Suicide in Belgium 1998–2009: Incidence and Prevention" (PDF). Crisis . 33 (1): 39–45. doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000105 . Retrieved 19 April 2024.
49. Weber, Christian (2 February 2012). "Die Opfer der Lebensmüden". Süddeutsche.de (in German). Retrieved 11 August 2023.
50. "Traumatisierte Lokführer: "Auch wenn sie die Augen schließen, spüren sie den Aufprall"". www.zeit.de. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
51. Goos, Hauke (14 February 2018). "Rail Suicide: A Train Driver Struggles with Lives Taken". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
52. Ladwig, K.-H. (1 September 2004). "Patterns of suicidal behaviour in a metro subway system: A study of 306 cases injured by the Munich subway, 1980-1999". The European Journal of Public Health. 14 (3): 291–295. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/14.3.291 . PMID   15369036.
53. Tristan Kirk; John Dunne (19 June 2020). "DLR safety questioned after banker killed by train". Evening Standard. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
54. "Shinkansen bullet train hits person in Fukuoka Pref.; body parts found". Mainichi Daily News. 15 June 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
55. "Schock in Köln: ICE fährt mit Leichenteilen am Rumpf in Bahnhof ein". Der Tagesspiegel Online (in German). Retrieved 13 August 2023.
56. "Minister calls for probe into fatal Kyushu shinkansen incident". The Japan Times. 15 June 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
57. ""Gefährlicher Eingriff in den Bahnverkehr" bei Metzingen: Frau wegen Suizidversuch angeklagt - Angeklagte kann sich kaum erinnern". swp.de (in German). 13 May 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
58. "DB zum Gespräch der GDL: Gewerkschaft verzichtet weiter ohne Not auf Beschäftigungssicherung für alle". Deutsche Bahn (in German). No. Presseinformation. 10 January 2014.
59. "Tabuthema Suizid - Man darf nicht sterben wollen". Deutschlandfunk Kultur (in German). Retrieved 11 August 2023.
60. French, Howard W. (6 June 2000). "Kunitachi City Journal; Japanese Trains Try to Shed a Gruesome Appeal" . The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2009-06-27. Retrieved 2017-01-14.
61. "Families fined for suicides in Japan". The Irish Times. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
62. New, Ultra Super (7 September 2023). "Blood on the tracks: Who pays for deadly railway accidents? | Yen for Living".
63. van Houwelingen, Cornelis A. J.; Di Bucchianico, Alessandro; Beersma, Domien G. M.; Kerkhof, Ad J. F. M. (September 2022). "Railway Suicide in The Netherlands Lower Than Expected: Are Preventive Measures Effective?". Crisis. 43 (5): 368–374. doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000792. PMC   9578363 . PMID   34003022.
64. "Rail 759: The tragic toll on the railways – Christian Wolmar". 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
65. De Leo, Diego; Krysinska, Karolina (September 2008). "Suicidal Behaviour by Train Collision in Queensland, 1990–2004". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 42 (9): 772–779. doi:10.1080/00048670802277263. ISSN   0004-8674. PMID   18696281.
66. Mishara, Brian L.; Bardon, Cécile (January 2017). "Characteristics of railway suicides in Canada and comparison with accidental railway fatalities: Implications for prevention". Safety Science. 91: 251–259. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2016.06.017.
67. "Railway safety performance in the european union" (PDF). 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
68. "Railway safety performance in the European Union 2016". Publications Office of the European Union. 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
69. "ERADIS - European Railway Agency Database of Interoperability and Safety - Home". eradis.era.europa.eu. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
70. Baumert, J.; Erazo, N.; Ladwig, K. H. (2006). "Ten-year incidence and time trends of railway suicides in Germany from 1991 to 2000". European Journal of Public Health. 16 (2): 173–178. doi:10.1093/eurpub/cki060. PMID   16093307.
71. Erazo, N.; Baumert, J.; Ladwig, K.-H. (1 November 2004). "Regionale und örtliche Verteilungsmuster von Bahnsuiziden". Der Nervenarzt. 75 (11): 1099–1106. doi:10.1007/s00115-004-1703-x. PMID   15549217.
72. Wasserman, Danuta (2016). Suicide: An Unnecessary Death. Oxford University Press. p. 358. ISBN   9780198717393.
73. Karl Andriessen; Karolina Krysinska; Onja Grad, eds. (December 9, 2019). "41". Postvention in Action: The International Handbook of Suicide Bereavement Support. Hogrefe Publishing Group. p. 368. ISBN   9781616764937.
74. "Inside Tokyo's Infamous Suicide Train Station". Kotaku. 21 May 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
75. Noah Bierman (9 February 2010). "Striving to prevent suicide by train". Boston.com. Boston Globe.
76. Martino, Michael et al. (2013). Defining Characteristics of Intentional Fatalities on Railway Rights-of-Way in the United States, 2007–2010. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration.
77. "Rail Suicide Prevention Resource Page". Rail Suicide Prevention Resource Page, VolpeCenter. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
78. "母たちの母 城 ノブ⑤自殺防止に「一寸待て」｜福祉新聞". 福祉新聞 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2019-11-09.
79. "Meer maatregelen om zelfdoding op spoor te voorkomen". nos.nl (in Dutch). 11 May 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
80. Cadenbach, Christoph (18 February 2010). "Der Enke-Effekt". SZ Magazin (in German). Retrieved 10 September 2023.
81. Andersson, Anna-Lena; Svensson, Kenneth (2023). "Suicide in the Transport System". The Vision Zero Handbook: Theory, Technology and Management for a Zero Casualty Policy. Springer International Publishing. pp. 1103–1115. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-76505-7_42 . ISBN   978-3-030-76504-0.
82. Fredin-Knutzén, Johan; Hadlaczky, Gergö; Andersson, Anna-Lena; Sokolowski, Marcus (1 December 2022). "A pilot study evaluating the effectiveness of preventing railway suicides by mid-track fencing, which restrict easy access to high-speed train tracks". Journal of Safety Research. 83: 232–237. doi: 10.1016/j.jsr.2022.08.019 . ISSN   0022-4375. PMID   36481013.
83. T J Coats; D P Walter (9 October 1999). "Effect of station design on death in the London Underground: observational study". BMJ. 319 (7215): 957. doi: 10.1136/bmj.319.7215.957 . PMC   28249 . PMID   10514158.
84. Chung, Yong Woon; Kang, Sung Jin; Matsubayashi, Tetsuya; Sawada, Yasuyuki; Ueda, Michiko (April 2016). "The effectiveness of platform screen doors for the prevention of subway suicides in South Korea". Journal of Affective Disorders. 194: 80–83. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.01.026. ISSN   1573-2517. PMID   26803779.
85. Onie, Sandersan; Li, Xun; Liang, Morgan; Sowmya, Arcot; Larsen, Mark Erik (7 May 2021). "The Use of Closed-Circuit Television and Video in Suicide Prevention: Narrative Review and Future Directions". JMIR Mental Health. 8 (5): e27663. doi: 10.2196/27663 . ISSN   2368-7959. PMC   8140380 . PMID   33960952.
86. Too, Lay San; Spittal, Matthew J.; Bugeja, Lyndal; Milner, Allison; Stevenson, Mark; McClure, Roderick (1 September 2015). "An investigation of neighborhood-level social, economic and physical factors for railway suicide in Victoria, Australia". Journal of Affective Disorders. 183: 142–148. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.006. hdl: 11343/59171 . ISSN   1573-2517. PMID   26005775.
87. Mukherjee, Anindya; Ghosh, Bavrabi (2017). "An Automated Approach to Prevent Suicide in Metro Stations". Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Frontiers in Intelligent Computing: Theory and Applications. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Vol. 515. Springer. pp. 753–765. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-3153-3_75. ISBN   978-981-10-3152-6.
88. "Lancaster University partners with Purple Transform to develop AI solution to prevent suicides on railways". Lancaster University. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
89. Matsubayashi, Tetsuya; Sawada, Yasuyuki; Ueda, Michiko (1 May 2013). "Does the installation of blue lights on train platforms prevent suicide? A before-and-after observational study from Japan". Journal of Affective Disorders. 147 (1): 385–388. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.018. ISSN   0165-0327. PMID   22980401.
90. Wasserman, Danuta (2021). "13". Oxford Textbook of Suicidology and Suicide Prevention. Oxford University Press. p. 728. ISBN   9780198834441.
91. Yasuyuki Sawada; Michiko Ueda; Tetsuya Matsubayashi (October 24, 2017). Economic Analysis of Suicide Prevention: Towards Evidence-Based Policy-Making. Springer Nature Singapore. p. 129. ISBN   9789811015007.
92. Emms, Stephen (2 February 2010). "Anna Karenina: great novel, shame about the ending". The Guardian . Retrieved 19 March 2024.
93. Kelly, Maura (6 February 2019). "What 'Anna Karenina' Taught Me About Living With Depression". The New York Times . Retrieved 19 March 2024.
94. Cather, Willa (May 1905). "Paul's Case". University of Nebraska . Retrieved 19 March 2024.
95. Fred MacMurray, Barbara Stanwyck, Edward G. Robinson and Richard Gaines (1944). Double Indemnity (Film). Los Angeles, California: Paramount Pictures. Event occurs at 1:04. Retrieved March 22, 2024. I've got ten volumes on suicide alone. Suicide by race, by color, by occupation, by sex, by seasons of the year, by time of day. Suicide, how committed: by poisons, by firearms, by drowning, by leaps. Suicide by poison, subdivided by types of poison, such as corrosive, irritant, systemic, gaseous, narcotic, alkaloid, protein, and so forth. Suicide by leaps, subdivided by leaps from high places, under wheels of trains, under wheels of trucks, under the feet of horses, from steamboats. But Mr. Norton, of all the cases on record there's not one single case of suicide by leap from the rear end of a moving train.
96. Scott, A.O. (31 March 2001). "Film Festival Reviews; A Life Retreats from Tragedy to Happy Beginnings". The New York Times . Retrieved 21 March 2024.
97. Barkham, Patrick (22 April 2008). "Why train drivers aren't seeing the funny side of suicide". The Guardian . Retrieved 22 March 2024.
98. Ebert, Roger (22 September 2010). "Times change. Gordon Gekko is now the hero". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
99. Harvey, Dennis (11 July 2023). "'Bird Box Barcelona' Review: An Uninspired Sequel to the Netflix Hit". Variety . Retrieved 24 March 2024.

Works cited

• Berman, Alan; Sundararaman, Ramaya; Price, Andrea; Marshall, Karen; Martino, Michael; Doucette, Ann; Chase, Stephanie; Gabree, Scott (2013). Defining Characteristics of Intentional Fatalities on Railway Rights-of-Way in the United States, 2007–2010 (PDF) (Report). U.S. Federal Railroad Administration. DOT/FRA/ORD-13/25. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
• Botha, Jan L.; Elmasu, Kristina A.; Leitzell, Philip J. (2010). Suicides on Commuter Rail in California: Possible Patterns—A Case Study (PDF) (Report). Mineta Transportation Institute. CA-MTI-10-2926. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
• Sherry, Patrick (2016). Remedial Actions to Prevent Suicides on Commuter and Metro Rail Systems (PDF) (Report). Mineta Transportation Institute. CA-MTI-14-1129. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
• Too, Lay San; Bugeja, Lyndal; Millner, Allison; McClure, Roderick; Spittal, Matthew (2017). "Predictors of using trains as a suicide method: Findings from Victoria, Australia". Psychiatry Res. 253: 233–239. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.03.057. hdl: 11343/129526 . PMID   28395228 . Retrieved 1 April 2024.

External links

• Media related to Suicide by train at Wikimedia Commons