Roseburia is a genus of butyrate-producing, Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria that inhabit the human colon.[2] With a cell morphology of a curved-rod shape, this bacterium uses its flagella to move around.[3] The bacterium is named in honor of Theodor Rosebury who has contributed vastly to the oral microbiome field.[3] First isolated in human fecal samples, Roseburia has been found to provide several health benefits pertaining to the human gut microbiome.[4] Belonging to the Bacillota phylum (previously known as Firmicutes), Clostridia class, Clostridiales order, and Lachnospiraceae family, the Roseburia genus currently has 5 known species: Roseburia cecicola, Roseburia faecis, Roseburia hominis, Roseburia intestinalis, and Roseburia inulinivorans.[3]
There are several diseases that Roseburia has been shown to have a positive effect on such as inflammatory bowel disease, alcoholic fatty liver, colorectal cancer, and metabolic syndrome.[5] Increased abundance of Roseburia is associated with weight loss and reduced glucose intolerance in mice.[6]
Biology and biochemistry
As a member of the Bacillota phylum, Roseburia has been known to be an important bacterium in the human gut microbiome.[7] The five species under the Roseburia genus (Roseburia cecicola, Roseburia faecis, Roseburia hominis, Roseburia intestinalis, and Roseburia inulinivorans) are known to produce butyrate, acetate, and propionate.[3]
By fermenting complex polysaccharides that can't be digested by host enzymes as they enter the human colon, Roseburia produces short chain fatty acids like acetate, butyrate, and propionate.[4] Butyrate in particular is colonocytes preferred form of energy.[5] There are two main groups that are found from human feces that produce butyrate, one of them being clostridial cluster XIVa.[8] Cluster XIVa has been shown to be related to Roseburia cecicola.[8] Roseburia's ability to produce butyrate has been directly linked to positive health benefits such as prevention of type II diabetes, ulcerative colitis, and colon cancer.[5] This is demonstrated through butyrate's ability inhibit histone deacetylase, which is correlated to its protective role in anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic effects.[4]
Next-generation probiotic: Roseburia intestinalis
Amongst all of Roseburia's species, R. intestinalis has coined the term of the "next-generation probiotic."[4] A study was done that showcased a decrease in the abundance of R. intestinalis within the intestinal microbiota was linked to untreated Crohn's disease patients in their fecal samples.[9] This study concluded that Crohn's pathogenesis is suppressed by R. intestinalis through its ability to induce anti-inflammatory responses, as present through the production of butyrate.[9] A study showcased the mechanism that R. intestinalis uses to suppress the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease is by increasing the production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in the intestinal epithelial cells through TLR5.[10] By increasing the differentiation of anti-inflammatory Tregs, R. intestinalis is able to further delay the development of Crohn's disease.[10] Production of TSLP will lead to the decreased secretion of IL-10 and TGFβ from dendritic cells.[10]
On the other end, a study has shown that an increased abundance of R. intestinalis has been linked to β-mannan's ability to selectively promote beneficial gut bacteria.[11] It was concluded that R. intestinalis is a key degrader of β-mannan and could be used to elevate the selection of key members of the beneficial gut bacteria.[11]
Patients with ulcerative colitis are shown to have a decreased abundance of R. intestinalis.[12] In a study utilizing rats with colitis-related symptoms, relief was seen after an enema containing R. intestinalis was given.[12] With an increased expression of Zo-1 in colon tissues, the gut epithelia of the treated rats were seen to be restored.[12] R. intestinalis was correlated to restore the gut microbiota of the treated rats by promoting colon repair and recovering the gastrointestinal function.[12]
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