Roseburia is a genus of butyrate-producing, Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria that inhabit the human colon.[2] With a cell morphology of a curved-rod shape, this bacterium uses its flagella to move around.[3] The bacterium is named in honor of Theodor Rosebury who has contributed vastly to the oral microbiome field.[3] First isolated in human fecal samples, Roseburia has been found to provide several health benefits pertaining to the human gut microbiome.[4] Belonging to the Bacillota phylum (previously known as Firmicutes), Clostridia class, Clostridiales order, and Lachnospiraceae family, the Roseburia genus currently has 5 known species: Roseburia cecicola, Roseburia faecis, Roseburia hominis, Roseburia intestinalis, and Roseburia inulinivorans.[3]
There are several diseases that Roseburia has been shown to have a positive effect on such as inflammatory bowel disease, alcoholic fatty liver, colorectal cancer, and metabolic syndrome.[5] Increased abundance of Roseburia is associated with weight loss and reduced glucose intolerance in mice.[6]
Biology and biochemistry
As a member of the Bacillota phylum, Roseburia has been known to be an important bacterium in the human gut microbiome.[7] The five species under the Roseburia genus (Roseburia cecicola, Roseburia faecis, Roseburia hominis, Roseburia intestinalis, and Roseburia inulinivorans) are known to produce butyrate, acetate, and propionate.[3]
By fermenting complex polysaccharides that can't be digested by host enzymes as they enter the human colon, Roseburia produces short chain fatty acids like acetate, butyrate, and propionate.[4] Butyrate in particular is colonocytes preferred form of energy.[5] There are two main groups that are found from human feces that produce butyrate, one of them being clostridial cluster XIVa.[8] Cluster XIVa has been shown to be related to Roseburia cecicola.[8] Roseburia's ability to produce butyrate has been directly linked to positive health benefits such as prevention of type II diabetes, ulcerative colitis, and colon cancer.[5] This is demonstrated through butyrate's ability inhibit histone deacetylase, which is correlated to its protective role in anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic effects.[4]
Next-generation probiotic: Roseburia intestinalis
Amongst all of Roseburia's species, R. intestinalis has coined the term of the "next-generation probiotic."[4] A study was done that showcased a decrease in the abundance of R. intestinalis within the intestinal microbiota was linked to untreated Crohn's disease patients in their fecal samples.[9] This study concluded that Crohn's pathogenesis is suppressed by R. intestinalis through its ability to induce anti-inflammatory responses, as present through the production of butyrate.[9] A study showcased the mechanism that R. intestinalis uses to suppress the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease is by increasing the production of TSLP in the intestinal epithelial cells through TLR5.[10] By increasing the differentiation of anti-inflammatory Tregs, R. intestinalis is able to further delay the development of Crohn's disease.[10] Production of TSLP will lead to the decreased secretion of IL-10 and TGFβ from dendritic cells.[10]
On the other end, a study has shown that an increased abundance of R. intestinalis has been linked to β-mannan's ability to selectively promote beneficial gut bacteria.[11] It was concluded that R. intestinalis is a key degrader of β-mannan and could be used to elevate the selection of key members of the beneficial gut bacteria.[11]
Patients with ulcerative colitis are shown to have a decreased abundance of R. intestinalis.[12] In a study utilizing rats with colitis-related symptoms, relief was seen after an enema containing R. intestinalis was given.[12] With an increased expression of Zo-1 in colon tissues, the gut epithelia of the treated rats were seen to be restored.[12] R. intestinalis was correlated to restore the gut microbiota of the treated rats by promoting colon repair and recovering the gastrointestinal function.[12]
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