SDHD

SDHD
Identifiers
Aliases	SDHD , CBT1, CII-4, CWS3, PGL, PGL1, QPs3, SDH4, cybS, succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit D, MC2DN3
External IDs	OMIM: 602690 MGI: 1914175 HomoloGene: 37718 GeneCards: SDHD
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 11 (human)
End	112,120,016 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 9 (mouse)
End	50,515,112 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	jejunal mucosa; ; rectum; ; kidney tubule; ; biceps brachii; ; right ventricle; ; vastus lateralis muscle; ; thoracic diaphragm; ; cavity of mouth; ; duodenum; ; gastrocnemius muscle;
	Top expressed in
	interventricular septum; ; extraocular muscle; ; myocardium of ventricle; ; intercostal muscle; ; cardiac muscles; ; digastric muscle; ; thoracic diaphragm; ; sternocleidomastoid muscle; ; right ventricle; ; soleus muscle;
	More reference expression data
	n/a
Gene ontology
Molecular function	electron transfer activity ; succinate dehydrogenase activity ; metal ion binding ; succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity ; heme binding ; ubiquinone binding ;
Cellular component	integral component of membrane ; mitochondrial inner membrane ; mitochondrial envelope ; mitochondrion ; membrane ; mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II, succinate dehydrogenase complex (ubiquinone) ;
Biological process	tricarboxylic acid cycle ; mitochondrial electron transport, succinate to ubiquinone ;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	6392
	66925
	ENSG00000204370
	ENSMUSG00000000171
	O14521
	Q9CXV1
	NM_001276503 ; NM_001276504 ; NM_001276506 ; NM_003002
	NM_025848
	NP_001263432 ; NP_001263433 ; NP_001263435 ; NP_002993
	NP_080124
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Last updated December 20, 2023

Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial (CybS), also known as succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit D (SDHD), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SDHD gene. Names previously used for SDHD were PGL and PGL1. Succinate dehydrogenase is an important enzyme in both the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain.^[5]^[6]^[7] Hereditary PGL-PCC syndrome is caused by a parental imprint of the SDHD gene. Screening can begin by 6 years of age.

Structure

The SDHD gene is located on chromosome 11 at locus 11q23 and it spans 8,978 base pairs. There are pseudogenes for this gene on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 7, and 18.^[5] The SDHD gene produces a 17 kDa protein composed of 159 amino acids.^[8]^[9]

The SDHD protein is one of the two integral transmembrane subunits anchoring the four-subunit succinate dehydrogenase (Complex II) protein complex to the matrix side of the mitochondrial inner membrane. The other transmembrane subunit is SDHC. The SDHC/SDHD dimer is connected to the SDHB electron transport subunit which, in turn, is connected to the SDHA subunit.^[10]

Function

SDHD forms part of the transmembrane protein dimer with SDHC that anchors Complex II to the inner mitochondrial membrane. The SDHC/SDHD dimer provides binding sites for ubiquinone and water during electron transport at Complex II. Initially, SDHA oxidizes succinate via deprotonation at the FAD binding site, leaving fumarate, loosely bound to the active site, free to exit the protein. The electrons derived from succinate tunnel along the [Fe-S] relay in the SDHB subunit until they reach the [3Fe-4S] iron–sulfur cluster. The electrons are then transferred to an awaiting ubiquinone molecule at the active site in the SDHC/SDHD dimer. The O1 carbonyl oxygen of ubiquinone is oriented at the active site (image 4) by hydrogen bond interactions with Tyr83 of SDHD. The presence of electrons in the [3Fe-4S] iron sulphur cluster induces the movement of ubiquinone into a second orientation. This facilitates a second hydrogen bond interaction between the O4 carbonyl group of ubiquinone and Ser27 of subunit C. Following the first single electron reduction step, a semiquinone radical species is formed. The second electron arrives from the [3Fe-4S] cluster to provide full reduction of the ubiquinone to ubiquinol.^[11]

Clinical significance

Mutations in the SDHD gene can cause familial paraganglioma.^[5] Germline mutations in SDHD were first linked to hereditary paraganglioma in 2000.^[12] Since then, it has been shown that mutations in SDHB and to a lesser degree SDHC can cause paranglioma as well as familial pheochromocytoma. Notably, the tumor spectrum is different for the different mutations. SDHB mutations often lead to metastatic disease that is extra-adrenal, while SDHD mutation related tumors are more typically benign, originating in the head and neck.^[13]

The exact mechanism for tumorigenesis is not determined, but it is suspected that malfunction of the SDH complex can cause a hypoxic response in the cell that leads to tumor formation. Mutations in the SDHB, SDHC, SDHD, and SDHAF2 genes lead to the loss or reduction of SDH enzyme activity. Because the mutated SDH enzyme cannot convert succinate to fumarate, succinate accumulates in the cell. As a result, the hypoxia pathways are triggered in normal oxygen conditions, which lead to abnormal cell growth and tumor formation.^[13] People living at higher altitudes (for example, the Andes mountains) are known to have an increased rate of benign paraganglioma, with the rate of disease increasing with the altitude of the population.

At least five variants in the SDHD gene have been identified in people with Cowden syndrome or a similar disorder called Cowden-like syndrome. These conditions are characterized by multiple tumor-like growths called hamartomas and an increased risk of developing certain cancers. When Cowden syndrome and Cowden-like syndrome are caused by SDHD gene mutations, the conditions are associated with a particularly high risk of developing breast and thyroid cancers. The SDHD gene variants associated with Cowden syndrome and Cowden-like syndrome change single amino acids in the SDHD protein, which likely alters the function of the SDH enzyme. Studies suggest that the defective enzyme could allow cells to grow and divide unchecked, leading to the formation of hamartomas and cancerous tumors. However, researchers are uncertain whether the identified SDHD gene variants are directly associated with Cowden syndrome and Cowden-like syndrome. Some of the variants described above have rarely been found in people without the features of these conditions.^[14]

Mutations in the SDHD gene have been found in a small number of people with Carney–Stratakis syndrome, a hereditary form of a cancer of the gastrointestinal tract called gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Those with Carney-Stratakis syndrome present with a noncancerous tumor associated with the nervous system called a paraganglioma or pheochromocytoma (a type of paraganglioma). An inherited SDHD gene mutation predisposes an individual to cancer formation. An additional mutation that deletes the normal copy of the gene is needed to cause Carney-Stratakis syndrome. This second mutation, called a somatic mutation, is acquired during a person's lifetime and is present only in tumor cells.^[14]

Mitochondrial complex II deficiency (MT-C2D), a disorder of the mitochondrial respiratory chain with heterogeneous clinical manifestations, has also been associated with mutations in the SDHD gene. Clinical features include psychomotor regression in infants, poor growth with lack of speech development, severe spastic quadriplegia, dystonia, progressive leukoencephalopathy, muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, cardiomyopathy. Some patients manifest Leigh syndrome or Kearns–Sayre syndrome.^[15]^[16]^[17]

Interactive pathway map

Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.^{[§ 1]}

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TCACycle_WP78 edit

↑ The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "TCACycle_WP78".

Related Research Articles

Respiratory complex I, EC 7.1.1.2 is the first large protein complex of the respiratory chains of many organisms from bacteria to humans. It catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADH to coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and translocates protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes or the plasma membrane of bacteria.

Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) or succinate-coenzyme Q reductase (SQR) or respiratory complex II is an enzyme complex, found in many bacterial cells and in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes. It is the only enzyme that participates in both the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain. Histochemical analysis showing high succinate dehydrogenase in muscle demonstrates high mitochondrial content and high oxidative potential.

Succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit C, also known as succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SDHC gene. This gene encodes one of four nuclear-encoded subunits that comprise succinate dehydrogenase, also known as mitochondrial complex II, a key enzyme complex of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and aerobic respiratory chains of mitochondria. The encoded protein is one of two integral membrane proteins that anchor other subunits of the complex, which form the catalytic core, to the inner mitochondrial membrane. There are several related pseudogenes for this gene on different chromosomes. Mutations in this gene have been associated with pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described.

A paraganglioma is a rare neuroendocrine neoplasm that may develop at various body sites. When the same type of tumor is found in the adrenal gland, they are referred to as a pheochromocytoma. They are rare tumors, with an overall estimated incidence of 1/300,000. There is no test that determines benign from malignant tumors; long-term follow-up is therefore recommended for all individuals with paraganglioma.

Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial (SDHB) also known as iron-sulfur subunit of complex II (Ip) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SDHB gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SDHA</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit A, flavoprotein variant is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SDHA gene. This gene encodes a major catalytic subunit of succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, a complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The complex is composed of four nuclear-encoded subunits and is localized in the mitochondrial inner membrane. SDHA contains the FAD binding site where succinate is deprotonated and converted to fumarate. Mutations in this gene have been associated with a form of mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency known as Leigh Syndrome. A pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 3q29. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

MT-ND6 is a gene of the mitochondrial genome coding for the NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 6 protein (ND6). The ND6 protein is a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), which is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and is the largest of the five complexes of the electron transport chain. Variations in the human MT-ND6 gene are associated with Leigh's syndrome, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and dystonia.

MT-ND5 is a gene of the mitochondrial genome coding for the NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 5 protein (ND5). The ND5 protein is a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), which is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and is the largest of the five complexes of the electron transport chain. Variations in human MT-ND5 are associated with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) as well as some symptoms of Leigh's syndrome and Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON).

MT-ND1 is a gene of the mitochondrial genome coding for the NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1 (ND1) protein. The ND1 protein is a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase, which is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and is the largest of the five complexes of the electron transport chain. Variants of the human MT-ND1 gene are associated with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), Leigh's syndrome (LS), Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and increases in adult BMI.

NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4, mitochondrial (NDUFS4) also known as NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 18 kDa subunit is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NDUFS4 gene. This gene encodes a nuclear-encoded accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase. Complex I removes electrons from NADH and passes them to the electron acceptor ubiquinone. Mutations in this gene can cause mitochondrial complex I deficiencies such as Leigh syndrome.

NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 8, mitochondrial also known as NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 23 kDa subunit, Complex I-23kD (CI-23kD), or TYKY subunit is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NDUFS8 gene. The NDUFS8 protein is a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) also known as Complex I, which is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and is the largest of the five complexes of the electron transport chain. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Leigh syndrome.

NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit, mitochondrial (NDUFS1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NDUFS1 gene. The encoded protein, NDUFS1, is the largest subunit of complex I, located on the inner mitochondrial membrane, and is important for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Mutations in this gene are associated with complex I deficiency.

NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 7, mitochondrial, also knowns as NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 20 kDa subunit, Complex I-20kD (CI-20kD), or PSST subunit is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NDUFS7 gene. The NDUFS7 protein is a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) also known as Complex I, which is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and is the largest of the five complexes of the electron transport chain.

NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6, also known as complex I-B17, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NDUFB6 gene. NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6, is an accessory subunit of the NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex, located in the mitochondrial inner membrane. It is also known as Complex I and is the largest of the five complexes of the electron transport chain.

NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 12 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NDUFA12 gene. The NDUFA12 protein is a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), which is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and is the largest of the five complexes of the electron transport chain. Mutations in subunits of NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), also known as Complex I, frequently lead to complex neurodegenerative diseases such as Leigh's syndrome that result from mitochondrial complex I deficiency.

NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 10 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NDUFA10 gene. The NDUFA10 protein is a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), which is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and is the largest of the five complexes of the electron transport chain. Mutations in subunits of NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), also known as Complex I, frequently lead to complex neurodegenerative diseases such as Leigh's syndrome. Furthermore, reduced NDUFA10 expression levels due to FOXM1-directed hypermethylation are associated with human squamous cell carcinoma and may be related to other forms of cancer.

NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 11, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NDUFB11 gene. NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex subunit 11 is an accessory subunit of the NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex, located in the mitochondrial inner membrane. It is also known as Complex I and is the largest of the five complexes of the electron transport chain. NDUFB11 mutations have been associated with linear skin defects with multiple congenital anomalies 3 and mitochondrial complex I deficiency.

Carney triad (CT) is characterized by the coexistence of three types of neoplasms, mainly in young women, including gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumor, pulmonary chondroma, and extra-adrenal paraganglioma. The underlying genetic defect remains elusive. CT is distinct from Carney complex, and the Carney-Stratakis syndrome.

Succinate dehydrogenase complex assembly factor 2, formerly known as SDH5 and also known as SDH assembly factor 2 or SDHAF2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SDHAF2 gene. This gene encodes a mitochondrial protein needed for the flavination of a succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit required for activity of the complex. Mutations in this gene are associated with pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma.

Succinate dehydrogenase complex assembly factor 1 (SDHAF1), also known as LYR motif-containing protein 8 (LYRM8), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SDHAF1, or LYRM8, gene. SDHAF1 is a chaperone protein involved in the assembly of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex. Mutations in this gene are associated with SDH-defective infantile leukoencephalopathy and mitochondrial complex II deficiency.

References

1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000204370 - Ensembl, May 2017
1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000000171 - Ensembl, May 2017
↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
1 2 3 "Entrez Gene: succinate dehydrogenase complex".
↑ Heutink P, van der Mey AG, Sandkuijl LA, van Gils AP, Bardoel A, Breedveld GJ, van Vliet M, van Ommen GJ, Cornelisse CJ, Oostra BA (April 1992). "A gene subject to genomic imprinting and responsible for hereditary paragangliomas maps to chromosome 11q23-qter". Human Molecular Genetics. 1 (1): 7–10. doi:10.1093/hmg/1.1.7. PMID 1301144.
↑ Hirawake H, Taniwaki M, Tamura A, Kojima S, Kita K (1997). "Cytochrome b in human complex II (succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase): cDNA cloning of the components in liver mitochondria and chromosome assignment of the genes for the large (SDHC) and small (SDHD) subunits to 1q21 and 11q23". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 79 (1–2): 132–8. doi:10.1159/000134700. PMID 9533030.
↑ Zong NC, Li H, Li H, Lam MP, Jimenez RC, Kim CS, Deng N, Kim AK, Choi JH, Zelaya I, Liem D, Meyer D, Odeberg J, Fang C, Lu HJ, Xu T, Weiss J, Duan H, Uhlen M, Yates JR, Apweiler R, Ge J, Hermjakob H, Ping P (October 2013). "Integration of cardiac proteome biology and medicine by a specialized knowledgebase". Circulation Research. 113 (9): 1043–53. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301151. PMC 4076475 . PMID 23965338.
↑ "SDHD - Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB).
↑ Sun F, Huo X, Zhai Y, Wang A, Xu J, Su D, Bartlam M, Rao Z (July 2005). "Crystal structure of mitochondrial respiratory membrane protein complex II". Cell. 121 (7): 1043–57. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2005.05.025 . PMID 15989954. S2CID 16697879.
↑ Horsefield R, Yankovskaya V, Sexton G, Whittingham W, Shiomi K, Omura S, Byrne B, Cecchini G, Iwata S (March 2006). "Structural and computational analysis of the quinone-binding site of complex II (succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase): a mechanism of electron transfer and proton conduction during ubiquinone reduction". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281 (11): 7309–16. doi: 10.1074/jbc.m508173200 . PMID 16407191.
↑ Baysal BE, Ferrell RE, Willett-Brozick JE, Lawrence EC, Myssiorek D, Bosch A, van der Mey A, Taschner PE, Rubinstein WS, Myers EN, Richard CW, Cornelisse CJ, Devilee P, Devlin B (February 2000). "Mutations in SDHD, a mitochondrial complex II gene, in hereditary paraganglioma". Science. 287 (5454): 848–51. Bibcode:2000Sci...287..848B. doi:10.1126/science.287.5454.848. PMID 10657297.
1 2 "Hereditary paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma". Genetics Home Reference. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
1 2 "SDHD". Genetics Home Reference. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
↑ "SDHD Gene". www.genecards.org. GeneCards Human Gene Database. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
↑ Jackson CB, Nuoffer JM, Hahn D, Prokisch H, Haberberger B, Gautschi M, Häberli A, Gallati S, Schaller A (March 2014). "Mutations in SDHD lead to autosomal recessive encephalomyopathy and isolated mitochondrial complex II deficiency". Journal of Medical Genetics. 51 (3): 170–5. doi:10.1136/jmedgenet-2013-101932. PMID 24367056. S2CID 25057245.
↑ Alston CL, Ceccatelli Berti C, Blakely EL, Oláhová M, He L, McMahon CJ, Olpin SE, Hargreaves IP, Nolli C, McFarland R, Goffrini P, O'Sullivan MJ, Taylor RW (August 2015). "A recessive homozygous p.Asp92Gly SDHD mutation causes prenatal cardiomyopathy and a severe mitochondrial complex II deficiency". Human Genetics. 134 (8): 869–79. doi:10.1007/s00439-015-1568-z. PMC 4495259 . PMID 26008905.

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

External links

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[WikiPathways-18] The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "TCACycle_WP78".

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000204370 - Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000000171 - Ensembl, May 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[entrez-5] 1 2 3 "Entrez Gene: succinate dehydrogenase complex".

[pmid1301144-6] Heutink P, van der Mey AG, Sandkuijl LA, van Gils AP, Bardoel A, Breedveld GJ, van Vliet M, van Ommen GJ, Cornelisse CJ, Oostra BA (April 1992). "A gene subject to genomic imprinting and responsible for hereditary paragangliomas maps to chromosome 11q23-qter". Human Molecular Genetics. 1 (1): 7–10. doi:10.1093/hmg/1.1.7. PMID 1301144.

[pmid9533030-7] Hirawake H, Taniwaki M, Tamura A, Kojima S, Kita K (1997). "Cytochrome b in human complex II (succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase): cDNA cloning of the components in liver mitochondria and chromosome assignment of the genes for the large (SDHC) and small (SDHD) subunits to 1q21 and 11q23". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 79 (1–2): 132–8. doi:10.1159/000134700. PMID 9533030.

[COPaKB-8] Zong NC, Li H, Li H, Lam MP, Jimenez RC, Kim CS, Deng N, Kim AK, Choi JH, Zelaya I, Liem D, Meyer D, Odeberg J, Fang C, Lu HJ, Xu T, Weiss J, Duan H, Uhlen M, Yates JR, Apweiler R, Ge J, Hermjakob H, Ping P (October 2013). "Integration of cardiac proteome biology and medicine by a specialized knowledgebase". Circulation Research. 113 (9): 1043–53. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301151. PMC 4076475 . PMID 23965338.

[url_COPaKB-9] "SDHD - Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB).

[10] Sun F, Huo X, Zhai Y, Wang A, Xu J, Su D, Bartlam M, Rao Z (July 2005). "Crystal structure of mitochondrial respiratory membrane protein complex II". Cell. 121 (7): 1043–57. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2005.05.025 . PMID 15989954. S2CID 16697879.

[11] Horsefield R, Yankovskaya V, Sexton G, Whittingham W, Shiomi K, Omura S, Byrne B, Cecchini G, Iwata S (March 2006). "Structural and computational analysis of the quinone-binding site of complex II (succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase): a mechanism of electron transfer and proton conduction during ubiquinone reduction". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281 (11): 7309–16. doi: 10.1074/jbc.m508173200 . PMID 16407191.

[Baysal-12] Baysal BE, Ferrell RE, Willett-Brozick JE, Lawrence EC, Myssiorek D, Bosch A, van der Mey A, Taschner PE, Rubinstein WS, Myers EN, Richard CW, Cornelisse CJ, Devilee P, Devlin B (February 2000). "Mutations in SDHD, a mitochondrial complex II gene, in hereditary paraganglioma". Science. 287 (5454): 848–51. Bibcode:2000Sci...287..848B. doi:10.1126/science.287.5454.848. PMID 10657297.

[GHR-HPP-13] 1 2 "Hereditary paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma". Genetics Home Reference. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 26 March 2015.

[GHR-SDHD-14] 1 2 "SDHD". Genetics Home Reference. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 26 March 2015.

[15] "SDHD Gene". www.genecards.org. GeneCards Human Gene Database. Retrieved 30 July 2018.

[16] Jackson CB, Nuoffer JM, Hahn D, Prokisch H, Haberberger B, Gautschi M, Häberli A, Gallati S, Schaller A (March 2014). "Mutations in SDHD lead to autosomal recessive encephalomyopathy and isolated mitochondrial complex II deficiency". Journal of Medical Genetics. 51 (3): 170–5. doi:10.1136/jmedgenet-2013-101932. PMID 24367056. S2CID 25057245.

[17] Alston CL, Ceccatelli Berti C, Blakely EL, Oláhová M, He L, McMahon CJ, Olpin SE, Hargreaves IP, Nolli C, McFarland R, Goffrini P, O'Sullivan MJ, Taylor RW (August 2015). "A recessive homozygous p.Asp92Gly SDHD mutation causes prenatal cardiomyopathy and a severe mitochondrial complex II deficiency". Human Genetics. 134 (8): 869–79. doi:10.1007/s00439-015-1568-z. PMC 4495259 . PMID 26008905.

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[§ 1]

v t e Oxidoreductases: CH–CH oxidoreductases (EC 1.3)
1.3.1: NAD/NADP acceptor	Enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase/Enoyl ACP reductase 7-Dehydrocholesterol reductase Biliverdin reductase 2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase Dihydroxymethyloxo-tetrahydroquinoline dehydrogenase
1.3.3: Oxygen acceptor	Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase Protoporphyrinogen oxidase Bilirubin oxidase Acyl-CoA oxidase Dihydrouracil oxidase Tetrahydroberberine oxidase Secologanin synthase Tryptophan alpha,beta-oxidase Pyrroloquinoline-quinone synthase L-galactonolactone oxidase
1.3.5: Quinone	Succinate dehydrogenase SDHA SDHB SDHC SDHD
1.3.99: Other acceptors	Fumarate reductase Butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase Acyl CoA dehydrogenase ACADSB ACADS 5α-reductase SRD5A1 SRD5A2 SRD5A3 Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase Isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase 3-oxo-5beta-steroid 4-dehydrogenase

v t e Enzymes
Activity	Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Diffusion-limited enzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis
Regulation	Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator
Classification	EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes
Kinetics	Enzyme kinetics Eadie–Hofstee diagram Hanes–Woolf plot Lineweaver–Burk plot Michaelis–Menten kinetics
Types	EC1 Oxidoreductases (list) EC2 Transferases (list) EC3 Hydrolases (list) EC4 Lyases (list) EC5 Isomerases (list) EC6 Ligases (list) EC7 Translocases (list)