Vulva activism

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Raising awareness for the vulva at the Women's March in Oakland, 2017 Oakland Women's March 02.jpg
Raising awareness for the vulva at the Women's March in Oakland, 2017

Vulva activism (also termed as vulvactivism [1] ) is the promotion of a raised awareness of the appearance of female genitalia and the breaking of taboos surrounding the vulva, as carried out by feminist movements and advocacy groups. Other names for this advocacy movement are labia pride, [2] labia liberation, [3] vulvaversity, [4] viva la vulva, [5] pussy positivity [5] and similar. It is supported by several independent feminist groups and based on diverse channels of communication such as cyberfeminism, protest marches and advocating boycotts against physicians and clinics that make use of deceptive advertising.

Contents

Background

While the men's penis often serves as a symbol of virility and prowess, the vulva is associated with contradictory and oftentimes negative evaluations and meanings in western society. It is strongly sexualized as the object of erotic desire, but it is also often regarded as ugly, disgusting and unclean: something to be ashamed of and hide. Unveiling or talking about the vulva are considered obscene, offensive and taboo in most situations. The term vulva shaming is sometimes used for these phenomena. [6] There are many stigmatizations and myths concerning the vulva. Many girls and women are insecure about the appearance of their genitals, but do not dare to bring up the topic with family and friends.

The Anthropologist Carlos Sulkin depicts this connection as a culturally associative network, whereby the tabooing of the vulva and problematic ideals of beauty are closely linked. There is a cultural norm in western societies to keep the vulva covered and concealed in public, to hide it and avoid it as a topic. In this context, unrealistic ideas of perfection and normativity thrive:

The Persian women, by Otto van Veen.jpg
Atomic Pussy Project Workshop 2020.jpg
Painting The Persian women, by Otto van Veen from the year 1629 (above) and a 21st century feminist art project (below)

Take the term "vulva". It means whatever it means to each one of us because of the association we make between it and other terms, concepts, images, and narratives for or about genitals, the body, sex, sexuality, beauty, pleasure, modesty, and so on, as well as with our personal experiences with and memories of genitals. We pick up such terms, make these associations, and come to believe in the accounts of the world within which our understandings of vulvas make sense, in part, because these terms and associations are bandied about by people around us, from our childhoods onward. We pick them up as we pick up language. We share so many associations with our consociates that we seem to be able to understand what others mean, understand, and intend when they speak or act in a certain way regarding vulvas.
For instance, in much of the English-speaking world, with few exceptions, we sense that vulvas and their surroundings should be kept from the sight of others in everyday life, and we dress and comport ourselves and speak in ways that take this for granted. As children, we picked this up and thereafter reproduced these associations and sense. [...]
It is also a world in which the looks of vulvas are very much on the horizon of concern, with some women endowed with pretty slits while others have "ghastly" protruding bits.

— Carlos Sulkin, University of Regina [7]

In many cultures, however, we also often find the opposite tendency to identify the vulva with powerful, mythical forces. This valuation of the vulva is found for both ancient European and non-European cultures. In these mythologies, for example, the belief prevails that disaster can be averted through the self-determined uncovering of the vulva, referred to as Anasyrma. This practice was used both in religious rituals, but was practiced in the context of secular festivals. Public exposure of the vulva became an act of empowerment. [8]

Anasyrma has inspired modern feminist activists and has been incorporated in art projects and workshops such as Raising the Skirt and Anasyrma Army. [9] The taboos and shame that affect the vulva in Western society are to be conquered and women are to find a relaxed way of dealing with the vulva again. [10] [11]

Aims and objectives

The campaigns are intended to educate, empower and raise critical awareness about natural genital variation. Activists and supporters encourage women (and also men) to develop more positive attitudes towards the vulva and to accept anatomical variations as they are. Campaigners believe that the vulva should be seen as a normal part of the body that does not need to be hidden and made taboo, and that women should embrace that part of their body and stop being ashamed of their vulva.

The aim is to educate men and women about normal female anatomy and its variations and break taboos surrounding the vulva. To achieve this, the vulva is recontextualized, for example, through public display and discourse in explicitly non-sexual contexts. [2] [12] [13] [14]

Stencil in Lisbon depicting a vulva captioned with the Portuguese for "I am not what you define as a woman" Lisboa 20130502 - 71 (8906371654).jpg
Stencil in Lisbon depicting a vulva captioned with the Portuguese for "I am not what you define as a woman"

Ending vulva shaming

Although the vulva is still a taboo in today's society, it is subject to an unrealistic ideal of beauty. Unlike most other parts of the body, the vulva is usually covered in public and hidden from the gaze of others, as expressed in the term "private parts". Most heterosexual girls and women rarely see other vulvas besides their own. Male adolescents are often familiar with the appearance of vulvas only through pornographic images. Thus, for many people of both sexes, there are no realistic standards or possibilities for comparison. [15] [16] [17] [18]

Taken together, these are the conditions for which many women:

Addressing unrealistic beauty standards

A woman holding a sign saying "Love your labia" at the Muff March in London, 2011 Muff March Harley Street 5.jpg
A woman holding a sign saying "Love your labia" at the Muff March in London, 2011

The growing demand for labiaplasty surgery could be attributed to the fact that many women, as well as men, have unrealistic expectations regarding genital appearance. The cultural norm of covering the genitals in public creates a lack of a standard of comparison. Most explicit depictions of female genitalia that people are confronted with are produced by the sex industry. Pornography is usually produced in a commercial context and primarily addresses male customers. Therefore, these depictions of female genitalia are often "beautified" to suit commercial need (or in some countries for legal reasons), [19] [20] either by the selection of models with a certain anatomy or by photoshopping the images. In practice, this means smoothing out irregularities and "digitally shortening" the labia minora.

A whole generation of young women who have grown up with ready access to the Internet are learning about their bodies and sexuality through this medium...Often the first and only way girls get to have a good look at other girls' naked genitals is through pornography, [which gives] a false view of what real women look like.

— Madeleine Davies [21]

A 2020 study of 4.513 Canadian men and women directly addressed the question of what aesthetic preferences both sexes have regarding the vulva. For this purpose, photos of vulvas with and without labiaplasty were shown, and the participants were asked to rate them on the dimensions personal ideal (what they themselves consider ideal), societal ideal (what they think most other people consider to be ideal) and normalcy (how far does the depicted vulva correspond to the natural average). It was found that both men and women considered the vulvas after labiaplasty not only more attractive i.e. ideal (both societal and personal), but also more normal. This effect was even more pronounced for women than for men. Thus, vulvas with surgically removed or reduced labia minora were considered more normal than natural vulvas by most people. The authors conclude that:

The continuing repression of female sexuality, wherein direct exposure to female genitalia may elicit a sense of impropriety or disgust, and the resulting censorship of untucked labia in media, may contribute to the perceived normalcy of the more tucked in or invisible labial appearance.

— Skoda et al. 2020 [22]

Another 2022 study that used a similar methodology not only found natural, unaltered vulvas - again when compared to vulvas that had undergone labiaplasty - to be rated as less normal and ideal, but in fact to be disgusting! Of note, this effect is moderated by race and most pronounced for pre-operative white vulvas and post-operative black vulvas. [23] While, as expected, heterosexual men rate vulvas as more attractive than homosexual men, and heterosexual women rate vulvas as less attractive than lesbian women, the same pattern emerges here. [24] Also in other Western countries such as Germany, the picture is similar: naturally developed inner labia are considered to be ugly and disgusting, a deformity that should ideally be surgically removed. [25]

The taboo and shameful public attitude towards the vulva is seen as the cause of these unrealistic expectations. Various initiatives aim to change this and want the vulva to be treated in public presentation and conversation as a normal body part. Demands include that female genitalia be allowed to be depicted in the popular press (i.e. without the legal requirement of "photoshopping" the labia away, as is the case e.g. in Australia [19] ), that parents use the anatomically correct terms in conversation with their children, [26] or that children's dolls such as Barbie not be shipped without vulvas [27] [28] (in fact, "Barbie style" is a common term for an extensive form of labiaplasty in which the labia minora are completely removed [29] ).

Forms of activism

Muff March

Protest for Labia awareness: Muff March in London, 2011 Muff March Harley Street 4.jpg
Protest for Labia awareness: Muff March in London, 2011

The London-based feminist group UK Feminista organized a protest march through Harley Street, an area synonymous with its private medical providers, in December 2011. [30] More than 320 women paraded the street, with slogans like: "Keep your mits off our bits!", "There's nothing finer than my vagina!", and "Harley Street puts my chuff in a huff" [31]

Muff March is about speaking back to a pornified culture which is pressuring women to go under the surgeon's knife and get a "designer vagina". We also want to shine a spotlight on the cosmetic surgeons who ruthlessly mine women's bodies to extract maximum profit.[...] Now pornography is exposing women to the toxic myth that there is one "right" way for their labia to look. It's time to fight back.

—  Kat Banyard, Director of UK Feminista [31]

The "Muff March" has been criticized for putting too much emphasis on pornography as a root cause of the problem. [32] (See Feminist views on pornography.)

New View campaign

New View is a New York City based, grassroots network of feminists, social scientists and health care providers. In a self-description, New View "is opposed to the growth of the unregulated and unmonitored genital cosmetic surgery industry that is medicalizing women's sexuality and creating new risks, norms and insecurities." [33] The group initiated several events with the aim of empowering women and raising awareness for the topic under names such as the Vulvagraphics or Vulvanomics. These include workshops to "celebrate the role of art in activism and to kick off a campus-based movement to celebrate genital diversity", [34] [35] "flash activism" in front of surgeon's offices, [36] conferences (Framing the Vulva) [37] and street demonstrations. [38]

Labia Pride

Women post photographs of their vulvas "to publicly catalog normal genital diversity" and "counter unrealistic standards" Jodie's liberated vulva.jpg
Women post photographs of their vulvas "to publicly catalog normal genital diversity" and "counter unrealistic standards"

The name emphasizes the labia, as the trend towards cosmetic surgery on the female genitals (labiaplasty, also known as "designer vagina") has left many women insecure about the size and appearance of their labia. [2]

Several feminist groups, such as Gynodiversity, [39] the Large Labia Project, [40] or 100 vulvas [41] try to oppose the influence that pornography has on anatomic expectations. By encouraging women to release images of their vulvas and post photo submissions of anonymous vulvas on their websites, they want to establish a sphere for women to get realistic impressions of normal vulvas.

However, the campaign itself has been criticized. By giving the false impression that protruding labia are the anatomical norm and small inner labia are the adaptation to beauty standards, it ignores the fact that many women have naturally small labia:

In an effort to make "real women" feel better about themselves, some labia proud ladies are taking shots at girls whose labia actually look like the imaginary "Barbie" ideal. Turns out, some girls are actually born like that. Labia, like boobs or entire bodies, come in all shapes, sizes, colors and textures. Shaming one to make another type feel better is bad news. Think of it in terms of thin women who are often shamed or shunned in support of body image advocacy for larger girls.

— Jessica Sager [42]

Furthermore, these campaigns as well have been criticized for putting too much blame on the porn industry and the subjection to male desires. It is argued that even though this might be the case to a certain degree, other factors that boost these surgeries are basically ignored. [42] [43]

Courageous Cunts

Flyposting of the activist platform Courageous Cunts on an urban wall Labia pride activist street art.jpg
Flyposting of the activist platform Courageous Cunts on an urban wall

Courageous Cunts was a feminist website, [44] founded in 2012, that focused on issues of body empowerment and genital self-awareness. Its primary concern was the critical reception of women's health issues, sexualized body images and the sexual objectification of female bodies. Courageous Cunts considered itself to be part of the labia pride movement, with the aim of raising awareness for critical issues around labiaplasty and empowering women to overcome body shame. The site ran a campaign during which women could publicly post photographs of their vulvas to promote a natural genital image and protest against "porn aesthetics". [45] [46] Using the word "cunt" as their name was an act of reappropriation, as English professor Germaine Greer argues that the ancient vulgarism "is one of the few remaining words in the English language with a genuine power to shock". [47]

Vulvaversity

Vulvaversity is a collective of committed artists and project makers, originating in the German city of Freiburg im Breisgau. The project is dedicated to demystifying the vulva and making it visible. The project clears up ideas of norms and wants to encourage people to overcome the shame regarding vulvas that has developed over many centuries. Vulvaversity wants to dispel the myth of the vulva as it is portrayed in mainstream pornography in particular. As a vehicle for this visualization, Vulvaversity produced calendars, notepads, shopping lists, postcards. Vulvaversity deliberately refrains from aestheticizing or artistically depicting the photographed vulvas and thus shows unadulterated, unchanged images. The collective organizes film and discussion evenings, rooms for exchange, lectures and talks, and always provides the possibility to have a photo of one's own vulva taken in a mobile photo studio to have it published. [4] [48] [49]

See also

Art projects

Protests

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clitoris</span> Erectile female sexual organ

In amniotes, the clitoris is a female sex organ. In humans, it is the vulva's most erogenous area and generally the primary anatomical source of female sexual pleasure. The clitoris is a complex structure, and its size and sensitivity can vary. The visible portion, the glans, of the clitoris is typically roughly the size and shape of a pea and is estimated to have at least 8,000 nerve endings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Female genital mutilation</span> Ritual cutting or removal of some or all of the vulva

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is the ritual cutting or removal of some or all of the vulva. The prevalence of FGM varies worldwide, but is majorly present in some countries of Africa, Asia and the Middle East, and within their diasporas. As of 2024, UNICEF estimates that worldwide 230 million girls and women had been subjected to one or more types of FGM.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Labia minora</span> Flaps of skin on either side of the vaginal opening in the vulva

The labia minora, also known as the inner labia, inner lips, or nymphae, are two flaps of skin that are part of the primate vulva, extending outwards from the vaginal and urethral openings to encompass the vestibule. The labia minora are situated between the labia majora and together form the labia. They vary widely in size, color and shape from individual to individual.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vagina</span> Part of the female reproductive tract

In mammals and other animals, the vagina is the elastic, muscular reproductive organ of the female genital tract. In humans, it extends from the vulval vestibule to the cervix. The vaginal introitus is normally partly covered by a thin layer of mucosal tissue called the hymen. The vagina allows for copulation and birth. It also channels menstrual flow, which occurs in humans and closely related primates as part of the menstrual cycle.

Genital modifications are forms of body modifications applied to the human sexual organs. The term genital enhancement is generally used for genital modifications that improve the recipient's quality of life in result in positive health outcomes. The term genital mutilation is used for genital modifications that drastically diminish the recipient's quality of life and result in adverse health outcomes, whether physical or mental.

<i>Pussy</i> Term with multiple meanings

Pussy is a term used as a noun, an adjective, and—in rare instances—a verb in the English language. It has several meanings, as slang, as euphemism, and as vulgarity. Most commonly, it is used as a noun with the meaning "cat", "coward", or "weakling". In slang usage, it can mean "vulva or vagina" and less commonly, as a form of synecdoche, meaning "sexual intercourse with a woman". Because of its multiple senses including both innocent and vulgar connotations, pussy is often the subject of double entendre.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Female reproductive system</span> Reproductive system of human females

The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in the reproduction of new offspring. The human female reproductive system is immature at birth and develops to maturity at puberty to be able to produce gametes, and to carry a fetus to full term. The internal sex organs are the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. The female reproductive tract includes the vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes and is prone to infections. The vagina allows for sexual intercourse and childbirth, and is connected to the uterus at the cervix. The uterus or womb accommodates the embryo, which develops into the fetus. The uterus also produces secretions, which help the transit of sperm to the fallopian tubes, where sperm fertilize ova produced by the ovaries. The external sex organs are also known as the genitals and these are the organs of the vulva including the labia, clitoris, and vestibule.

Genital reconstructive surgery may refer to:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Labia</span> Parts of the vulva

The labia are the major externally visible portions of the vulva. In humans and other primates, there are two pairs of labia: the labia majora are large and thick folds of skin that cover the vulva's other parts while the labia minora are the inner folds of skin between the outer labia that surround and protect the urethral and vaginal openings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Labiaplasty</span> Plastic surgery procedure for altering the labia minora

Labiaplasty is a plastic surgery procedure for creating or altering the labia minora and the labia majora, the folds of skin of the human vulva. It is a type of vulvoplasty. There are two main categories of women seeking cosmetic genital surgery: those with conditions such as intersex, and those with no underlying condition who experience physical discomfort or wish to alter the appearance of their vulvas because they believe they do not fall within a normal range.

Labia stretching, also referred to as labia elongation or labia pulling, is the act of lengthening the labia minora through manual manipulation (pulling) or physical equipment. It is a familial cultural practice in parts of Eastern and Southern Africa, and a body modification practice elsewhere. It is performed for sexual enhancement for the benefit of both partners, aesthetics, symmetry and gratification.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clitoral hood reduction</span> Cosmetic surgical procedure

Clitoral hood reduction, also termed clitoral hoodectomy, clitoral unhooding, clitoridotomy, or (partial) hoodectomy, is a plastic surgery procedure for reducing the size and the area of the clitoral hood in order to further expose the glans of the clitoris.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Perineoplasty</span>

Perineoplasty denotes the plastic surgery procedures used to correct clinical conditions of the vagina and the anus. Among the vagino-anal conditions resolved by perineoplasty are vaginal looseness, vaginal itching, damaged perineum, fecal incontinence, genital warts, dyspareunia, vaginal stenosis, vaginismus, vulvar vestibulitis, and decreased sexual sensation. Depending upon the vagino-anal condition to be treated, there are two variants of the perineoplasty procedure: the first, to tighten the perineal muscles and the vagina; the second, to loosen the perineal muscles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vulva</span> External genitalia of the female mammal

In mammals, the vulva consists of the external female genitalia. For humans, it includes the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, urinary meatus, vaginal introitus, hymen, and openings of the vestibular glands. The vulva includes the entrance to the vagina, which leads to the uterus, and provides a double layer of protection for this by the folds of the outer and inner labia. Pelvic floor muscles support the structures of the vulva. Other muscles of the urogenital triangle also give support.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Esthiomene</span> Medical condition

Esthiomene is a medical term referring to elephantiasis of the female genitals. In the past, the term has also referred to elephantiasis of the male genitalia.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to human sexuality:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Megumi Igarashi</span> Japanese sculptor and manga artist

Megumi Igarashi, who uses the pseudonym Rokudenashiko, is a Japanese sculptor and manga artist who creates works that feature female genitalia and are often modeled after her own vulva. Rokudenashiko considers it her mission to reclaim female genitalia as part of women's bodies and demystify them in Japan's male dominated society, where she believes that they are "overly hidden" and marginalized as “taboo” and “obscene” in comparison to phallic imagery. As such, the artist has created a variety of different representations of manko, the Japanese slang for vagina or pussy, using representations of her own body as the raw material to emphasize as return to experience within art and manga. Rokudenashiko has been called an international symbol of “manko positivity.”

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vagina and vulva in art</span> Visual art representing female genitalia

The vagina and vulva have been depicted from prehistory onwards. Visual art forms representing the female genitals encompass two-dimensional and three-dimensional. As long ago as 35,000 years ago, people sculpted Venus figurines that exaggerated the abdomen, hips, breasts, thighs, or vulva.

Genitoplasty is plastic surgery to the genitals. Genitoplasties may be reconstructive to repair injuries, and damage arising from cancer treatment, or congenital disorders, endocrine conditions, or they may be cosmetic.

<i>Femalia</i> 1993 book

Femalia is a book of 32 full-color photographs of human vulvas, edited by Joani Blank and first published by Down There Press in 1993. A reprint edition was published by Last Gasp in 2011. The photographs were taken by Tee Corinne, Michael Perry, Jill Posener, and Michael A. Rosen. The photographs are presented without commentary, except for Blank's brief introduction to the volume as a whole. Blank wanted to present accurate images of the subject, in contrast to pornographic or medical ones.

References

  1. ↑ Herbenick, D., & Schick, V. (2011). Read my lips: A complete guide to the vagina and vulva. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Clark-Flory, Tracy (17 February 2013). "The 'Labia Pride' Movement". Salon.
  3. ↑ Williams, Zoe (13 September 2021). "Labia liberation! The movement to end vulva anxiety for good". The Guardian.
  4. 1 2 "Vulvaversity: mal so richtig hinschauen". Vulvaversity (in German).
  5. 1 2 "Viva La Vulva - Das Forum von und für junge Feministinnen". Viva La Vulva.
  6. ↑ Oeming, M. (2018). In Vulva Vanitas – The Rise of Labiaplasty in the West. On Cliteridectomy, 70.
  7. ↑ Sulkin, C. D. L. (2022). "On dropping one's trousers and reclaiming relativism: a reply to 'The prosecution of Dawoodi Bohra women' by Richard Shweder". Global Discourse. 12 (1): 91–103. doi:10.1332/204378921X16255844555932. S2CID   246463734.
  8. ↑ Vagina dentata: Why men throughout history have been terrified of vaginas with teeth - iNews
  9. ↑ "Reclaim Your Cunt, Reclaim Our Cunt". Raising the Skirt. Archived from the original on 1 September 2018.
  10. ↑ Gymnastique: Pourquoi les vulves font-elles peur?. Arte (in French). 24 September 2022.
  11. ↑ Blackledge, C. (2020). Raising the Skirt: The Unsung Power of the Vagina. Hachette UK, ISBN 147461583X
  12. ↑ Morgan, Eleanor (16 October 2021). "Viva la vulva: why we need to talk about women's genitalia". The Guardian.
  13. ↑ Nurka, C. (2018). Female genital cosmetic surgery: deviance, desire and the pursuit of perfection. Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 9783319964898
  14. ↑ Chubak, B. (2020). Historical and Ethical Perspectives on Vulvoplasty. Sexual Medicine Reviews. doi : 10.1016/j.sxmr.2020.06.002
  15. ↑ Brighter, Cassie (25 January 2021). "The Ignorant Shaming of Labia Shapes". Medium.
  16. ↑ Leiber, Katharina (31 March 2020). "Vulva Shaming & Vagina shaming – for real? We need confidence!". Womanizer.
  17. ↑ Knott, Kylie (23 November 2021). "Women's sexual pleasure and their vulvas celebrated in experimental art event aiming to remove the negativity from 'down there'" . South China Morning Post.
  18. ↑ Gross, Rachel E. (21 September 2021). "Taking the 'Shame Part' Out of Female Anatomy". The New York Times.
  19. 1 2 Drysdale, Kirsten (3 March 2010). "Healing It To A Single Crease". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 6 June 2012.
  20. ↑ Labiaplasty Hungry Beast: Ep 14. Vimeo.
  21. ↑ Davies, Madeleine (18 February 2013). "This Ain't No Porn Star Vagina: Large Labias Need Love Too". Jezebel.
  22. ↑ Skoda, K., Oswald, F. E., Shorter, L., & Pedersen, C. L. (2020). Perceptions of Female Genitalia Following Labiaplasty. The Journal of Sex Research, 1-8. doi:10.1080/00224499.2020.1808563
  23. ↑ Oswald, F., Walton, K. A., Khera, D., Champion, A., & Pedersen, C. L. (2022). Evaluations of Black and White female genitalia by labiaplasty status: A pre-registered contextualization, replication, and extension of findings on labial perceptions. The Journal of Sex Research, 59(9), 1163-1174. doi : 10.1080/00224499.2022.2050667
  24. ↑ Oswald, F., Pedersen, C. L., & Matsick, J. L. (2022). Gayzing Women’s Bodies: Criticisms of Labia Depend on the Gender and Sexual Orientation of Perceivers. The Journal of Sex Research, 1-14. doi : 10.1080/00224499.2022.2112647
  25. ↑ Kasten, E., & Hoffmann, K. (2019). Female genital esthetics: Comparison of preferences of men and women. Journal für Ästhetische Chirurgie, 12, 95-103. doi : 10.1007/s12631-018-0123-x
  26. ↑ Call It A Vulva: Why We Should Teach Kids Anatomical Terms For Genitals - A mighty girl
  27. ↑ Barbie needs to be given vulva - Metro
  28. ↑ Alarming trend sees young girls wanting ‘Barbie genitals’ Girls as young as 13 are requesting the surgery. - news.com.au
  29. ↑ Gonzales-Alabastro, C., Eilber, K. S., Anger, J. T., & Berman, J. R. (2019). Female cosmetic genital reconstruction: a review of current trends, treatments, and techniques. Current sexual health reports, 11, 44-51. doi : 10.1007/s11930-019-00191-1
  30. ↑ Mayer, Chloe (14 December 2011). "Hackney Feminist leads 'Muff March' protest". Hackney Gazette. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012.
  31. 1 2 "Rise in 'designer vaginas' sparks Muff March protests" (Press release). UK Feminista. 8 December 2011. Archived from the original on 2 August 2014.
  32. ↑ McAuliffe, Naomi (11 December 2011). "Is the Muff March such a cunning stunt?". The Guardian.
  33. ↑ "Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery (FGCS) Activism". New View Campaign.
  34. ↑ "Vulvagraphics: An Intervention in Honor of Female Genital Diversity". New View Campaign.
  35. ↑ "Vulvagraphics: An intervention in honor of female genital diversity!". Center for the Study of Gender and Sexuality. New York University. Archived from the original on 23 October 2009.
  36. ↑ Flash activism - New View Campaign
  37. ↑ Silverberg, Cory (2 September 2010). "A Different Kind of Vulva Story: Las Vegas New View Conference". About.com – Sexuality Blog. Archived from the original on 7 September 2010.
  38. ↑ Fitzpatrick, Laura (19 November 2008). "Plastic Surgery Below the Belt". Time. Archived from the original on 22 March 2013.
  39. ↑ "Home". Gynodiversity.
  40. ↑ "Women's self-submitted photos of their "imperfect" vaginas and all topics related". Large Labia Project.
  41. ↑ Why I photographed 100 vulvas - BBC
  42. 1 2 Sager, Jessica (19 February 2013). "The Labia Pride Movement Has A Few Problems". Gurl Magazine. Archived from the original on 26 February 2013.
  43. ↑ Hess, Amanda (20 February 2013). "Insecure About Your Vagina? Sharing a Photo on the Internet Won't Fix That". Slate.
  44. ↑ "Archived version of Courageous Cunts website". Courageous Cunts. Archived from the original on 27 December 2013.
  45. ↑ Clark-Flory, Tracy (February 17, 2013). "The "labia pride" movement: Rebelling against the porn aesthetic, women are taking to the Internet to sing the praises of "endowed" women.". Salon.com. Retrieved 2013-04-12.
  46. ↑ Sourdès, Lucile (21 February 2013). "Révolution vulvienne: Contre l'image de la vulve parfaite, elles se rebellent sur Internet" [Vulva Revolution: the Internet Rebellion against the Image of the Perfect Vulva]. Rue89 (in French). Archived from the original on 23 February 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
  47. ↑ "The C Words". Balderdash and Piffle. Series 1. 2006-01-30. 31 minutes in. BBC Two. ... unlike other words for women's genitals, this one sounds powerful – it demands to be taken seriously. In the twentieth century, its strength didn't diminish. ... it became the most offensive insult one man could throw at another. In 1987, at a test [cricket] match in Pakistan, the umpire Shakoor Rana accused English captain Mike Gatting of unfair play. When Gatting denied it, Rana called him 'a fucking cheating cunt'. The fracas caused uproar. Yet only one newspaper, The Independent, dared print the expletive-laden exchange in full. Nearly twenty years later, in some quarters, it is used as a term of affection. Yet for most people the C-word is still a very offensive term ...".
  48. ↑ Schamlos glücklich: Warum sich jeder eine Vulva an die Wand hängen sollte - Go Feminin
  49. ↑ Der Vulva-Abreißkalender aus Freiburg ist schon ausverkauft - Badische Zeitung
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