1934 FIFA World Cup

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1934 FIFA World Cup
World's Cup [1]
Campionato Mondiale di Calcio
Italia 1934 (Italian)
1934 fifa worldcup poster.jpg
Official poster
Tournament details
Host countryItaly
Dates27 May – 10 June
Teams16 (from 4 confederations)
Venue(s)8 (in 8 host cities)
Final positions
ChampionsFlag of Italy (1861-1946).svg  Italy (1st title)
Runners-upFlag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia
Third placeFlag of Germany (1933-1935).svg  Germany
Fourth placeFlag of Austria.svg  Austria
Tournament statistics
Matches played17
Goals scored70 (4.12 per match)
Attendance363,000 (21,353 per match)
Top scorer(s) Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Oldřich Nejedlý
(5 goals)
← 1930
1938 →

The 1934 FIFA World Cup was the 2nd edition of the FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international football championship for senior men's national teams. It took place in Italy from 27 May to 10 June 1934.

Contents

The 1934 World Cup was the first in which teams had to qualify to take part. Thirty-two nations entered the competition; 16 teams would qualify for the final tournament. Reigning champions Uruguay boycotted the tournament as only four European teams had accepted their invitation to the 1930 tournament. [2] [3] Italy beat Czechoslovakia 2–1 to become the second World Cup champions and the first European winners.

The 1934 World Cup was marred by being a high-profile instance of a sporting event being used for overt political gain. In particular, Benito Mussolini was keen to use this World Cup as a means of promoting fascism. [4] [3] Although some historians and sports journalists have made accusations of corruption and meddling by Mussolini to influence the competition to the benefit of Italy, [5] [3] Italy has always claimed that it deserved victory in the competition and the successful national team, considered one of the best in the country's history, emerged victorious also in the Olympic football tournament of 1936 hosted by Germany and in the 1938 World Cup hosted by France. [5] [3] [6]

The Federale 102 ball, which was manufactured in Italy, was the match ball provided for the 1934 World Cup. [7]

Host selection

After a lengthy decision-making process in which FIFA's executive committee met eight times, [8] Italy was chosen as the host nation at a meeting in Stockholm on 9 October 1932. [9] The decision was taken by the executive committee without a ballot of members. The Italian bid was chosen in preference to one from Sweden; [2] the Italian government assigned a budget of Lire 3.5 million to the tournament. [10]

Qualification and participants

36 countries applied to enter the tournament, so qualifying matches were required to thin the field to 16. [9] Even so, there were several notable absentees. Reigning World Cup holders Uruguay declined to participate, in protest at the refusal of several European countries to travel to South America for the previous World Cup, which Uruguay had hosted in 1930. [3] As a result, the 1934 World Cup is the only one in which the reigning champions did not participate. [8] [11] The British Home Nations, in a period of self-imposed exile from FIFA, also refused to participate, even though FIFA had offered England and Scotland direct entry to the tournament without qualification. [12] Football Association committee member Charles Sutcliffe called the tournament "a joke" and claimed that "the national associations of England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland have quite enough to do in their own International Championship which seems to me a far better World Championship than the one to be staged in Rome". [13]

Despite their role as hosts, Italy were still required to qualify, the only time the host needed to do so. [9] The qualifying matches were arranged on a geographical basis. Withdrawals by Chile and Peru meant Argentina and Brazil qualified without playing a single match. [14]

Twelve of the 16 places were allocated to Europe, three to the Americas, and one to Africa or Asia (including Turkey). Only 10 of the 32 entrants, and four of the 16 qualified teams (Brazil, Argentina, United States and Egypt, the first African team to qualify for a World Cup finals tournament), were from outside Europe. The last place in the finals was contested between the United States and Mexico only three days before the start of the tournament in a one-off match in Rome, which the United States won. [15]

List of qualified teams

The following 16 teams qualified for the final tournament.

10 of these teams made their first World Cup appearance. [16] This included 9 of the 12 European teams (Italy, Germany, Spain, the Netherlands, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Sweden, Austria, and Switzerland) as well as Egypt. [16] Egypt was the first team from Africa in the finals and would not qualify again until the next time the competition was held in Italy, in 1990.

Venues

The number of supporters travelling from other countries was higher than at any previous football tournament, including 7,000 from the Netherlands and 10,000 each from Austria and Switzerland. [17]

Milan Bologna
Stadio San Siro Stadio Littoriale
Capacity: 55,000Capacity: 50,100
San Siro stadium in 1934.jpg Stadio Littoriale Bologna.jpg
Rome Florence
Stadio Nazionale PNF Stadio Giovanni Berta
Capacity: 47,300Capacity: 47,290
Stadio Pnf.jpg Stadio Comunale Giovanni Berta.jpg
Naples Genoa Turin Trieste
Stadio Giorgio Ascarelli Stadio Luigi Ferraris Stadio Benito Mussolini Stadio Littorio
Capacity: 40,000Capacity: 36,703Capacity: 28,140Capacity: 8,000
StadioPartenopeo.jpg Vecchio Stadio Marassi 1.jpg Stadio Comunale Benito Mussolini.jpg StadiodelLittorio.jpg

Format

The group stage used in the first World Cup was discarded in favour of a straight knockout tournament. If a match was tied after ninety minutes, then thirty minutes of extra time were played. If the score was still tied after extra time, the match was replayed the next day.

The eight seeded teams – Argentina, Brazil, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Austria, Czechoslovakia and Hungary – were kept apart in the first round.

Summary

Qualifying countries and their results 1934 FIFA World Cup.png
Qualifying countries and their results

All eight first-round matches kicked off at the same time. [18] Hosts and favourites Italy won handsomely, defeating the USA 7–1; The New York Times correspondent wrote that "only the fine goal-tending of Julius Hjulian of Chicago kept the score as low as it was". [19]

From left to right: Italian manager Pozzo, Monzeglio, Bertolini, the goalkeeper and captain Combi, Monti (half-hidden) and the assistant manager Carcano (behind) before the start of extra time in the victorious final versus Czechoslovakia 1934 FIFA World Cup Final - Italy v Czechoslovakia - Pozzo, Monzeglio, Bertolini, Combi, Monti and Carcano.jpg
From left to right: Italian manager Pozzo, Monzeglio, Bertolini, the goalkeeper and captain Combi, Monti (half-hidden) and the assistant manager Carcano (behind) before the start of extra time in the victorious final versus Czechoslovakia

Internal disputes meant Argentina's squad for the tournament did not contain a single member of the team which had reached the final in 1930. In the end, La Albiceleste would partake with an amateur squad. [20] Against Sweden in Bologna, Argentina twice took the lead, but two goals by Sven Jonasson and a winner by Knut Kroon gave Sweden a 3–2 victory. [21] Fellow South Americans Brazil also suffered an early exit. Spain beat them comfortably, with 3–1 as the final score. [22]

For the only time in World Cup history, the last eight consisted entirely of European teams – Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland. All four non-European teams who made the journey to Italy were eliminated after one match.

In the quarter-finals, the first replayed match in World Cup history took place, when Italy and Spain drew 1–1 after extra time. The match was played in a highly aggressive manner with several players of both sides injured: rough play injured the Spanish goalkeeper Ricardo Zamora in the first match, leaving him unable to participate in the replay, while on the other side rough play by Spaniards broke the leg of the Italian Mario Pizziolo who would not play in the national team again. [23] Italy won the replay 1–0; their play so physical that at least three Spaniards had to depart the field with injuries. [24] Italy then went on to beat Austria in the semi-finals by the same score. Meanwhile, Czechoslovakia secured their place in the final by beating Germany 3–1.

The Stadium of the National Fascist Party was the venue for the final. With 80 minutes played, the Czechoslovaks led 1–0. The Italians managed to score before the final whistle and then added another goal in extra time to be crowned World Cup winners.

Throughout the years, several sources have reported that the tournament was marred by bribery and corruption, and could have been influenced by Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, who used the tournament as a propaganda tool for fascism. According to these accusations, Mussolini personally selected referees for the matches where the Italy national team were playing, while the Italian government meddled in FIFA's organisation of events, re-organizing the logistics of the matches to further promote fascism. [5] [3] [25] [6] Nonetheless, Italy also won the following edition of the World Cup (held in France) as well as the Olympic football tournament in 1936.

Squads

For a list of all squads that appeared in the final tournament, see 1934 FIFA World Cup squads .

Final tournament

Bracket

 
 Round of 16 Quarter-finals Semi-finals Final
 
              
 
27 May – Rome
 
 
Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg  Italy 7
 
31 May and 1 June – Florence
 
Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States 1
 
Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg  Italy (rep.)1 (1)
 
27 May – Genoa
 
Flag of Spain (1931-1939).svg  Spain 1 (0)
 
Flag of Spain (1931-1939).svg  Spain 3
 
3 June – Milan
 
Flag of Brazil (1889-1960).svg  Brazil 1
 
Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg  Italy 1
 
27 May – Turin
 
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 0
 
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria (a.e.t.)3
 
31 May – Bologna
 
Flag of France (1794-1815, 1830-1958).svg  France 2
 
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 2
 
27 May – Naples
 
Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg  Hungary 1
 
Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg  Hungary 4
 
10 June – Rome
 
Flag of Egypt (1922-1958).svg  Egypt 2
 
Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg  Italy (a.e.t.)2
 
27 May – Trieste
 
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia 1
 
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia 2
 
31 May – Turin
 
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania 1
 
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia 3
 
27 May – Milan
 
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland 2
 
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland 3
 
3 June – Rome
 
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 2
 
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia 3
 
27 May – Florence
 
Flag of Germany (1933-1935).svg  Germany 1 Third place play-off
 
Flag of Germany (1933-1935).svg  Germany 5
 
31 May – Milan7 June – Naples
 
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 2
 
Flag of Germany (1933-1935).svg  Germany 2Flag of Germany (1933-1935).svg  Germany 3
 
27 May – Bologna
 
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 1 Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 2
 
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 3
 
 
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 2
 

Round of 16

Spain  Flag of Spain (1931-1939).svg3–1Flag of Brazil (1889-1960).svg  Brazil
Iraragorri Soccerball shade.svg18' (pen.), 25'
Lángara Soccerball shade.svg29'		 Report Leônidas Soccerball shade.svg55'
Stadio Luigi Ferraris, Genoa
Attendance: 21,000
Referee: Alfred Birlem (Germany)
Hungary  Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg4–2Flag of Egypt (1922-1958).svg  Egypt
Teleki Soccerball shade.svg11'
Toldi Soccerball shade.svg31', 61'
Vincze Soccerball shade.svg53'		 Report Fawzi Soccerball shade.svg35', 39'
Stadio Giorgio Ascarelli, Naples
Attendance: 9,000
Referee: Rinaldo Barlassina (Italy)
Switzerland  Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg3–2Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands
Kielholz Soccerball shade.svg7', 43'
Abegglen Soccerball shade.svg66'		 Report Smit Soccerball shade.svg29'
Vente Soccerball shade.svg69'
Stadio San Siro, Milan
Attendance: 33,000
Referee: Ivan Eklind (Sweden)
Italy  Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg7–1Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States
Schiavio Soccerball shade.svg18', 29', 64'
Orsi Soccerball shade.svg20', 69'
Ferrari Soccerball shade.svg63'
Meazza Soccerball shade.svg90'		 Report Donelli Soccerball shade.svg57'
Stadio Nazionale PNF, Rome
Attendance: 25,000
Referee: René Mercet (Switzerland)
Czechoslovakia  Flag of the Czech Republic.svg2–1Flag of Romania.svg  Romania
Puč Soccerball shade.svg50'
Nejedlý Soccerball shade.svg67'		 Report Dobay Soccerball shade.svg11'
Stadio Littorio, Trieste
Attendance: 9,000
Referee: John Langenus (Belgium)
Sweden  Flag of Sweden.svg3–2Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina
Jonasson Soccerball shade.svg9', 67'
Kroon Soccerball shade.svg79'		 Report Belis Soccerball shade.svg4'
Galateo Soccerball shade.svg48'
Stadio Littoriale, Bologna
Attendance: 14,000
Referee: Eugen Braun (Austria)
Austria  Flag of Austria.svg3–2 (a.e.t.)Flag of France (1794-1815, 1830-1958).svg  France
Sindelar Soccerball shade.svg44'
Schall Soccerball shade.svg93'
Bican Soccerball shade.svg109'		 Report Nicolas Soccerball shade.svg18'
Verriest Soccerball shade.svg116' (pen.)
Stadio Benito Mussolini, Turin
Attendance: 16,000
Referee: Johannes van Moorsel (Netherlands)
Germany  Flag of Germany (1933-1935).svg5–2Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium
Kobierski Soccerball shade.svg25'
Siffling Soccerball shade.svg49'
Conen Soccerball shade.svg66', 70', 87'		 Report Voorhoof Soccerball shade.svg29', 43'
Stadio Giovanni Berta, Florence
Attendance: 8,000
Referee: Francesco Mattea (Italy)

Quarter-finals

Austria  Flag of Austria.svg2–1Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg  Hungary
Horvath Soccerball shade.svg8'
Zischek Soccerball shade.svg51'		 Report Sárosi Soccerball shade.svg60' (pen.)
Stadio Littoriale, Bologna
Attendance: 23,000
Referee: Francesco Mattea (Italy)
Italy  Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg1–1 (a.e.t.)Flag of Spain (1931-1939).svg  Spain
Ferrari Soccerball shade.svg44' Report Regueiro Soccerball shade.svg30'
Stadio Giovanni Berta, Florence
Attendance: 35,000
Referee: Louis Baert (Belgium)
Germany  Flag of Germany (1933-1935).svg2–1Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden
Hohmann Soccerball shade.svg60', 63' Report Dunker Soccerball shade.svg82'
Stadio San Siro, Milan
Attendance: 3,000
Referee: Rinaldo Barlassina (Italy)
Czechoslovakia  Flag of the Czech Republic.svg3–2Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland
Svoboda Soccerball shade.svg24'
Sobotka Soccerball shade.svg49'
Nejedlý Soccerball shade.svg82'		 Report Kielholz Soccerball shade.svg18'
Jäggi Soccerball shade.svg78'
Stadio Benito Mussolini, Turin
Attendance: 12,000
Referee: Alois Beranek (Austria)

Replay

Italy  Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg1–0Flag of Spain (1931-1939).svg  Spain
Meazza Soccerball shade.svg11' Report
Attendance: 43,000

Semi-finals

Italy  Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg1–0Flag of Austria.svg  Austria
Guaita Soccerball shade.svg19' Report
Stadio San Siro, Milan
Attendance: 35,000
Referee: Ivan Eklind (Sweden)
Czechoslovakia  Flag of the Czech Republic.svg3–1Flag of Germany (1933-1935).svg  Germany
Nejedlý Soccerball shade.svg21', 69', 80' Report Noack Soccerball shade.svg62'
Stadio Nazionale PNF, Rome
Attendance: 15,000
Referee: Rinaldo Barlassina (Italy)

Third place play-off

Germany  Flag of Germany (1933-1935).svg3–2Flag of Austria.svg  Austria
Lehner Soccerball shade.svg1', 42'
Conen Soccerball shade.svg27'		 Report Horvath Soccerball shade.svg28'
Sesta Soccerball shade.svg54'
Stadio Giorgio Ascarelli, Naples
Attendance: 7,000
Referee: Albino Carraro (Italy)

Final

Italy  Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg2–1 (a.e.t.)Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia
Orsi Soccerball shade.svg81'
Schiavio Soccerball shade.svg95'		 Report Puč Soccerball shade.svg71'
Stadio Nazionale PNF, Rome
Attendance: 55,000
Referee: Ivan Eklind (Sweden)

Goalscorers

With five goals, Oldřich Nejedlý was the top scorer in the tournament. In total, 70 goals were scored by 45 players, with none of them credited as an own goal.

5 goals
4 goals
3 goals
2 goals
1 goal

FIFA retrospective ranking

In 1986, FIFA published a report that ranked all teams in each World Cup up to and including 1986, based on progress in the competition, overall results and quality of the opposition (not counting replay results). [26] [16] The rankings for the 1934 tournament were as follows:

RTeamPWDLGFGAGDPts.
1Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg  Italy 5410123+99
2Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia 430196+36
3Flag of Germany (1933-1935).svg  Germany 4301118+36
4Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 42027704
Eliminated in the quarter-finals
5Flag of Spain (1931-1939).svg  Spain 311143+13
6Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg  Hungary 210154+12
7Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland 21015502
8Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 21014402
Eliminated in the round of 16
9Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 100123−10
Flag of France (1794-1815, 1830-1958).svg  France 100123−10
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 100123−10
12Flag of Romania.svg  Romania 100112−10
13Flag of Egypt (1922-1958).svg  Egypt 100124−20
14Flag of Brazil (1889-1960).svg  Brazil 100113−20
15Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 100125−30
16Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States 100117−60

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References

  1. ↑ FIFA book of statutes, Roma 1934, prtd. Gebr. Fey & Kratz, Zürich, FIFA internal library no. C br. 18, 1955.
  2. 1 2 "History of FIFA – The first FIFA World Cup". FIFA. Archived from the original on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hart, Jim (27 July 2016). "When the World Cup rolled into fascist Italy in 1934". These Football Times . Retrieved 14 June 2018.
  4. ↑ de Carvalho 2014
  5. 1 2 3 Fascism and Football. BBC. 2009. Archived from the original on 14 November 2021.
  6. 1 2 Weiner, Matthew (8 June 2010). "When worlds collide: Soccer vs. politics". CNN . Retrieved 14 June 2018.
  7. ↑ "FIFA World Cup 1934 Italy. Federale 102". WorldCupBalls.info. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  8. 1 2 Freddi 2006 :15
  9. 1 2 3 Hunt 2006 :23
  10. ↑ Goldblatt 2007 :255
  11. ↑ Glanville 2005 :25
  12. ↑ Beck, Peter J. (1999). "British football and FIFA, 1928-46: Going to war or peacefully coexistence?". FIFA.com. Archived from the original on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  13. ↑ Taylor, Matthew (2005). The Leaguers: The Making of Professional Football in England 1900-1939. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 217. ISBN   9781781387030.
  14. ↑ Crouch 2002 :14
  15. ↑ Brewin, John; Williamson, Martin (1 May 2014). "World Cup History: 1934". ESPN. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
  16. 1 2 3 "FIFA World Cup: Milestones, facts & figures. Statistical Kit 7" (PDF). FIFA. 26 March 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 May 2013.
  17. ↑ Murray 1998 :69
  18. ↑ Hunt 2006 :26
  19. ↑ Wangerin 2006 :98
  20. ↑ Glanville 2005 :26
  21. ↑ Freddi 2006 :20
  22. ↑ Hunt 2006 :27
  23. ↑ Baker 1988 :248
  24. ↑ Wilson 2009 :71
  25. ↑ "Research: World Cup matches fixed in '34, '78". ESPN . 25 April 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  26. ↑ "Mexico 1986" (PDF). FIFA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2021.

Bibliography

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