Arcobacter

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Arcobacter
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Campylobacterota
Class:
"Campylobacteria"
Order:
Campylobacterales
Family:
Arcobacteraceae
Genus:
Arcobacter

Vandamme et al. 1991
Type species
Arcobacter nitrofigilis
(McClung et al. 1983) Vandamme et al. 1991
Species [1]

See text

Arcobacter is a genus of Gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria in the phylum Campylobacterota. [2] It shows an unusually wide range of habitats, and some species can be human and animal pathogens. [2] [3] Species of the genus Arcobacter are found in both animal and environmental sources, making it unique among the Campylobacterota. [4] This genus currently consists of five species: A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus, A. skirrowii, A. nitrofigilis, and A. sulfidicus, although several other potential novel species have recently been described from varying environments. [4] [5] Three of these five known species are pathogenic. [5] Members of this genus were first isolated in 1977 from aborted bovine fetuses. They are aerotolerant, Campylobacter -like organisms, previously classified as Campylobacter. [6] The genus Arcobacter, in fact, was created as recently as 1992. [7] Although they are similar to this other genus, Arcobacter species can grow at lower temperatures than Campylobacter, as well as in the air, which Campylobacter cannot. [6]

Contents

The name Arcobacter is derived from the Latin arcus meaning "bow" and the Greek bacter meaning "rod", and should be understood to mean "bow-shaped rod" or "curved rod". This is a reference to the characteristic curved shaped that most Arcobacter cells possess. [8]

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) [9] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) [10]

16S rRNA based LTP_08_2023 [11] [12] [13] 120 single copy marker proteins based GTDB 08-RS214 [14] [15] [16]
Arcobacter

A. mytili

(Malaciobacter)

A. molluscorum

A. halophilus

A. anaerophilus

A. canalis Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2018

A. marinus

A. acticola

A. pacificus

(Arcobacter)

A. nitrofigilis

(Halarcobacter)

A. arenosus

A. bivalviorum

A. ebronensis

(Poseidonibacter)

A. roscoffensisPascual et al. 2023

A. lekithochrous

A. parvus

A. antarcticus

(Pseudarcobacter)

A. caeni

A. venerupis

A. ellisii

A. cloacae

A. suis

A. aquimarinus

A. defluvii

(Aliarcobacter)

A. butzleri

A. lacus

A. vandammei

A. faecis

A. lanthieri

A. vitoriensis

A. cibarius

A. cryaerophilus

A. skirrowii

A. thereius

A. trophiarum

Arcobacteraceae

Marinarcus aquaticus corrig.Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2018

Arcobacter nitrofigilis (McClung, Patrjiquin & Davis 1983) Vandamme et al. 1991

Malaciobacter

M. mytilicorrig. (Collado et al. 2009) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019

M. molluscorumcorrig. (Figueras et al. 2011) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019

M. halophilus corrig. (Donachie et al. 2005) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019

M. marinuscorrig. (Kim et al. 2010) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019

Halarcobacter

H. bivalviorum corrig. (Levican et al. 2012) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019

"Arcobacter mediterraneus" Rahman et al. 2022

"H. arenosus" Baek et al. 2021

H. anaerophilus corrig. (Sasi Jyothsna et al. 2013) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2020

H. ebronensis corrig. (Levican et al. 2015) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019

Malaciobacter pacificuscorrig. (Zhang et al. 2016) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019

Poseidonibacter

P. lekithochrous(Diéguez et al. 2017) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019

P. antarcticusGuo et al. 2019

P. parvusKim et al. 2021

Aliarcobacter

Pseudarcobacter acticola(Park et al. 2016) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019

Arcobacter caeniPérez-Cataluña, Salas-Massó & Figueras 2019

Pseudarcobacter suis corrig. (Levican, Collado & Figueras 2013) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019

Pseudarcobacter venerupis corrig. (Levican et al. 2012) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019

Pseudarcobacter aquimarinus corrig. (Levican et al. 2015) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019

Pseudarcobacter cloacae corrig. (Levican, Collado & Figueras 2013) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019

Pseudarcobacter defluviicorrig. (Collado et al. 2011) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019

Pseudarcobacter ellisiicorrig. (Figueras et al. 2011) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2019

A. butzleri (Kiehlbauch et al. 1991) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2020

Arcobacter lacusPérez-Cataluña, Salas-Massó & Figueras 2019

A. lanthieri(Whiteduck-Léveillée et al. 2015) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2020

A. vitoriensisAlonso et al. 2021

Arcobacter vandammeiKerkhof, On & Houf 2021

A. cibarius (Houf et al. 2005) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2020

A. faecis(Whiteduck-Léveillée et al. 2019) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2020

A. cryaerophilus(Neill et al. 1985) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2020

A. trophiarum(De Smet et al. 2011) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2020

A. skirrowii (Vandamme et al. 1992) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2020

"Arcobacter porcinus" Figueras et al. 2017

A. thereius(Houf et al. 2009) Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2020

Species incertae sedis:

Pathogenicity

Arcobacter species have been discovered as both animal and human pathogens within the past decade, due to improvements in isolation techniques. [6] Up to now, little is known about the mechanisms of pathogenicity or potential virulence factors of Arcobacter spp. [17] Since no routine diagnostic of these bacteria has been performed, the global prevalence of Arcobacter infection is rather underestimated and the exact routes of transmission are unknown. [18] Some evidence indicates livestock animals may be a significant reservoir of Arcobacter, and over the last few years, the presence of these organisms in raw meat products, as well as in surface and ground water, has received increasing attention. [17] In humans, A. butzleri, and less commonly, A. cryaerophilus, have been linked to enteritis and occasionally bacteremia. [6] Symptoms of A. butzleri infections include diarrhea associated with abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting or fever. [6] Studies of patients infected with A. butzleri have demonstrated that without treatment, symptoms endured for a very variable amount of time, from two days to several weeks. [7] When antimicrobial therapies were administered, the infection was eradicated within a few days, and all strains in the study were found to be susceptible to the antibiotics given. [7] A third species, A. skirrowii, has also recently been isolated from a patient with chronic diarrhea. [6] Although the microbiological and clinical features of Arcobacter are not yet well defined, initial studies of A. butzleri suggest that these bacteria display similar microbiological and clinical features as C. jejuni , but are more associated with a persistent, watery diarrhea than with the bloody diarrhea associated with C. jejuni. [6] Recent studies suggest that A. butzleri induces epithelial barrier dysfunction by changes in tight junction proteins and induction of epithelial apoptosis. [18] Based on this model, the virulence of A. butzleri seems to have two phases. An initial effect on tight junctions was observed first, followed by a late effect on cytotoxicity because of necrosis and induction of apoptosis. [18]

Nonpathogenic strains

A. nitrofigilis is a nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from the roots of the salt marsh plant Spartina alterniflora . [5] A. sulfidicus is an obligate microaerophile that oxidizes sulfides and is an autotrophic producer of filamentous sulfur. [5] Large populations of this bacterium produce mats of this solid, white sulfur filament. [19] These mats are useful in anchoring the bacteria to rocky surfaces in the face of flowing subsurface hydrothermal fluids, as well as providing important carpeting around hydrothermal vents that attracts other animals to that site and encourages them to settle and grow. [19] One interesting potential novel Arcobacter species, designated LA31BT, was isolated from water collected from a hypersaline lagoon. [4] Preliminary characterization based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that LA31BT shared 94% identity with A. nitrofigilis, the type species of the genus, and taxonomic studies confirmed the phylogenetic affiliation of strain LA31BT to the genus Arcobacter. [4] Other analytical methods, however, showed that LA31BT was distinct from all recognized Arcobacter species. Most notably and of interest, LA31BT was found to be an obligate halophile, a trait not found among recognized Arcobacter species. [4]

Another unusual Arcobacter species, designated strain CAB, was isolated from marine sediment and found to have the capacity to grow via perchlorate reduction, the only member of the Campylobacterota in pure culture to possess this rare metabolism. [20] Unlike most Arcobacter species, CAB was found to degrade carbohydrates, including fructose and catechol, and its cells often lacked the distinctive curvature typical of the genus Arcobacter. [20]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Campylobacter</i> Genus of gram-negative bacteria

Campylobacter is a type of bacteria that can cause a diarrhea disease in people. Its name means "curved bacteria", as the germ typically appears in a comma or "s" shape. According to its scientific classification, it is a genus of gram-negative bacteria that is motile.

<i>Helicobacter</i> Genus of bacteria

Helicobacter is a genus of gram-negative bacteria possessing a characteristic helical shape. They were initially considered to be members of the genus Campylobacter, but in 1989, Goodwin et al. published sufficient reasons to justify the new genus name Helicobacter. The genus Helicobacter contains about 35 species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bacteroidota</span> Phylum of Gram-negative bacteria

The phylum Bacteroidota is composed of three large classes of Gram-negative, nonsporeforming, anaerobic or aerobic, and rod-shaped bacteria that are widely distributed in the environment, including in soil, sediments, and sea water, as well as in the guts and on the skin of animals.

<i>Campylobacter jejuni</i> Species of bacterium

Campylobacter jejuni is a species of pathogenic bacteria, one of the most common causes of food poisoning in Europe and in the US. The vast majority of cases occur as isolated events, not as part of recognized outbreaks. Active surveillance through the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) indicates that about 20 cases are diagnosed each year for each 100,000 people in the US, while many more cases are undiagnosed or unreported; the CDC estimates a total of 1.5 million infections every year. The European Food Safety Authority reported 246,571 cases in 2018, and estimated approximately nine million cases of human campylobacteriosis per year in the European Union.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clostridia</span> Class of bacteria

The Clostridia are a highly polyphyletic class of Bacillota, including Clostridium and other similar genera. They are distinguished from the Bacilli by lacking aerobic respiration. They are obligate anaerobes and oxygen is toxic to them. Species of the class Clostridia are often but not always Gram-positive and have the ability to form spores. Studies show they are not a monophyletic group, and their relationships are not entirely certain. Currently, most are placed in a single order called Clostridiales, but this is not a natural group and is likely to be redefined in the future.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Campylobacterota</span> Class of bacteria

Campylobacterota are a phylum of bacteria. All species of this phylum are Gram-negative.

Halorubrum is a genus in the family Halorubraceae. Halorubrum species areusually halophilic and can be found in waters with high salt concentration such as the Dead Sea or Lake Zabuye.

Campylobacter upsaliensis is a gram-negative bacteria in the Campylobacter genus. C. upsaliensis is found worldwide, and is a common cause of campylobacteriosis in humans, as well as gastroenteritis in dogs and cats. Human infections are primarily associated with raw or undercooked meat and contaminated water sources, however there is some zoonotic risk associated with the spread from dogs and cats. C. upsaliensis primarily affects the gastrointestinal tract as it damages gastrointestinal epithelial cells. There are many methods for detecting C.upsaliensis including PCR and ELISA, however there is no current gold standard in detection techniques. Infection is typically self limiting, however there is antimicrobial therapy available.

Alicyclobacillus is a genus of Gram-variable, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacteria. The bacteria are able to grow in acidic conditions, while the spores are able to survive typical pasteurization procedures.

Adlercreutzia is a genus in the phylum Actinomycetota (Bacteria).

Dehalogenimonas is a genus in the phylum Chloroflexota (Bacteria). Members of the genus Dehalogenimonas can be referred to as dehalogenimonads.

Armatimonadota is a phylum of gram-negative bacteria.

The Selenomonadales are an order of bacteria within the class Negativicutes; unlike most other members of Bacillota, they are Gram-negative. The phylogeny of this order was initially determined by 16S rRNA comparisons. More recently, molecular markers in the form of conserved signature indels (CSIs) have been found specific for all Selenomonadales species. On the basis of these markers, the Selenomonadales are inclusive of two distinct families, and are no longer the sole order within the Negativicutes. Several CSIs have also been found specific for both families, Sporomusaceae and Selenomonadceae. Samples of bacterial strains within this order have been isolated from the root canals of healthy human teeth.

Campylobacter coli is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic, non-endospore-forming, S-shaped bacterial species within genus Campylobacter. In humans, C. coli can cause campylobacteriosis, a diarrhoeal disease which is the most frequently reported foodborne illness in the European Union. C. coli grows slowly with an optimum temperature of 42 °C. When exposed to air for long periods, they become spherical or coccoid shaped.

Sulfurimonas is a bacterial genus within the class of Campylobacterota, known for reducing nitrate, oxidizing both sulfur and hydrogen, and containing Group IV hydrogenases. This genus consists of four species: Sulfurimonas autorophica, Sulfurimonas denitrificans, Sulfurimonas gotlandica, and Sulfurimonas paralvinellae. The genus' name is derived from "sulfur" in Latin and "monas" from Greek, together meaning a “sulfur-oxidizing rod”. The size of the bacteria varies between about 1.5-2.5 μm in length and 0.5-1.0 μm in width. Members of the genus Sulfurimonas are found in a variety of different environments which include deep sea-vents, marine sediments, and terrestrial habitats. Their ability to survive in extreme conditions is attributed to multiple copies of one enzyme. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that members of the genus Sulfurimonas have limited dispersal ability and its speciation was affected by geographical isolation rather than hydrothermal composition. Deep ocean currents affect the dispersal of Sulfurimonas spp., influencing its speciation. As shown in the MLSA report of deep-sea hydrothermal vents Campylobacterota, Sulfurimonas has a higher dispersal capability compared with deep sea hydrothermal vent thermophiles, indicating allopatric speciation.

<i>Meiothermus</i> Genus of bacteria

Meiothermus is a genus of Deinococcota bacteria. Members of Meiothermus can be reliably distinguished from other genera in the family Thermaceae as well as all other bacteria by the presence of three conserved signature indels (CSIs) found in the proteins: 5-methyltetrahydrofolate–homocysteine methyltransferase, cadmium transporter and polynucleotide phosphorylase and are exclusively shared by species of this genus. Meiothermus is also different than the Thermus genus, which it was originally a member of, in their optimum growth temperatures, with Meiothermus being able to grow in colder environments. Meiothermus was first isolated with Thermus in alkaline and neutral hot springs in Kamchatka, Russia and Yellowstone National Park, USA.

Sulfurovum is a genus within the Campylobacterota which was first described in 2004 with the isolation and description of the type species Sulfurovum lithotrophicum from Okinawa trough hydrothermal sediments. Named for their ability to oxidize sulfur and their egg-like shape, cells are gram-negative, coccoid to short rods. Mesophilic chemolithoautotrophic growth occurs by oxidation of sulfur compounds coupled to the reduction of nitrate or molecular oxygen.

Arcobacter halophilus is a species of obligate halophilic bacteria. It is Gram-negative, and its type strain is LA31BT(=ATCC BAA-1022T =CIP 108450T).

Nitratiruptor sp. is a genus of deep sea gram-negative Campylobacterota isolated from Iheya North Hydrothermal field in Okinawa Trough (Japan). This rod-shaped microorganism grows chemolithoautotrophically in a wide variety of electron donors and acceptors in absence of light and oxygen. It is also a thermophilic group capable of growing within the range of 37–65 °C with the optimal at 55 °C.

Tumebacillus is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacteria. Members of the genus can be motile or non-motile, and form white or yellow colonies on R2A agar.

References

  1. ↑ "LPSN bacterio.net". Archived from the original on 5 August 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  2. 1 2 Madigan T, et al (2009) Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 12th edition. San Francisco: Pearson Education
  3. ↑ Miller, W. G.; Parker, C. T.; Rubenfield, M.; Mendz, G. L.; Wösten, M. M. S. M.; Ussery, D. W.; Stolz, J. F.; Binnewies, T. T.; Hallin, P. F.; Wang, G.; Malek, J. A.; Rogosin, A.; Stanker, L. H.; Mandrell, R. E. (2007). Fairhead, Cecile (ed.). "The Complete Genome Sequence and Analysis of the Epsilonproteobacterium Arcobacter butzleri". PLOS ONE. 2 (12): e1358. Bibcode:2007PLoSO...2.1358M. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001358 . PMC   2147049 . PMID   18159241. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Donachie, Stuart (2005). "Arcobacter halophilus sp. nov., the first obligate halophile in the genus Arcobacter". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 55 (Pt 3): 1271–1277. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.63581-0 . PMID   15879267.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Fera, M.T. (2004). "Detection of Arcobacter spp. in the Coastal Environment of the Mediterranean Sea". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 70 (3): 1271–1276. Bibcode:2004ApEnM..70.1271F. doi:10.1128/AEM.70.3.1271-1276.2004. PMC   368354 . PMID   15006743.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Emerging Infectious Diseasescdc.gov Archived 5 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  7. 1 2 3 Prouzet-Mauleon, Valerie (2006). "Arcobacter butzleri: Underestimated Enteropathogen". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (2): 307–309. doi:10.3201/eid1202.050570. PMC   3373082 . PMID   16494760.
  8. ↑ P. Vandamme; E. Falsen; R. Rossau; B. Hoste; P. Segers; R. Tytgat & J. De Ley (January 1991). "Revision of Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Wolinella Taxonomy: Emendation of Generic Descriptions and Proposal of Arcobacter gen. nov". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 41 (1): 88–103. doi: 10.1099/00207713-41-1-88 . PMID   1704793.
  9. ↑ A.C. Parte; et al. "Arcobacter". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  10. ↑ Sayers; et al. "Arcobacter". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  11. ↑ "The LTP" . Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  12. ↑ "LTP_all tree in newick format" . Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  13. ↑ "LTP_08_2023 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  14. ↑ "GTDB release 08-RS214". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  15. ↑ "bac120_r214.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  16. ↑ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  17. 1 2 Lehner, A.; Tasara, T.; Stephan, R. (July 2005). "Relevant aspects of Arcobacter spp. as potential foodborne pathogen". Int. J. Food Microbiol. 102 (2): 127–35. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.03.003. PMID   15982771.
  18. 1 2 3 Bucker, Roland (2009). "Arcobacter butzleri Induces Barrier Dysfunction in Intestinal HT-29/B6 Cells". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 200 (5): 756–764. doi: 10.1086/600868 . PMID   19604116.
  19. 1 2 Wirsen, Carl. "Is Life Thriving Deep Beneath the Seafloor?". Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
  20. 1 2 Carlström, Charlotte I.; Wang, Ouwei; Melnyk, Ryan A.; Bauer, Stefan; Lee, Joyce; Engelbrektson, Anna; Coates, John D. (2013). "Physiological and genetic description of dissimilatory perchlorate reduction by the novel marine bacterium Arcobacter sp. strain CAB". mBio. 4 (3): e00217-13. doi:10.1128/mBio.00217-13. PMC   3656443 . PMID   23695836.
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