Sphingolipids are a class of lipids containing a backbone of sphingoid bases, which are a set of aliphatic amino alcohols that includes sphingosine. They were discovered in brain extracts in the 1870s and were named after the mythological sphinx because of their enigmatic nature. These compounds play important roles in signal transduction and cell recognition. Sphingolipidoses, or disorders of sphingolipid metabolism, have particular impact on neural tissue. A sphingolipid with a terminal hydroxyl group is a ceramide. Other common groups bonded to the terminal oxygen atom include phosphocholine, yielding a sphingomyelin, and various sugar monomers or dimers, yielding cerebrosides and globosides, respectively. Cerebrosides and globosides are collectively known as glycosphingolipids.
Phosphatidic acids are anionic phospholipids important to cell signaling and direct activation of lipid-gated ion channels. Hydrolysis of phosphatidic acid gives rise to one molecule each of glycerol and phosphoric acid and two molecules of fatty acids. They constitute about 0.25% of phospholipids in the bilayer.
Glycerophospholipids or phosphoglycerides are glycerol-based phospholipids. They are the main component of biological membranes in eukaryotic cells. They are a type of lipid, of which its composition affects membrane structure and properties. Two major classes are known: those for bacteria and eukaryotes and a separate family for archaea.
Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible redox conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to sn-glycerol 3-phosphate.
The enzyme glycosylphosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol-lyase catalyzes the reaction
The enzyme phosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol-lyase catalyzes the following reaction:
In enzymology, an undecaprenyl-diphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.27) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
The enzyme glycerol-1-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.21) catalyzes the reaction
The enzyme phosphatidate phosphatase (PAP, EC 3.1.3.4) is a key regulatory enzyme in lipid metabolism, catalyzing the conversion of phosphatidate to diacylglycerol:
The enzyme polynucleotide 5′-phosphatase (RNA 5′-triphosphatase, RTPase, EC 3.1.3.33) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction
In enzymology, a 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a CDP-diacylglycerol—glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a CDP-diacylglycerol—serine O-phosphatidyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
Phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase (CDS) is the enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of CDP-diacylglycerol from cytidine triphosphate and phosphatidate.
Lipid phosphate phosphohydrolase 1 also known as phosphatidic acid phosphatase 2a is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPAP2A gene.
Lipin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LPIN1 gene.
The human gene AGK encodes the enzyme mitochondrial acylglycerol kinase.
Diacylglycerol kinase (CTP dependent) (EC 2.7.1.174, DAG kinase, CTP-dependent diacylglycerol kinase, diglyceride kinase) is an enzyme with systematic name CTP:1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphotransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
