Dresden is an agricultural community in southwestern Ontario, Canada, part of the municipality of Chatham-Kent. It is located on the Sydenham River. The community is named after Dresden, Germany.[i] The major field crops in the area, by both acreage and production, are grain corn, soybean, and winter wheat.[2] The main horticultural crop is tomatoes, followed by sweet corn and carrots.[3]
In the late 18th century, the future site of the community lay in Kent County in the Western District. The region was covered with a largely unbroken, mainly hardwood forest. Deer, bears, wolves, foxes, and wild turkeys roamed in abundance.[6]:3[7]:379First Nations peoples used fire in order to make clearings for camps, improve the habitat of game animals, and prepare ground for cultivation. A network of foot and portage trails was well established, often running parallel to or between major waterways and along lake shorelines. Forest cover is estimated to have been over 80%.[8]
Treaties
In 1790, leaders of the Odawa, Potawatomi, and ChippewaFirst Nations,[ii] together with leaders of the Huron Nations of Detroit, signed a treaty with the British Crown.[9] Known as Treaty No.2 or the McKee Purchase, it ceded a large tract of land lying between Lake Erie and the Thames River, including the area currently known as Chatham-Kent.[iii] Subsequently, Treaty No.25, the Longwoods Treaty, was signed in 1822 between leaders of the Chippewa First Nation and the Crown.[10] It confirmed provisional agreements, reached in earlier years,[11]:xi for the Chippewa to cede an area to the north that adjoined much of the upper boundary of the McKee Purchase.[12]
These treaty boundaries have largely not been surveyed.[13] A map produced by Ontario's Ministry of Indigenous Affairs shows present-day Dresden inside the area ceded by the 1790 McKee Purchase, with the northern outskirts close to the area demarcated by the 1822 Longwoods Treaty.[14] Today's community may lie partially in both: Camden Gore, which became part of the site of Dresden,[15][16] was excluded from the scope of the 1790 treaty, while included in the 1822 one.[11]:viii
Paving the way for settlement, systematic surveys along the Thames and the Sydenham began in the 1790s under Patrick McNiff and Abraham Iredell, who were deputy surveyors, successively, of the Western District.[17][18]
Settlement
The first settler recorded on the present-day site of Dresden, in 1825, was Gerard Lindsley,[iv] who moved there from the Thames River Settlement.[19]:3 In 1846, Daniel VanAllen,[v] a Chatham merchant, bought the Lindsley farm and laid out a town plot.[19]:6 Around the same time, William Wright surveyed and settled what became the southern part of Dresden, then known as Fairport.[20]:56 col.1
The grounds of the Settlement are now the site of the Josiah Henson Museum of African-Canadian History (formerly Uncle Tom's Cabin Historic Site).[22][23] The Museum lies just outside modern Dresden's borders at the corner of Park St. and Freedom Road (formerly Uncle Tom's Road).[24]
Growth and founding
Dresden's post-office opened in 1854,[20]:56 col.1 and the first permanent crossing over the Sydenham, a wooden swing-bridge, was erected in 1864.[6]:11–12 By 1865, Dresden was starting to enlarge, with an estimated population of 500;[25] its principal business was the shipping of squared-up timber, staves, and cordwood.[26] Logs were also driven or rafted downriver to other sawmills.[27]:7 An ashery and a tannery were in operation.[7]:383
The community's growth in the two decades after 1870 was rapid. In 1872, Dresden was incorporated as a village. The logging, lumber and cordwood industries expanded, supporting woodworking factories producing hubs, spokes, wheels and other components for carriage and wagon manufacturers and shops both local and further afield.[7]:383,390 The first newspaper, The Gazette, launched in 1870.[6]:32 It was succeeded in 1873 by the long-running Dresden Times.[19]:9 In 1882, Dresden was granted the status of a town,[21]:106 with Alexander Trerice, a lumber merchant, as the first mayor. An impression of the town's layout and locale around this time compared to modern Dresden can be gained from an interactive 1876 map of Kent County.[28]
Development
In the 1880s, clearing the Sydenham of hardwood logs that had sunk during their driving and rafting, together with improvements to Dresden's turning-basin, gave a boost to the shipbuilding industry and the shipping trade.[7]:386 Shipbuilding, which had started in the early 1870s, saw the construction of a variety of vessels, many steam-driven, for carrying freight and passengers and for pleasure-cruises.[7]:386[27]:7[29]
However, railways began to out-compete the Sydenham's schooners, barges, brigs and packet freighters when a spur from the extension of the Erie & Huron Railway from Chatham to Wallaceburg reached Dresden in 1883.[7]:10–11 A railway was also used to move logs from the northern forest tract to the banks of the Sydenham: from 1884 to 1897, a 36in (910mm)narrow-gauge line using Shay locomotives was laid by the Dawn Tramway Company for this purpose. On reaching the river, the logs were boomed and then towed downriver to sawmills.[27]:75–76 Using the Erie & Huron as a right-of-way for siting poles and wires, telephone service arrived in 1885.[30] The main sewer was laid in 1887.[6]:33 The steady expansion of the town and the farms around created a strong demand for bricks and agricultural drainage tiles, and several manufacturers were in operation from the 1870s onwards.[31]:49
By 1890, an estimated population of 2,500 inhabited a town with electric street-lighting, brick-built business blocks, a town hall, a fire hall with a steam-powered fire-engine, a division (district) court, several churches, two public schools, a private bank, and two hotels. Industrial establishments included roller mills (replacing earlier grist-mills), sawmills, planing mills, a washing-machine factory, a sorghum syrup factory, a foundry, and a machine shop.[32]
As the forest was clear-cut and thinned, the 1900s saw the waning of logging and lumbering, and a move into other industries. Several involved the processing of the crops, fruit, and vegetables harvested from the farms now rapidly expanding in the region: enterprises included a flax mill,[6]:33 two apple evaporators (to dry and preserve the cored and sliced fruit),[27]:8,18 and a large, though short-lived, beet sugar factory.[33] A vegetable-canning factory was more successful: it was bought by the upcoming Canadian Canners company.[27]:7 After a succession of owners, in 1947 it was replaced with what eventually became today's Conagra tomato-processing plant.[34] A factory for making an innovative type of stove-damper also prospered.[6]:37 In addition, from the turn of the century, a trend for using concrete blocks instead of stone and brick in foundations and many non-domestic buildings led to their manufacture in Dresden until the 1950s.[31]:49
Farmers' needs were served by suppliers of agricultural implements, builders' by providers of paint, cement, and hardware, and home comforts were available from, among others, tailors, milliners, dressmakers, an optician and jeweller, suppliers of textiles and ready-to-wear clothing, grocers, a confectioner, and a piano and organ 'emporium'.[35] A 1913 Goad fire insurance map, updated from 1889, details the physical characteristics of the town's buildings, streets and infrastructure, and notes the availability of a steam-propelled fire engine.[36]
Domestically, wood gave way to coal for cooking and heating, with coal supplanted by natural gas from the 1910s on.[6]:37[31]:7 In 1920, a water tank was erected to maintain pressure in the mains network, which used river water. Pumped well-water was piped from 1943,[31]:7 to be replaced in 1958 by treated water from the Sydenham.[37] St. George and North Streets were paved in 1922,[6]:41 and the sewer network was extended in 1931.[6]:45 When sewage mains were installed throughout the town in the mid-1970s, the two streets were again resurfaced.[38]:7 In 1933, a modern concrete bridge over the Sydenham, in use today, replaced an older iron one.[39]
The 20 acre (c. 8 ha) industrial park, set up in 1964 in the southeast of the town to help diversify Dresden's economy, had a slow start;[40] though by 1975,[41] after an expansion and utilities upgrade in 1974, occupiers included Dresden Produce (a turkey-meat packager), Parking Structural Foam, Canadian Canners, and National Hardware Specialities. The latter, which had moved from Wallaceburg to Dresden in 1951, became Canada's largest producer of zinc die-cast pulleys, and also made sanitary hardware and automotive castings. Employing 120 people at its peak, it closed down in 1991.[27]:59 Greenmelk, another Wallaceburg-based firm, expanded into Dresden in the 1940s, producing animal-feed supplements from alfalfa and other crops, only to close in the early 1960s.[27]:81
No. 6 Company of the 24th Kent Battalion of Infantry, formed in 1866 and first based at Dawn Mills, was stationed in Dresden from 1872. The Battalion disbanded in 1892.[42][31]:25 Some local men were among the 8000 or so Canadians who fought with or alongside British forces in the South African War.[27]:44
Around 110 men from Dresden served in World War I, judging by the number of maple leaves (each representing a person) on the service flag[43] made by the local chapter (formed in 1914)[44] of IODE.[6]:42 The Dresden Cenotaph, erected in 1923, records 24 names of those killed in action or who subsequently died of their injuries.[45][46] For World War II, the Cenotaph records 14 names, and for the Korean War, two.
In 1945, the Chatham-based radio station CFCO began broadcasting a weekly program that featured a regular "Welcome Home" slot for returning servicemen and women, including those from Dresden. Numbers grew as the year wore on.[47] Dresden arranged "welcome home" meetings for returnees from overseas, giving each a gold ring in remembrance of their service. The returned men soon revived the original branch of the veterans' organization the Royal Canadian Legion, and constructed a Legion Hall near the bridge over the Sydenham.[6]:47[27]:16
Floods
Since the late nineteenth century, floods have frequently inundated the part of Dresden lying between a large oxbow meander of the Sydenham. Before the forest in the watershed was cleared, its trees and vegetation had reduced peak water-flows by slowing runoff into the river.[48]:60,62 Extensive tile-draining of the cleared land also contributed to higher, faster river inflows.[27]:12Ice-jams in the waterway during spring thaws,[48]:80 exacerbated by log-jams caused by floodwater sweeping stacked logs into the river,[27]:11 made matters worse. A major flood in 1947, when the area alongside the Sydenham was occupied by many of Dresden's larger businesses, was devastating.[49] Another in 1968 was also very destructive.[50]
How to tackle the problem was debated in Dresden and other affected communities for several years,[51][52] and involved discussions with the Sydenham Valley (later St. Clair Region) Conservation Authority.[53] Options considered included eliminating the oxbow meander, building a dyke, and rezoning flood-prone areas. The approach chosen, the Dresden Floodplain Acquisition Program, is a buy-out scheme, initiated in the 1970s, that aims to reduce flood damage by restricting development in high-risk areas and flood-proofing vulnerable properties.[54]
After several years of landscaping and tree-planting by the Conservation Authority, the first conservation area in the town, along the bank of the Sydenham, opened as a public park in 1979.[55] A further property acquisition and parkland development program, with a 20-year time horizon, started in the early 1980s.[56]
Trillium Trail
Following the flood of 1968 and the intervention of the Conservation Authority, community organizations (including the Horticultural Society, Rotary, and IODE) worked to enhance Dresden's amenities.[57] The floodplain acquired additional landscaped parks, an arboretum featuring the area's Carolinian forest flora, and in 2003, a 5.8km Trillium Trail with a historical walk section. The trailhead and interpretive centre are on St. George Street, near the bridge over the Sydenham.[58] The historical walk has plaques describing over 50 sites connected to people and industries that shaped the town.[59] In addition, a variety of commemorative barn quilts are displayed around Dresden,[60] forming part of a barn quilt trail covering sites in Oil Springs, Tupperville, Shetland, Croton and Bothwell.[61]
As well as Josiah Henson, other prominent figures linked to the Underground Railroad once called Dresden home. Research carried out when preparing the Trillium Trail's historical walk (in conjunction with the Promised Land Project)[62] revealed that from 1853 to 1873, large sections of the town's original site were owned by William Whipper, a successful African-American businessman and leading member of William Still's Underground Railroad network.[63] Several houses from this period survive.[64] Various plaques around the town, installed by the Ontario Heritage Trust, commemorate important events in the community's history.[65] In 2022, the Trust produced a series of short documentaries about Dresden and the Dawn Settlement.[66]
The first recorded Old Boys' Reunion took place in 1902, when several hundred former residents attended, followed by ones in 1904[27]:63–64 and 1928.[69] In 1954, Dresden celebrated[70] and commemorated[6] the centennial of establishing its post office; in 1982, the centennial of its incorporation as a town;[71][38] in 1967, the Confederation Centennial;[72][31] and in 1997, 125 years since it formally became a village.[73] Annual, three-day "Civic Fests" in the late 1970s and early 1980s raised funds for repairing and maintaining what is now the Ken Houston Memorial Agricultural Centre.[74][75] In 1998, when Dresden became part of the new municipality of Chatham-Kent, it lost its town status.[76] In 2007, Dresden marked 125 years since it became a town.[77] The founding of Dresden is commemorated by a plaque.[78]
Six have been entered in the official heritage register as designated properties, which means they can neither be altered nor demolished:[80]
Dresden Library, housed at 187 Brown Street in an original Carnegie librarybuilding constructed in 1913 and refurbished in 2000;
Switzer house at 220 Hughes Street, built ca. 1905;
Watson house, 480 Hughes Street, ca. 1870;
McVean house, 788 North Street, ca. 1901;
Dresden Creamery Building, 303 St. George Street, ca. 1880;
Dresden Municipal Centre, 485 St. George Street, ca. 1912.
Listed properties
Christ Church Anglican
Another 18 buildings are registered as listed properties. The owner of such a property cannot alter or demolish it without first giving the municipality the opportunity to designate it.[vi] Dresden's listed properties include several houses on Hughes Street and Metcalfe Avenue; St. James Presbyterian Church and Christ Church Anglican; and the entirety of the main commercial block on St. George Street.[81]
Further landmarks
Further landmarks include St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church, St. Michael's Church, Dresden Community Church, the Christian Reformed Church, the First Regular Baptist Church (the oldest in Dresden),[82] and the North Dresden Baptist Church; the Dresden Cenotaph, and the war memorial and memorial field in Dresden Cemetery; Dresden Raceway; the Ken Houston Memorial Agricultural Centre; Dresden Bridge over the Sydenham River; the Dresden Water Tower;[83] the Rotary Bandshell in Dresden Rotary Memorial Gardens; and, just outside Dresden, the Josiah Henson House (a designated property) in the grounds of the Josiah Henson Museum of African-Canadian History.
Transport links
Roads and trails
When travelling west on Highway 401 from the direction of Toronto, Dresden is a 29km drive from Exit 109 along County Road (CR) 21 via Thamesville.[84] Travelling east from the direction of Detroit and taking Exit 101, Dresden is 25km away on CR 15, with a short leg on CR 21.[85] From Dresden, CR 21 continues northwards (as North Street and then St. George Street) and on into Lambton County, linking Oil Springs, Petrolia, and Wyoming. It eventually intersects King's Highway 402, which runs westwards to the Canada–USA border at Blue Water Bridge, and eastwards to London to meet King's Highway 401.
Public transit is provided by the municipality's Ride CK service.[87] Route A connects Dresden to Wallaceburg and Chatham.[88] Several private companies have started operating long-distance intercity coach services since Greyhound withdrew from Canada in 2021.[89]
Detroit Metropolitan Airport, often referred to as DTW, is the nearest major international airport to Dresden. There are many smaller airports in Chatham-Kent and adjacent counties.[92]
Local government is provided by the Municipality of Chatham-Kent. Its responsibilities include the provision, management or oversight of water treatment, parks, libraries, garbage collection, public transit, land-use planning, traffic signs and lights, police, paramedics, fire services, sewers, homeless shelters, childcare, and recreation centres.[93]
The Municipality's governing council has 18 members: the mayor,[94] elected municipality-wide, and 17 councillors, elected across six municipal wards.[95] Dresden is within the ward of North Kent (Ward 4), which has two councillors.[96] At the last election, in 2022, Jamie McGrail[97] and Rhonda Jubenville[98] were elected to represent North Kent for a four-year term (2022-2026).[99]
In Dresden, the Municipal Service Centre at 485 St. George Street provides access to all municipal services and also to services provided by the provincial government of Ontario, such as driver's licences and licence plates, Ontario Photo Cards[vii], health cards, birth certificates, and other essential documents.[100] Ontario's responsibilities include health, education, river and road vehicle licensing, energy, human rights, natural resources, the environment, and social services.
Schools and libraries
An elementary school, Dresden Area Central School,[101] and a secondary school, Lambton-Kent Composite[viii] School,[102] serve Dresden and nearby communities. The Dawn-Euphemia Elementary School lies near Dresden.[103] The Lambton-Kent District School Board is responsible for public education in Dresden and its municipality, Chatham-Kent. The Dresden Private Mennonite School serves the Mennonite community.
The Dresden Sidestreets Youth Centre offers afterschool activities for ages 11 to 17, including a homework programme, games and karaoke, and involvement in community activities, such as clean-up days.[104][105]
The Dresden Library, a branch of the Chatham-Kent Public Library, offers a collection of books, magazines, movies, music, eBooks, audiobooks, microfilm, microfiche, and local history resources, together with services such as a book club, story-time sessions, and access to settlement services for newcomers.[106] It occupies the original Carnegie librarybuilding on Brown Street.
Healthcare
The Dresden Community Healthcare Centre provides primary care.[107] It is staffed by a medical team that includes family doctors, nurse practitioners, and nurses. The Centre provides access to dietitians, social workers, pharmacists, occupational therapists, and foot-care specialists, and offers a diabetes management programme for adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.[108] The nearest hospital to Dresden is in Wallaceburg. It provides basic hospital and healthcare services, and has emergency rooms and a 5-bed in-patient unit.[109]
The MacTavish Pharmacy serves Dresden and the surrounding area.[110] In Ontario, pharmacists are authorized to prescribe medications for 19 minor ailments.[111]
In Chatham-Kent, Dresden's municipality, in-home and community-based care is coordinated by the Erie St. Clair branch of Ontario's Home and Community Care Support Services organization.[ix] Through its portal,[112] it provides access and referrals to other community services. It also manages placements in Ontario's care-homes, and works together with primary care providers, hospitals, Ontario Health Teams, and other healthcare services.
The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario (CPSO) maintains a list of registered doctors,[113] and the Royal College of Dental Surgeons of Ontario (RCDSO) a list of registered dentists.[114]
Events, Sports and Dresden Fair
Events
Regular events include a "Show & Shine" for classic cars, and weekly concerts in the summer in the Rotary Memorial Gardens. In the spring, in a ceremony organised by the Dresden & District Horticultural Society, memorial and tribute trees are planted in parkland to commemorate the lives of people from Dresden and the surrounding area. Each year, a Terry Fox Run takes place on the second Sunday after Labour Day, and 1 August, Emancipation Day, is celebrated. Inductions into the Dresden Sports Hall of Fame are made every two years in a ceremony at the Ken Houston Memorial Agricultural Centre.[115] A Guest Worker Appreciation Day, welcoming Jamaican and other seasonal workers for the tomato-canning season, was held for the first time in August 2023.[116][117] In early fall, an "Art in the Park" arts-and-crafts show takes place in the Tony Stranak Conservation Area.[118]
Towards Christmas, there is a "Christmas House" tour, the ceremonial illumination of a "Tree of Tribute" to honour loved ones, and a Christmas night market. A night market is also held in the summer, and shops, entertainment venues and cultural amenities open late, year-round, on "Merry & Bright Thursday Nights".[120]
Harness races are held at the Dresden Raceway in the warmer months. The Raceway has a ½-mile oval track with a grandstand, and offers a range of betting and dining options. The track is also used to train pacer and trotter horses, and for occasional demolition derbies and truck and tractor pulls.[121]
Dresden Fair
The Dresden Fair, with an exhibition, a cattle show, and a midway, takes place over three successive days towards the end of July each year.[122] It has been held, in one form or another, for nearly 150 years.[123]
Industry and business
Dresden has many small and a few medium-sized businesses, ranging from gas stations to restaurants, specialty retail stores and service providers. The community maintains a directory of businesses, churches and local organizations.[124]
Since 1947, Dresden has hosted ConAgra Foods' tomato processing plant, a major local employer.[34] In September 2023, the parent company announced a significant upgrade and expansion of the facility.[125] Other small-to-medium-sized firms in Dresden include Martinrea Metallic Canada Inc., part of Martinrea International, an auto parts manufacturer; Richkote Metal Finishing Inc.; Waste Wood Disposal Ltd.; and MPT Inc., a provider of automated manufacturing systems.
Media
The community publishes a weekly newsletter, WhatsUpDresden![126] Many of Dresden's community organizations have a presence on social media, notably Facebook.[127]
Several local and regional newspapers and national news outlets typically cover events in Dresden:
CBC News (and radio)
Chatham Daily News
Chatham-Kent This Week
Chatham Voice
CK News Today
Global News Canada
London Free Press
Sydenham Current
The Herald
Wallaceburg Courier Press
The trade press, such as The Grower and Tomato News, cover agribusiness.
Several weekly newspapers used to be published in Dresden: The Gazette, Dresden Times, Dresden News, North-Kent Leader, and Dresden Leader-Spirit. Chatham-Kent Public Library maintains a comprehensive (though incomplete) archive that can be consulted at the Dresden Library branch.[128]
A number of radio stations broadcast or stream from Chatham-Kent.[129]
Human rights: the Dresden story
After military service in World War II, Hugh Burnett returned to his home town of Dresden to set up a carpentry business. He found that because he was Black, some restaurants refused to serve him. In 1948, he and other African-Canadians founded the National Unity Association (NUA) to campaign to make such discrimination illegal. Among their first acts was the circulation of a petition to 118 business owners and local politicians asking for support to end the practice in Dresden. 115 signed in favour. After sustained lobbying by the NUA, the town then held a referendum in December 1949 that asked: "Do you approve of the council passing a bylaw licensing restaurants in Dresden and restraining the owner or owners from refusing service regardless of race, colour or creed?" Out of 1250 eligible voters, 625 voted. However, only 108 votes were cast in favour, with 517 against–the approximate ratio of Black to non-Black residents of Dresden.[130]
This outcome galvanized support for an anti-discrimination law to be adopted at provincial level. The campaign culminated in March 1954, when Burnett was part of a large delegation of labour, church and civil society organizations that presented the case for legislation directly to Ontario Premier Leslie Frost and his cabinet. Soon after, the Ontario Fair Accommodation Practices Act was passed, and came into effect in June that year. It stated that: "No person shall deny to any person or class of persons the accommodation, services or facilities available in any place to which the public is customarily admitted because of the race, creed, colour, nationality, ancestry or place of origin of such person or class of persons."[131]
However, some restaurants and barbers still refused to serve African-Canadians. Justice William Schwenger investigated the complaints as a one-man commission. On the basis of his recommendations, Charles Daley, the minister of labour, declined to prosecute two Dresden restaurant owners who had refused to serve Black people. Daley said "I understand these people will in future obey the law, although I have not spoken directly to them".[132]
To test this assertion, Hugh Burnett, Bromley Armstrong and Ruth Lor Malloy, together with a reporter, went to Kay's Café, Morley McKay's restaurant, on 29 October 1954. They were denied service.[133] McKay was the first person to be charged under the Act.[134] A few months after the conclusion of a long legal battle,[135] McKay made his restaurant open to everyone.[136]
In 1954, the conflicting attitudes of Black and non-Black Dresden residents towards the issue were recorded in The Dresden Story, a 30-minute National Film Board (NFB) documentary.[137] In 2000, the NFB released the 47-minute documentary Journey to Justice, an examination of the fight for Black civil rights from the 1930s to the 1950s that places The Dresden Story in historical context.[138] Among others, it features Bromley Armstrong and Ruth Lor Malloy, who were also the subject of a 2014 CBC News report showing them revisiting Dresden 60 years on.[139]To Serve: Hugh Burnett: Shaping civil rights in Canada, a 23-minute CBC Radio documentary about the Dresden story, aired in July 2013.[140]
On 31 July 2010, a bilingual plaque to honour Hugh Burnett and the National Unity Association was unveiled in Dresden.[141] The English version reads:
Hugh Burnett and the National Unity Association
Between 1948 and 1956, the National Unity Association (NUA) of Chatham, Dresden and North Buxton, under the leadership of Hugh R. Burnett, waged a campaign for racial equality and social justice. Their efforts led to the passage of Ontario's Fair Employment Practices Act (1951) and Fair Accommodation Practices Act (1954), and laid the groundwork for subsequent human rights legislation in Ontario and across Canada. Traditional Anglo-Canadian rights, such as freedom of association and freedom of commerce, had historically been interpreted to permit discrimination on grounds of race, colour or creed in providing services to the public. The NUA inspired recognition of freedom from discrimination as a fundamental principle; this led to a revolutionary change to the course of Canadian law and Canadian history. Hugh Burnett and the NUA were early pioneers in the articulation of equality rights for all Canadians, now constitutionally inscribed in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.[130]
In 1949, Dresden was about 17% Black.[142] The proportion of Black residents dropped to 11% in 2001, and reached a historic low of 5.5% in 2016.[143]
Dresden in literature
Travelogue, memoir, autobiography
In the first chapter of her memoir Brightening My Corner (2023),[144] the journalist, writer and activist Ruth Lor Malloy relates how, in 1954, she took part in the sit-ins in Dresden restaurants that refused to serve Blacks.[133]
Dick Wright's memoir, Dresden Life Remembered (2009), describes the town he grew up in during the 1940s and early 1950s.[145]
In Welcome Home: Travels in Smalltown Canada, first published in 1992,[146] the radio broadcaster and author Stuart McLean shared his experiences of Dresden and several other small Canadian towns. The Dresden chapter describes encounters with, among others, pharmacists, barbers, factory workers, shopkeepers, teachers, doctors, farmers, tomato processors, accountants, the chief of police, and the mayor. Welcome Home won the 1993 Canadian Authors Association Award for Best Non-Fiction Book, and was widely acclaimed.[147]
The later version of Josiah Henson's autobiography (1876) recounts his experiences at the Dawn Settlement, then adjacent to Dresden, including the erection of a sawmill, lumbering operations, and the establishment of the British-American Institute.[148]
Rev. Lewis Champion Chambers, a freedman, was engaged by the American Missionary Association (AMA) in 1858 to minister to small groups of rural Blacks in the hinterland of Dresden, where he farmed. His letters to AMA's secretary record the people to whom he ministered, the services and meetings he held, the prejudices he encountered, and the conditions faced by Black newcomers to Canada West.[151]
Rev. Thomas Hughes, who moved to Dresden in 1859 to establish a school and church (now Christ Church Anglican), wrote a letter each year to his employer, the Colonial Church and School Society (CCSS). The letters were published in the CCSS's annual reports.[152] He also kept a diary of his doings and reflections from 1861 to 1873.[153]
In the 1850s, the American abolitionist and author Benjamin Drew [de] travelled throughout Canada West interviewing former slaves. His A North-side View of Slavery (1856) has a chapter on Dresden and the neighbouring Dawn Settlement that contains first-hand testimonies by Black residents.[16]:308–320
Biography
The Commemorative Biographical Record of the County of Kent (1904) declares, in its preface, that "[...] the history of any country resolves itself into the biographies of its stout, earnest and representative citizens". The nearly 200 instances of "Dresden" in the text lead to biographies and family genealogies ranging in length from passing references to a page or more. Indexed by family name, it includes many people prominent in the settlement, founding and early development of the community.[154]
History
Dresden is one of three small southern Ontario towns forming the case-studies for Rebecca Beausaert's Pursuing Play: Women's Leisure in Small-Town Ontario, 1870–1914 (2024), which examines women's recreational activities, both public and private, and their shaping by gender, class, and ethnicity.[1]
The intertwined strands of evangelical and abolitionist culture in mid-nineteenth century Dresden are described in Nina Reid-Maroney's The Reverend Jennie Johnson and African-Canadian History, 1868-1967 (2013).[155]
Written for children in grades 6 to 9, Season of Rage: Hugh Burnett and the Struggle for Civil Rights (2005), by John Cooper, dramatises how Dresden became a centre of Canada's civil rights struggle in the 1950s.[156]
Don Spearman's 1991 Landmarks From The Past: A pictorial history of Dresden and area, is a large-format, thematically organised collection of photographs, short biographies and reminiscences accumulated by the author during his more than 50 years as a journalist in the town.[27]
Published in conjunction with the 100th anniversary of the Dresden Fair and its accompanying exhibition, Helen Watson Burns's Over The Years (1975) is a detailed history of the Camden and Dresden Agricultural Societies, covering the evolution of the Fair and including the development of the Dresden Raceway.[123]
Alda L. Hyatt's The Story of Dresden 1825–1967 (1967)[31] was published to commemorate Canada's Confederation Centennial. In this large-format, illustrated work, a short narrative history starting with the 1790 McKee Treaty is followed by thematic chapters on churches (in detail), military history, businesses, industry, entertainment, community organizations, the professions, and sports. Many pages include advertisements for businesses operating in and around Dresden in the 1960s, and The Story concludes with the programme for Dresden's own centennial celebration on 1 July 1967.
The comprehensive A History of Dresden by Robert Brandon, published in 1954[6] to commemorate the centennial of the establishment of Dresden's post-office, was supplemented in 1982 by an update, The History of Dresden, to mark Dresden's 100th year since its incorporation as a town.[38] Both works give detailed accounts of the development of the community from its earliest days.
Also appearing in 1954 was Helen Watson Burns's Dresden Fire Department, which explored its history from the 1870s onwards.[157]
Victor Lauriston's Romantic Kent: The Story of a County 1626–1952, published in 1952, has a chapter on Dresden, with photographs, that has a particular focus on changes in transportation, infrastructure and industry over the years.[7]:379–390
Ecology
Management and governance
Under Ontario's scheme of ecological land classification,[158]:1 Dresden is in the St. Thomas ecodistrict,[158]:412 near the border with the neighbouring ecodistrict of Essex.[158]:406 Its hinterland straddles both. An ecodistrict[x] is characterized by a distinctive assemblage of terrain, landforms, geology, soil, vegetation, water bodies, and fauna.[159]
Dresden also sits within the Thames-Sydenham & Region Source Protection Region,[161] where a committee oversees the implementation of a plan to protect current and future sources of drinking-water.
Geology
The movement of glaciers and the influence of glacial lakes shaped the geology of the area around Dresden. Some 13000 years ago, glacial Lake Whittlesey, followed by Lake Warren, covered most of the ecodistrict.[158]:413Lake sediment settled in depressions, smoothing contours. This gently rolling landscape is now dominated by morainal deposits–rocky material of varying sizes carried (or pushed) and deposited by glacier ice–overlying carbonate-rich Palaeozoicbedrock. Glaciofluvial and alluvial deposits are found in the larger river valleys, including those of the Sydenham.
Fertile, grey-brown luvisolic soils dominate the area. These developed under the original forest cover from glacial deposits, and are favoured for agricultural and horticultural crops. Regosols are associated with alluvial deposits, such as along the Sydenham, whereas clayey gleysols are common in areas with poor drainage.[158]:409Gleysols dominate to the west, in the Essex ecodistrict.[158]:403
The Sydenham River is populated by many species of fish and mussels, and, in its watershed, a range of amphibians, turtles, snakes, and dragonflies. However, a number of these species are at risk.[166]
Summer days can be hot and humid, with a July high of 27.1°C (80.8°F) and a low of 15.7°C (60.3°F). In an average summer, temperatures reach or exceed 30°C (86.0°F) on 16 days a year.[167]
Winters are cold, with a January high of −2.3°C (27.9°F) and a low of −9.0°C (15.8°F). Mild spells of weather occasionally lead to temperatures in excess of 10°C (50.0°F) for one or two days, while arctic air masses can bring temperatures below −20°C (−4.0°F) for one to three days.[167] As Dresden is outside the snowbelt, which begins near London, Ontario, winter precipitation is usually low and snow-cover intermittent throughout the season, with an average annual snowfall of only 84.6 centimetres (33.3in).
William Whipper (1804–1876), an African-American businessman and abolitionist, made substantial foundational investments in land, property and businesses in Dresden.
Samuel H. Davis (1810–1907), an American pastor and abolitionist, became a headmaster at the British-American Institute. An experienced mason, he oversaw the construction of the First Regular Baptist Church in Dresden, donating 100 cords of wood to pay for the sawing of the lumber used, and succeeded William P. Newman as lead pastor.
William P. Newman (1810/15–1866), a fugitive slave who became a Baptist minister, made numerous mission trips to Canada, founding schools and writing on abolitionist themes. A headmaster at the British-American Institute, he raised much of the funding for the construction of the First Regular Baptist Church in Dresden, and was its first pastor.
Asa Ribble (1841–1911), a sailor who attained the rank of captain, served eight terms as mayor of Dresden. During his first term, in 1889, he oversaw the construction of a new bridge over the Sydenham River, replacing the 1864 original. He was also superintendent of agriculture for the short-lived Dresden Sugar Refining Company, which processed sugar beet. In addition, he was instrumental in establishing Dresden's first vegetable-canning factory.
Lucretia Newman Coleman (1856–1948), born in Dresden, was the youngest daughter of William P. Newman. She became an African-American writer and journalist, publishing articles on scientific and philosophical themes that were well received by her contemporaries. Her poems, and her novelised biography of Benjamin Arnett, Poor Ben: A Story of Real Life, were critically acclaimed.
Tom MacInnes (né Thomas Robert Edward McInnes) (1867–1951), son of Thomas Robert McInnes, was a Canadian poet and writer whose works include Lonesome Bar (1909; recollections of the Yukon gold rush), The Teaching of the Old Boy (1927; a translation of and commentary on Lao-tzu's philosophy), and three collections of poems.
Abraham Feinberg (1899–1986), an American rabbi, singer and activist who lived much of his life in Canada, took part in the campaign to promote equal rights for African-Canadians, visiting Dresden.
Hugh Burnett (1918–1991), a carpenter in Dresden and Canadian civil rights leader, co-founded the anti-discrimination National Unity Association, whose efforts led to the passage of Ontario's Fair Employment Practices Act (1951) and Fair Accommodation Practices Act (1954). This paved the way for subsequent anti-discrimination legislation in Ontario and across Canada.
Ruth Lor Malloy (née Lor) (born 1932), Canadian journalist, writer, and activist, was a key figure in the fight against discrimination in Ontario in the 1950s, and participated, with Bromley Armstrong and Hugh Burnett, in the 1954 sit-ins in Dresden restaurants that refused to serve Blacks. Her memoir Brightening My Corner: a Memoir of Dreams Fulfilled was published in 2023.[144]
In Dresden Cemetery, a war memorial is dedicated to those who were killed in World War I, World War II, and the Korean War. A surrounding memorial field contains crosses commemorating each of the dead.[172] The cemetery, which has over 7000 memorials, also displays a memorial plaque marking the movement, between 2004 and 2006, of nearly 1000 erosion-threatened gravesites: these include those of several church founders, church leaders, abolitionists, Underground Railroadconductors, and town founders. A public park, the Rotary Memorial Gardens, contains memorial stones.
In Dresden, two honour rolls inside St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church list the names of parishioners who served in the military in World Wars I and II.[173] Honour rolls are also displayed inside the First Regular Baptist Church–for parishioners who served in World War II;[174] inside the North Dresden Baptist Church–for those who served or were killed in World War II;[175] and inside Christ Church Anglican–for those who served in World Wars I and II.[176] As an act of remembrance, the Royal Canadian Legion Branch 113 Dresden displays a poster of a particular veteran each week in the Legion Hall.
The Gathering Our Heroes C-K project is compiling a database of all veterans of both World Wars with a connection to Chatham-Kent. Starting in 2013 with the digitization of books of remembrance, by the end of 2023 it had accumulated entries for over 10,000 people, drawing on military records, newspaper reports, and submissions by members of the public. Besides names and service details, many entries include biographical information.[177]
A plaque on the bank of the River Sydenham[178] commemorates six men killed on 14 August 1957 at a cave-in[179] during excavations for the building of a water-treatment plant.[180] A documentary has been in development since 2023.[181][182]
Inside the Ken Houston Memorial Agricultural Centre, two plaques record the dedication of both the old municipal arena building and its replacement, the current Centre,[xiv] as a memorial to those who served in the military or were killed.[184]Ken Houston is himself commemorated by a statue outside the Centre.[185] The Tony Stranak Conservation Area commemorates a long-serving former mayor of Dresden, while all Dresden's mayors, from 1882 to 1997, are memorialised on a plaque in the Municipal Centre.[186]
Notes
↑ There are several theories about the origin of the name. According to Beausaert (2024), it may acknowledge a group of Moravian missionaries with German roots; been assigned by a prominent local family descended from a German mercenary soldier; or chosen to maintain a Germanic connection in a region of Canada West that had been known, till 1792, as the District of Hesse.[1]:31
↑ Ecodistricts are nested in an ecoregion that, in turn, is nested in an ecozone. The St. Thomas and Essex ecodistricts are part of the Lake Erie-Lake Ontarioecoregion (roughly corresponding with the Lake Erie Lowland ecoregion under the federal classification scheme) within the overarching Mixedwood Plainsecozone.[158]:3
↑ Typically, managed under various provincial tax incentive or grant schemes.
↑ A church that does not have full status as a parish church, and is supported by a parish, diocese, or other organization.
↑ Known as the Lambton-Kent Memorial Agricultural Centre until December 2018.[183]
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↑ Butt, S.; Ramprasadi, P.; Fenech, A. (2005). "Changes in the landscape of Southern Ontario, Canada since 1750: impacts of European colonization". In Fenech, A.; MacIver, D; Auld, H. (eds.). Integrated Mapping Assessment(PDF). Toronto, Ontario: Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment Canada. pp.83–92. Retrieved 14 January 2024– via IslandScholar.
↑ "McKee Treaty, No. 2 [transcript]". Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Treaty Texts–Upper Canada Land Surrenders. Government of Canada. 7 March 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
↑ "Longwoods Treaty, No. 25 [transcript]". Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Treaty Texts–Upper Canada Land Surrenders. Government of Canada. 7 March 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
1 2 Government of Canada (1891). Canada. Indian treaties and surrenders, from 1680 to 1890. In Two Volumes. Vol.1. Ottawa: B. Chamberlain (Queen's Printer). P.viii: see entry for Camden. P.xi, see entries 17 Oct. 1818, 5 Nov. 1818, 9 Mar. 1819, and 9 May 1820, tagged "Provisional surrender"; and 8 July 1822 "Confirmatory surrender". doi:10.14288/1.0355812. Retrieved 12 January 2024– via Canadian Research Knowledge Network/Canadiana.
↑ "Road to Understanding Indigenous Culture"(PDF). Municipality of Chatham-Kent. 9 June 2021. (p. 2, map: for Treaty No.2 (McKee), see area coloured purple marking locations of modern Windsor, Chatham, and London; for Treaty No.25 (Longwoods), see light blue quasi-rectangle above Treaty No.2 area). Retrieved 12 January 2024.
↑ Ministry of Indigenous Affairs (23 October 2023) [24 April 2018]. Map of Ontario treaties and reserves (Dynamic map with treaty area overlays). Cartography by Esri. Government of Ontario. Enter Dresden, Chatham-Kent, ON, CAN in search field at top right of map. Retrieved 12 January 2024. Please note that this map has some limitations and is one of many ways to learn about treaties. Indigenous communities may have different understandings of the treaties than is represented here.
↑ Carter, Marie (2014). "Chapter 9: Reimagining the Dawn Settlement". In de B'béri, Boulou Ebanda; Reid-Maroney, Nina & Wright, Handel Kashope (eds.). The Promised Land: History and Historiography of the Black Experience in Chatham-Kent's Settlements and Beyond. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 184; Drew (q.v.) is cited on p. 178. doi:10.3138/9781442667457-010. ISBN9781442667464.
↑ Edwards, Ron (1983). "McNIFF, PATRICK". Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 5. University of Toronto/Université Laval. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
↑ Brock, Daniel J. (1983). "IREDELL, ABRAHAM". Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 5. University of Toronto/Université Laval. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
↑ Sutherland, R. R. (1864). "County of Kent Gazeteer, and General Business Directory, for 1864-5"(PDF). Chatham-Kent Public Library Digital Collections. Ingersoll, Ontario: A.R. & John Sutherland. Dresden section (pp. 81-83). Retrieved 12 December 2023. Dresden contains two saw mills, one grist mill, five general stores, [sundry shops], two hotels, four churches [...], an Orange lodge, an Odd Fellows lodge, [...] also two schools [...].
↑ "A Trip from Chatham to Oil Springs: Dresden". The Hamilton Times. 3 August 1865. p.2 col.4 – via Newspapers.com. Barges, tug-boats and schooners even, come up to Dresden, and sometimes a little further, to load with staves and cordwood. The latter seems to be the great staple [...].
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Spearman, Don (1991). Landmarks From The Past: A pictorial history of Dresden and area. Dresden, Ontario: Stephen Lane Enterprises. ISBN096906313X.
↑ "Dresden, Ont" (zoomable map). Library and Archives Canada. 1:6000. Montreal: Charles E. Goad Company. March 1913 [May 1889]. Retrieved 15 June 2024. Sheets are numbered 1 to 3. The key to the map's symbols is on sheet 2.
↑ "Town Gets Soft Water: Dresden Plant Pumps Away". Windsor Star. 2 August 1958. p.7. Retrieved 30 January 2024– via Newspapers.com. Within a few hours after it was opened, the plant was producing 250 gallons of purified water a minute.
1 2 3 Spearman, Don; deVries, Calvin; Brandon, Robert (1982). The History of Dresden Updated from 1954 to 1981: To supplement Mr. Robert Brandon's History of Dresden, published 1954. Dresden, Ontario: Dresden Centennial Committee. p.3: This [...] edition is a compilation of 'bare-bone' facts of the happenings from 1954 to 1981[.]
↑ "Clerk sees sewer need". Windsor Star. 14 August 1970. p.25 col.5. Retrieved 2 February 2024– via Newspapers.com. The only industry in the park, occupying three acres of land, is Dresden Ready Mix, a cement manufacturing company employing four men.
↑ "The Kent Regiment, Ontario, Canada". Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth. Regiments.org. 8 June 2005. Archived from the original on 14 October 2007. Retrieved 4 February 2024– via The Wayback Machine.
↑ "Service Flag"(PDF). Canadian War Museum. 8 August 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
1 2 Conservation Authorities Branch of the Ontario Department of Energy and Resources Management (1969). Sydenham Valley Conservation Report 1968: Summary. Toronto: Queen's Printers – via Internet Archive. p.77: Wallaceburg and Dresden are subject to frequent and severe flooding. [...] The problem is extremely serious.
↑ "Floods Hit Dresden And Wallaceburg, Threaten Chatham". Brantford Expositer. 5 February 1968. pp.1–2, 7. Retrieved 3 February 2024– via Newspapers.com. p.7: The main street of Dresden is under three feet of water. Flooding has driven an estimated 150 families from their homes and cut the town of 2,800 in half.
↑ "Past Chairs". St. Clair Region Conservation Authority. n.d. Retrieved 3 February 2024. [...] 1961–1970 [...] The Authority also began to grapple with options to deal with flooding in Dresden and Wallaceburg. [...] 1971–1980 [...] [T]he Dresden Floodplain Acquisition Program was also initiated.
↑ "Park to be officially opened Aug. 23". Windor Star. 9 August 1979. p.3. Retrieved 31 January 2024. The authority began acquiring property for the 13-acre conservation area in 1973[...]. The Dresden Conservation Area is the first in the town and offers day-use visitor fishing, boating, playground and picnic facilities.
↑ "Conservation Group Receives Flood Grant". Windsor Star. 20 December 1980. p.A6. Retrieved 22 February 2024. Once secured, the flood plain lands will be planned and managed in conjunction with the existing Dresden Conservation area.
↑ Carter, Marie (2014). "Chapter 4: William Whipper's Lands along the Sydenham". In de B'béri, Boulou Ebanda; Reid-Maroney, Nina & Wright, Handel Kashope (eds.). The Promised Land: History and Historiography of the Black Experience in Chatham-Kent's Settlements and Beyond. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp.73–90. doi:10.3138/9781442667457-005. ISBN9781442667464.
↑ Bernard, Jackie; Carter, Marie (3 March 2022). "Josiah Henson and McInnes Family Friendship"(video). Discovering Dawn. Episode 4. Ontario Heritage Trust. 0:40 minutes in. Retrieved 3 December 2023– via YouTube. We have some wonderful old Victorian-style homes that are still very well maintained here.
↑ Sclanders, Ian M. (3 July 1928). "Spirit of Carnival Reigns for Reunion at Dresden: Week of Gaiety is Now in Progress". The Border Cities Star. p.6. Retrieved 22 February 2024. [col.1] Not much business is being done in the town. The reunion is taking the time of all, and residents and ex-residents returned are aglow with the spirit of carnival.
↑ Miller, Dave (5 July 1982). "Dresden on parade: A century of spirit". Windsor Star. p.7. Retrieved 11 December 2023– via Newspapers.com. Hundreds lined the downtown street as the [125-entry] parade left the Lambton-Kent Composite School and made its way to Kinsmen Park.
↑ Epp, Peter; etal. (5 February 1997). "Dresden... 125 Years of History". Wallaceburg Courier Press (special edition of 32 pages).
↑ "Dresden festival begins Saturday". Windsor Star. 29 July 1977. p.3. Retrieved 16 February 2024. The town's first Civic Fest begins Saturday, in an attempt to pay off a portion of a $80,000 repair bill for the Lambton-Kent Memorial Arena. [...] Throughout the three days, entertainment will be provided in the form of polka and country and western bands.
↑ Ontario Heritage Trust Provincial Plaque Program (n.d.). The Founding of Dresden (Ontario Provincial Plaque). Retrieved 11 December 2023. On the south-facing wall of the Municipal Town Centre at 485 St. George Street, Dresden, Ontario.
↑ "Heritage Conservation". Chatham-Kent. Municipality of Chatham-Kent. 2 June 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
↑ Ontario Heritage Trust Provincial Plaque Program (31 July 2010). First Regular Baptist Church, Dresden (Ontario Provincial Plaque). On the south side of Queen Street, east of St. George Street, in front of the First Regular Baptist Church, Dresden, Ontario. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
↑ "Chatham-Kent Cycling Map"(PDF). Municipality of Chatham-Kent. 20 April 2021. See inset map B2 on p. 2. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
↑ "UGRR Detroit Alternate". Adventure Cycling Association. n.d. See section "DET ALT 2 - Sombra, ON to Owen Sound, ON (223.9 mi.)" and map linked from "Details". Retrieved 4 January 2024.
↑ "Doctor Search: Advanced Search". cpso.on.ca. The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario. Select 'Dresden' from drop-down menu in 'City/Town' box. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
↑ "Dresden Business & Organization Directory". Explore Dresden. Downtown Dresden Business Improvement Area (B.I.A) and Dresden Community Development Association. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
↑ "Subscribe to WhatsUp Dresden!". Town of Dresden, Ontario. Downtown Dresden Business Improvement Area (B.I.A) and Dresden Community Development Association. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
↑ Reid-Maroney, Nina (2014). "Chapter 6: 'A Contented Mind is a Continual Feast': Tracing Intellectual Migrations through the Promised Land". In de B'béri, Boulou Ebanda; Reid-Maroney, Nina & Wright, Handel Kashope (eds.). The Promised Land: History and Historiography of the Black Experience in Chatham-Kent's Settlements and Beyond. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp.106–128. doi:10.3138/9781442667457-007. ISBN9781442667464.
↑ "The Diary of Thomas Hughes". Phantoms of the Past: Slavery, Resistance, and Memory in the Atlantic World. London, Ontario: Huron University College. c. 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
↑ Cooper, John (2005). Season of Rage: Hugh Burnett and the Struggle for Civil Rights. Dresden, Ontario: Tundra Books. ISBN9780887767005.
↑ Burns, Helen Watson (1954). Dresden Fire Department(PDF). Retrieved 21 January 2024– via Chatham-Kent Public Library Digital Collections.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Wester, M.C.; Henson, B.L.; Crins, W.J.; Uhlig, P.W.C. & Gray, P.A. (2018). "Ecodistrict 7E-2: St. Thomas Ecodistrict". The Ecosystems of Ontario, Part 2: Ecodistricts(PDF) (Report). Science and Research Technical Report TR-26. Peterborough: Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Science and Research Branch. pp.408–413. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
1 2 3 "Dresden, Ontario". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. 25 September 2013. Archived from the original on August 28, 2019. Retrieved August 28, 2019.
↑ Actual Site of Dresden Cave In: August 14, 1957: In Loving Memory of Those Who Died: Wiebrand Hovius, Enne Hovius, Hendrik Drenth, Jan Bremer, Jan Oldewening, Dirk Ryksen: In His Wisdom We Trust (Metal plaque mounted on boulder). On the south bank of the River Sydenham, off Sydenham Street, Dresden, Ontario. 14 August 2002.
↑ Carter, Marie (21 August 2019). "Memorial to a tragedy: Dresden and Aylmer forever linked by cave-in". The Herald. pp. 9 & 12, & see editorial on p. 4.
↑ Corporation of the Town of Dresden (c. 1997). Mayors(inside the Dresden Municipal Centre at 485 St. George Street, Dresden, Ontario). Sydenham Current. List of Dresden's Mayors from 1882 to 1997 (published 10 March 2022).
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