Faecalibacterium

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Faecalibacterium
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Bacillota
Class:
Clostridia
Order:
Oscillospirales
Family:
Ruminococcaceae
Genus:
Faecalibacterium

Duncan et al., 2002
Species:
F. prausnitzii

F. butyricigenerans

F. longum
Binomial name
Faecalibacterium prausnitziiFaecalibacterium butyricigenerans
(Hauduroy et al., 1937) Duncan et al., 2002 Zou 2021

Faecalibacterium is a genus of bacteria. The genus contains several species including Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Faecalibacterium butyricigenerans, Faecalibacterium longum, [1] Faecalibacterium duncaniae, Faecalibacterium hattorii, and Faecalibacterium gallinarum. [2] Its first known species, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (renamed as Faecalibacterium duncaniae) is gram-positive, [3] mesophilic, rod-shaped, [3] and anaerobic, [4] and is one of the most abundant and important commensal bacteria of the human gut microbiota. It is non-spore forming and non-motile. [5] These bacteria produce butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids through the fermentation of dietary fiber. The production of butyrate makes them an important member of the gut microbiota, fighting against inflammation. [6]

Contents

History

Formerly considered to be a member of Fusobacterium , the bacterium is named in honor of German bacteriologist Otto Prausnitz. In 2002, it was proposed to be reclassified as its own genus, Faecalibacterium, containing the species Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, as phylogenetic analysis from isolates showed it to be only distantly related to Fusobacterium, and a closer member of Clostridium cluster IV. [7] The bacterium is a gram-negative bacteria, as first classified to the Fusobacterium , however it stains as a gram-positive bacteria. [8] This can be alluded to the fact that it lacks lipopolysaccharides on its outer membrane, so it stains more closely to gram-positive bacteria, than to gram-negative.

Genetics

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii has a genome 2,868,932 bp long and has a GC-content of 56.9%. The bacterium has been found to have 2,707 coding sequences, including 77 RNAs encoding genes. [5] 128 metabolic pathways have been reconstructed, as well as 27 protein complexes and 64 tRNAs. [9] Phylogenetically, the strains of F. prausnitzii compose phylogroups I and II. Most of the new isolates of this species isolated by Muhammad Tanweer Khan belong to phylogroup II. [10] A protein produced by this bacterium has been linked to anti-inflammatory effects. [11]

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in laboratory conditions

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is strictry anaerobic, making it a very difficult bacteria to culture in laboratory conditions. However, there are certain conditions and media, which make it possible to culture even outside of the intestine. The rich medium YCFA is very suitable for the growth of this bacteria in anaerobic conditions. [12] Another media suitable for the growth of F. prausnitzii is YBHI. [12] Any liquid media or agar plates should be pretreated beforehand for 24 hours in an anaerobic chamber, to ensure they are completely anaerobic.

Clinical relevance

In healthy adults, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii represent approximately 5% of the total fecal microbiota but this can increase to around 15% in some individuals, making it one of the most common gut bacteria. [8] It has anti-inflammatory properties and may improve the imbalance in intestinal bacteria that leads to dysbiosis. [8] It is one of the main producers of butyrate in the intestine. Since butyrate inhibits the production of NF-kB and IFN-y, both involved in the pro-inflmmatory response, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii acts as an anti-inflammatory gut bacterium. [13] [14] [15] By blocking the NF-kB pathway, F. prausnitzii indirectly inhibts the production of the pro-inflammatory IL-8, secreted by the intestinal epithelial cells. [16] Other research has shown that there is a correlation between high populations of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, low IL-12 abundance, and higher IL-10 production. [17] [18] The upregulated IL-10 inhibts the secretion of IFN-y, TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-12, which are all pro-inflammatory cytokines. [18] Apart from butyrate, F. prausnitzii produce formate and D-lactate as byproducts of fermentation of glucose and acetate. [13] [7] Lower than usual levels of F. prausnitzii in the intestines have been associated with Crohn's disease, obesity, asthma and major depressive disorder, [18] [19] [20] [21] and higher than usual levels have been associated with psoriasis. [22] Faecalibacterium prausnitzii can improve gut barrier function. [23] Supernatant of F. prausnitzii has been shown to improve the gut barrier by affecting the permeability of epithelial cells. [24] Another way that F. prausnitzii improves the gut barrier is by improving the permiability and the expression of tightly bound proteins - e-cadherin and occludin. Both of them increase the tight junctions between cells, strengthen the gut barrier and alleviate inflammation. [25] [13]

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and other bacteria

Studies show that F. prausnitzii interacts with other bacteria, which affects its butyrate production, and survival. When F. prausnitzii is cultured with Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron , it produces more butyric acid than standing alone, [26] [12] F. prausnitzii also benefits from growing with certain other bacteria. For example, in order to survive in the gut environment, it requires certain bacteria to be preexisting. B. thetaiotaomicron and Escherichia coli are needed to create a suitable environment for F. prausnitzii by reducing the redox potential and alter the composition of the nutrients. [27] [12]

Inflammatory bowel disease

In Crohn's disease, as of 2015 most studies (with one exception) found reduced levels of F. prausnitzii; [28] this has been found in both fecal and mucosal samples. [29] The lower abundance of these bacteria is not only associated to the chance of developing IBD, but also to the chance of relapsing after a successful therapy. People with lower abundance are six times more likely to relapse in the future. [18] However, it is a fastidious organism sensitive to oxygen and difficult to deliver to the intestine. [29]

Exclusive enteral nutrition, which is known to induce remission in Crohn's, has been found to reduce F. prausnitzii in responders. [30] This could be due to the lack of specific nutrients, that the bacteria need to survive. [31]

Biomarker relevance

F. prausnitzii can also serve as a biomarker discriminating between different intestinal inflammatory conditions. It is a good biomarker to differentiate between Crohn's disease and colorectal cancer. [32] An even better biomarker is F. prausnitzii in comparison to E. coli as a complementary indicator (F-E index). This index serves really well in differentiating between colorectal cancer and ulcerative colitis. [32]

Combining both the host serological data plus microbiological indicators could serve as good biomarker, since it has been reported that Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis can be differentiated based on monitoring of F. prausnitzii in conjunction with leukocyte count. [33]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<i>Fusobacterium</i> Genus of bacteria

Fusobacterium is a genus of obligate anaerobic, Gram-negative, non-sporeforming bacteria belonging to Gracilicutes. Individual cells are slender, rod-shaped bacilli with pointed ends. Fusobacterium was discovered in 1900 by Courmont and Cade and is common in the flora of humans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Butyric acid</span> Chemical compound

Butyric acid, also known under the systematic name butanoic acid, is a straight-chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula CH3CH2CH2CO2H. It is an oily, colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor. Isobutyric acid is an isomer. Salts and esters of butyric acid are known as butyrates or butanoates. The acid does not occur widely in nature, but its esters are widespread. It is a common industrial chemical and an important component in the mammalian gut.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inflammatory bowel disease</span> Medical condition

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of inflammatory conditions of the colon and small intestine, with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC) being the principal types. Crohn's disease affects the small intestine and large intestine, as well as the mouth, esophagus, stomach and the anus, whereas ulcerative colitis primarily affects the colon and the rectum.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gut microbiota</span> Community of microorganisms in the gut

Gut microbiota, gut microbiome, or gut flora, are the microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses, that live in the digestive tracts of animals. The gastrointestinal metagenome is the aggregate of all the genomes of the gut microbiota. The gut is the main location of the human microbiome. The gut microbiota has broad impacts, including effects on colonization, resistance to pathogens, maintaining the intestinal epithelium, metabolizing dietary and pharmaceutical compounds, controlling immune function, and even behavior through the gut–brain axis.

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<i>Bifidobacterium</i> Genus of bacteria

Bifidobacterium is a genus of gram-positive, nonmotile, often branched anaerobic bacteria. They are ubiquitous inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract though strains have been isolated from the vagina and mouth of mammals, including humans. Bifidobacteria are one of the major genera of bacteria that make up the gastrointestinal tract microbiota in mammals. Some bifidobacteria are used as probiotics.

Roseburia hominis is a bacterium first isolated from human feces. It is anaerobic, Gram-negative or Gram-variable, slightly curved rod-shaped and motile. The cells range in size from 0.5-1.5 to 5.0 μm. A2-183(T) is the type strain.

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<i>Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron</i> Species of bacterium

Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is a gram-negative, rod shaped obligate anaerobic bacterium that is a prominent member of the normal gut microbiome in the distal intestines. Its proteome, consisting of 4,779 members, includes a system for obtaining and breaking down dietary polysaccharides that would otherwise be difficult to digest. B. thetaiotaomicron is also an opportunistic pathogen, meaning it may become virulent in immunocompromised individuals. It is often used in research as a model organism for functional studies of the human microbiota.

<i>Phocaeicola vulgatus</i> Species of bacteria

Phocaeicola vulgatus,, is a mutualistic anaerobic Gram negative rod bacteria commonly found in the human gut microbiome and isolated from feces. P. vulgatus has medical relevance and has been notable in scientific research due to its production of fatty acids, potential use as a probiotic, and associations with protecting against and worsening some inflammatory diseases. Due to the difficulties in culturing anaerobic bacteria, P. vulgatus is still highly uncharacterised so efforts are being made to make use of multi-omic approaches to investigate the human gut microbiome more thoroughly in hopes to fully understand the role of this species in the development of and protection against diseases, as well as its potential uses in medicine and research. Generally, P. vulgatus is considered as a beneficial bacteria that contributes to digestion and a balanced microbiome, but it has been known to cause opportunistic infections and induce or worsen inflammatory responses. Due to its abundance in the microbiome, some researchers are investigating these species in hopes that it will be a suitable model organism for gut microbiome research, like Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron.

References

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