Faecalibacterium

Last updated

Faecalibacterium
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Bacillota
Class:
Clostridia
Order:
Eubacteriales
Family:
Oscillospiraceae
Genus:
Faecalibacterium

Duncan et al., 2002
Species:
F. prausnitzii

F. butyricigenerans

F. longum
Binomial name
Faecalibacterium prausnitziiFaecalibacterium butyricigenerans
(Hauduroy et al., 1937) Duncan et al., 2002 Zou 2021

Faecalibacterium is a genus of bacteria. The genus contains several species including Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Faecalibacterium butyricigenerans, Faecalibacterium longum, [1] Faecalibacterium duncaniae, Faecalibacterium hattorii, and Faecalibacterium gallinarum. [2] Its first known species, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (renamed as Faecalibacterium duncaniae) is gram-positive, [3] mesophilic, rod-shaped, [3] and anaerobic, [4] and is one of the most abundant and important commensal bacteria of the human gut microbiota. It is non-spore forming and non-motile. [5] These bacteria produce butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids through the fermentation of dietary fiber. The production of butyrate makes them an important member of the gut microbiota, fighting against inflammation. [6]

Contents

History

Formerly considered to be a member of Fusobacterium , the bacterium is named in honor of German bacteriologist Otto Prausnitz. In 2002, it was proposed to be reclassified as its own genus, Faecalibacterium, containing the species Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, as phylogenetic analysis from isolates showed it to be only distantly related to Fusobacterium, and a closer member of Clostridium cluster IV. [7] The bacterium is a gram-negative bacteria, as first classified to the Fusobacterium , however it stains as a gram-positive bacteria. [8] This can be alluded to the fact that it lacks lipopolysaccharides on its outer membrane, so it stains more closely to gram-positive bacteria, than to gram-negative.

Genetics

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii has a genome 2,868,932 bp long and has a GC-content of 56.9%. The bacterium has been found to have 2,707 coding sequences, including 77 RNAs encoding genes. [5] 128 metabolic pathways have been reconstructed, as well as 27 protein complexes and 64 tRNAs. [9] Phylogenetically, the strains of F. prausnitzii compose phylogroups I and II. Most of the new isolates of this species isolated by Muhammad Tanweer Khan belong to phylogroup II. [10] A protein produced by this bacterium has been linked to anti-inflammatory effects. [11]

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in laboratory conditions

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is strictry anaerobic, making it a very difficult bacteria to culture in laboratory conditions. However, there are certain conditions and media, which make it possible to culture even outside of the intestine. The rich medium YCFA is very suitable for the growth of this bacteria in anaerobic conditions. [12] Another media suitable for the growth of F. prausnitzii is YBHI. [12] Any liquid media or agar plates should be pretreated beforehand for 24 hours in an anaerobic chamber, to ensure they are completely anaerobic.

Clinical relevance

In healthy adults, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii represent approximately 5% of the total fecal microbiota but this can increase to around 15% in some individuals, making it one of the most common gut bacteria. [8] It has anti-inflammatory properties and may improve the imbalance in intestinal bacteria that leads to dysbiosis. [8] It is one of the main producers of butyrate in the intestine. Since butyrate inhibits the production of NF-kB and IFN-y, both involved in the pro-inflmmatory response, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii acts as an anti-inflammatory gut bacterium. [13] [14] [15] By blocking the NF-kB pathway, F. prausnitzii indirectly inhibts the production of the pro-inflammatory IL-8, secreted by the intestinal epithelial cells. [16] Other research has shown that there is a correlation between high populations of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, low IL-12 abundance, and higher IL-10 production. [17] [18] The upregulated IL-10 inhibts the secretion of IFN-y, TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-12, which are all pro-inflammatory cytokines. [18] Apart from butyrate, F. prausnitzii produce formate and D-lactate as byproducts of fermentation of glucose and acetate. [13] [7] Lower than usual levels of F. prausnitzii in the intestines have been associated with Crohn's disease, obesity, asthma and major depressive disorder. [18] [19] [20] [21] Higher than usual levels of the F06 clade of F. prausnitzii have been associated with atopic dermatitis. [22] Faecalibacterium prausnitzii can improve gut barrier function. [23] Supernatant of F. prausnitzii has been shown to improve the gut barrier by affecting the permeability of epithelial cells. [24] Another way that F. prausnitzii improves the gut barrier is by improving the permiability and the expression of tightly bound proteins - e-cadherin and occludin. Both of them increase the tight junctions between cells, strengthen the gut barrier and alleviate inflammation. [25] [13]

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and other bacteria

Studies show that F. prausnitzii interacts with other bacteria, which affects its butyrate production, and survival. When F. prausnitzii is cultured with Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron , it produces more butyric acid than standing alone, [26] [12] F. prausnitzii also benefits from growing with certain other bacteria. For example, in order to survive in the gut environment, it requires certain bacteria to be preexisting. B. thetaiotaomicron and Escherichia coli are needed to create a suitable environment for F. prausnitzii by reducing the redox potential and alter the composition of the nutrients. [27] [12]

Inflammatory bowel disease

In Crohn's disease, as of 2015 most studies (with one exception) found reduced levels of F. prausnitzii; [28] this has been found in both fecal and mucosal samples. [29] The lower abundance of these bacteria is not only associated to the chance of developing IBD, but also to the chance of relapsing after a successful therapy. People with lower abundance are six times more likely to relapse in the future. [18] However, it is a fastidious organism sensitive to oxygen and difficult to deliver to the intestine. [29]

Exclusive enteral nutrition, which is known to induce remission in Crohn's, has been found to reduce F. prausnitzii in responders. [30] This could be due to the lack of specific nutrients, that the bacteria need to survive. [31]

Biomarker relevance

F. prausnitzii can also serve as a biomarker discriminating between different intestinal inflammatory conditions. It is a good biomarker to differentiate between Crohn's disease and colorectal cancer. [32] An even better biomarker is F. prausnitzii in comparison to E. coli as a complementary indicator (F-E index). This index serves really well in differentiating between colorectal cancer and ulcerative colitis. [32]

Combining both the host serological data plus microbiological indicators could serve as good biomarker, since it has been reported that Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis can be differentiated based on monitoring of F. prausnitzii in conjunction with leukocyte count. [33]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ulcerative colitis</span> Inflammatory bowel disease that causes ulcers in the colon

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is one of the two types of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), with the other type being Crohn's disease. It is a long-term condition that results in inflammation and ulcers of the colon and rectum. The primary symptoms of active disease are abdominal pain and diarrhea mixed with blood (hematochezia). Weight loss, fever, and anemia may also occur. Often, symptoms come on slowly and can range from mild to severe. Symptoms typically occur intermittently with periods of no symptoms between flares. Complications may include abnormal dilation of the colon (megacolon), inflammation of the eye, joints, or liver, and colon cancer.

<i>Fusobacterium</i> Genus of bacteria

Fusobacterium is a genus of obligate anaerobic, Gram-negative, non-sporeforming bacteria belonging to Gracilicutes. Individual cells are slender, rod-shaped bacilli with pointed ends. Fusobacterium was discovered in 1900 by Courmont and Cade and is common in the flora of humans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bacillota</span> Phylum of bacteria

Bacillota is a phylum of bacteria, most of which have gram-positive cell wall structure. The renaming of phyla such as Firmicutes in 2021 remains controversial among microbiologists, many of whom continue to use the earlier names of long standing in the literature.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Butyric acid</span> Chemical compound

Butyric acid, also known under the systematic name butanoic acid, is a straight-chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula CH3CH2CH2CO2H. It is an oily, colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor. Isobutyric acid is an isomer. Salts and esters of butyric acid are known as butyrates or butanoates. The acid does not occur widely in nature, but its esters are widespread. It is a common industrial chemical and an important component in the mammalian gut.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inflammatory bowel disease</span> Medical condition

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of inflammatory conditions of the colon and small intestine, with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC) being the principal types. Crohn's disease affects the small intestine and large intestine, as well as the mouth, esophagus, stomach and the anus, whereas UC primarily affects the colon and the rectum.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum is a widespread member of the genus Lactiplantibacillus and commonly found in many fermented food products as well as anaerobic plant matter. L. plantarum was first isolated from saliva. Based on its ability to temporarily persist in plants, the insect intestine and in the intestinal tract of vertebrate animals, it was designated as a nomadic organism. L. plantarum is Gram positive, bacilli shaped bacterium. L. plantarum cells are rods with rounded ends, straight, generally 0.9–1.2 μm wide and 3–8 μm long, occurring singly, in pairs or in short chains. L. plantarum has one of the largest genomes known among the lactic acid bacteria and is a very flexible and versatile species. It is estimated to grow between pH 3.4 and 8.8. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum can grow in the temperature range 12 °C to 40 °C. The viable counts of the "L. plantarum" stored at refrigerated condition (4 °C) remained high, while a considerable reduction in the counts was observed stored at room temperature.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gut microbiota</span> Community of microorganisms in the gut

Gut microbiota, gut microbiome, or gut flora are the microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses, that live in the digestive tracts of animals. The gastrointestinal metagenome is the aggregate of all the genomes of the gut microbiota. The gut is the main location of the human microbiome. The gut microbiota has broad impacts, including effects on colonization, resistance to pathogens, maintaining the intestinal epithelium, metabolizing dietary and pharmaceutical compounds, controlling immune function, and even behavior through the gut–brain axis.

<i>Bacteroides fragilis</i> Species of bacterium

Bacteroides fragilis is an anaerobic, Gram-negative, pleomorphic to rod-shaped bacterium. It is part of the normal microbiota of the human colon and is generally commensal, but can cause infection if displaced into the bloodstream or surrounding tissue following surgery, disease, or trauma.

Dysbiosis is characterized by a disruption to the microbiome resulting in an imbalance in the microbiota, changes in their functional composition and metabolic activities, or a shift in their local distribution. For example, a part of the human microbiota such as the skin flora, gut flora, or vaginal flora, can become deranged (unbalanced), when normally dominating species become underrepresented and species that normally are outcompeted or contained increase to fill the void. Similar to the human gut microbiome, diverse microbes colonize the plant rhizosphere, and dysbiosis in the rhizosphere, can negatively impact plant health. Dysbiosis is most commonly reported as a condition in the gastrointestinal tract or plant rhizosphere.

Fusobacterium nucleatum is a Gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium, commensal to the human oral cavity, that plays a role in periodontal disease. This organism is commonly recovered from different monocultured microbial and mixed infections in humans and animals. In health and disease, it is a key component of periodontal plaque due to its abundance and its ability to coaggregate with other bacteria species in the oral cavity.

Roseburia hominis is a bacterium first isolated from human feces. It is anaerobic, Gram-negative or Gram-variable, slightly curved rod-shaped and motile. The cells range in size from 0.5-1.5 to 5.0 μm. A2-183(T) is the type strain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gut–brain axis</span> Biochemical signaling between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system

The gut–brain axis is the two-way biochemical signaling that takes place between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system (CNS). The term "microbiota–gut–brain axis" highlights the role of gut microbiota in these biochemical signaling. Broadly defined, the gut–brain axis includes the central nervous system, neuroendocrine system, neuroimmune systems, the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, sympathetic and parasympathetic arms of the autonomic nervous system, the enteric nervous system, vagus nerve, and the gut microbiota.

<i>Clostridioides difficile</i> Species of bacteria

Clostridioides difficile is a bacterium known for causing serious diarrheal infections, and may also cause colon cancer. It is known also as C. difficile, or C. diff, and is a Gram-positive species of spore-forming bacteria. Clostridioides spp. are anaerobic, motile bacteria, ubiquitous in nature and especially prevalent in soil. Its vegetative cells are rod-shaped, pleomorphic, and occur in pairs or short chains. Under the microscope, they appear as long, irregular cells with a bulge at their terminal ends. Under Gram staining, C. difficile cells are Gram-positive and show optimum growth on blood agar at human body temperatures in the absence of oxygen. C. difficile is catalase- and superoxide dismutase-negative, and produces up to three types of toxins: enterotoxin A, cytotoxin B and Clostridioides difficile transferase. Under stress conditions, the bacteria produce spores that are able to tolerate extreme conditions that the active bacteria cannot tolerate.

Roseburia is a genus of butyrate-producing, Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria that inhabit the human colon. Named in honor of Theodor Rosebury, they are members of the phylum Bacillota.

Christensenella is a genus of non-spore-forming, anaerobic, and nonmotile bacteria from the family Christensenellaceae. They are also part of the order Clostridiales, the class Clostridia and the phylum Firmicutes. Phylogenetic analyzes of 16S rRNA gene sequences are used to describe this family. Due to the recent discovery of the Christensenellaceae family, it was not given importance until a few years ago. This is why very little is known about its ecology and how it may be associated with host factors and other microbiota. However, recent studies establish that members of this family, with exceptions, may be associated with a healthy phenotype for humans. The species C. minuta has been published and validated, and C. timonensis and C. massiliensis have been proposed as novel species of the genus Christensenella, all isolated from human feces.

Anaerostipes is a Gram positive and anaerobic bacterial genus from the family of Lachnospiraceae. Anaerostipes occurs in the human gut. Anaerostipes may protect against colon cancer in humans by producing butyric acid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human milk microbiome</span> Community of microorganisms in human milk

The human milk microbiota, also known as human milk probiotics (HMP), encompasses the microbiota–the community of microorganisms–present within the human mammary glands and breast milk. Contrary to the traditional belief that human breast milk is sterile, advancements in both microbial culture and culture-independent methods have confirmed that human milk harbors diverse communities of bacteria. These communities are distinct in composition from other microbial populations found within the human body which constitute the human microbiome.

Oscillospiraceae, also commonly called Ruminococcaceae, is a family of bacteria in the class Clostridia. All Oscillospiraceae are obligate anaerobes. However, members of the family have diverse shapes, with some rod-shaped and others cocci.

<i>Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron</i> Species of bacterium

Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is a gram-negative, non-motile, rod shaped obligate anaerobic bacterium that is a prominent member of the normal gut microbiome in the distal intestines. Its proteome, consisting of 4,779 proteins, includes a system for obtaining and breaking down dietary polysaccharides that would otherwise be difficult to digest. B. thetaiotaomicron is also an opportunistic pathogen, meaning it may become virulent in immunocompromised individuals. It is often used in research as a model organism for functional studies of the human microbiota in the gut.

Flavonifractor plautii is a bacterium of the monotypic genus Flavonifractor in the family Oscillospiraceae.

References

  1. ↑ Zou, Yuanqiang; Lin, Xiaoqian; Xue, Wenbin; Tuo, Li; Chen, Ming-Sheng; Chen, Xiao-Hui; Sun, Cheng-hang; Li, Feina; Liu, Shao-wei; Dai, Ying; Kristiansen, Karsten; Xiao, Liang (2021-05-31). "Characterization and description of Faecalibacterium butyricigenerans sp. nov. and F. longum sp. nov., isolated from human faeces". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 11340. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-90786-3 . ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   8166934 .
  2. ↑ Sakamoto, Mitsuo; Sakurai, Naomi; Tanno, Hiroki; Iino, Takao; Ohkuma, Moriya; Endo, Akihito (2022). "Genome-based, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic classification of Faecalibacterium strains: proposal of three novel species Faecalibacterium duncaniae sp. nov., Faecalibacterium hattorii sp. nov. and Faecalibacterium gallinarum sp. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 72 (4): 005379. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.005379. ISSN   1466-5034.
  3. 1 2 Martín R, Miquel S, Benevides L, Bridonneau C, Robert V, Hudault S, et al. (2017). "Functional Characterization of Novel Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Strains Isolated from Healthy Volunteers: A Step Forward in the Use of F. prausnitzii as a Next-Generation Probiotic". Frontiers in Microbiology. 8: 1226. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01226 . PMC   5492426 . PMID   28713353.
  4. ↑ Khan MT, Duncan SH, Stams AJ, van Dijl JM, Flint HJ, Harmsen HJ (August 2012). "The gut anaerobe Faecalibacterium prausnitzii uses an extracellular electron shuttle to grow at oxic-anoxic interphases". The ISME Journal. 6 (8): 1578–1585. doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.5. PMC   3400418 . PMID   22357539.
  5. 1 2 Bag S, Ghosh TS, Das B (November 2017). "Complete Genome Sequence of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Isolated from the Gut of a Healthy Indian Adult". Genome Announcements. 5 (46). doi:10.1128/genomeA.01286-17. PMC   5690339 . PMID   29146862.
  6. ↑ Lopez-Siles M, Duncan SH, Garcia-Gil LJ, Martinez-Medina M (April 2017). "Faecalibacterium prausnitzii: from microbiology to diagnostics and prognostics". The ISME Journal. 11 (4): 841–852. doi:10.1038/ismej.2016.176. PMC   5364359 . PMID   28045459.
  7. 1 2 Duncan SH, Hold GL, Harmsen HJ, Stewart CS, Flint HJ (November 2002). "Growth requirements and fermentation products of Fusobacterium prausnitzii, and a proposal to reclassify it as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii gen. nov., comb. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 52 (Pt 6): 2141–2146. doi: 10.1099/00207713-52-6-2141 . PMID   12508881.
  8. 1 2 3 Miquel S, Martín R, Rossi O, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Chatel JM, Sokol H, et al. (June 2013). "Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and human intestinal health". Current Opinion in Microbiology. 16 (3): 255–261. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2013.06.003. PMID   23831042.
  9. ↑ "Summary of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Strain A2-165, version 21.5". BioCyc.
  10. ↑ Lopez-Siles M, Khan TM, Duncan SH, Harmsen HJ, Garcia-Gil LJ, Flint HJ (January 2012). "Cultured representatives of two major phylogroups of human colonic Faecalibacterium prausnitzii can utilize pectin, uronic acids, and host-derived substrates for growth". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 78 (2): 420–428. Bibcode:2012ApEnM..78..420L. doi:10.1128/AEM.06858-11. PMC   3255724 . PMID   22101049.
  11. ↑ Quévrain E, Maubert MA, Michon C, Chain F, Marquant R, Tailhades J, et al. (March 2016). "Identification of an anti-inflammatory protein from Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, a commensal bacterium deficient in Crohn's disease". Gut. 65 (3): 415–425. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307649. PMC   5136800 . PMID   26045134.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Wrzosek L, Miquel S, Noordine ML, Bouet S, Joncquel Chevalier-Curt M, Robert V, et al. (May 2013). "Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii influence the production of mucus glycans and the development of goblet cells in the colonic epithelium of a gnotobiotic model rodent". BMC Biology. 11 (1): 61. doi: 10.1186/1741-7007-11-61 . PMC   3673873 . PMID   23692866.
  13. 1 2 3 He X, Zhao S, Li Y (2021-03-05). "Faecalibacterium prausnitzii: A Next-Generation Probiotic in Gut Disease Improvement". Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology. 2021: e6666114. doi: 10.1155/2021/6666114 . ISSN   1712-9532.
  14. ↑ Inan MS, Rasoulpour RJ, Yin L, Hubbard AK, Rosenberg DW, Giardina C (April 2000). "The luminal short-chain fatty acid butyrate modulates NF-kappaB activity in a human colonic epithelial cell line". Gastroenterology. 118 (4): 724–734. doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(00)70142-9. PMID   10734024.
  15. ↑ Zhang, Jianbo; Huang, Yu-Ja; Yoon, Jun Young; Kemmitt, John; Wright, Charles; Schneider, Kirsten; Sphabmixay, Pierre; Hernandez-Gordillo, Victor; Holcomb, Steven J.; Bhushan, Brij; Rohatgi, Gar; Benton, Kyle; Carpenter, David; Kester, Jemila C.; Eng, George (January 2021). "Primary Human Colonic Mucosal Barrier Crosstalk with Super Oxygen-Sensitive Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in Continuous Culture". Med. 2 (1): 74–98.e9. doi:10.1016/j.medj.2020.07.001. ISSN   2666-6340. PMC   7839961 . PMID   33511375.
  16. ↑ Miquel S, Leclerc M, Martin R, Chain F, Lenoir M, Raguideau S, et al. (April 2015). Blaser MJ (ed.). "Identification of metabolic signatures linked to anti-inflammatory effects of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii". mBio. 6 (2). doi:10.1128/mBio.00300-15. PMC   4453580 . PMID   25900655.
  17. ↑ Qiu X, Zhang M, Yang X, Hong N, Yu C (December 2013). "Faecalibacterium prausnitzii upregulates regulatory T cells and anti-inflammatory cytokines in treating TNBS-induced colitis". Journal of Crohn's & Colitis. 7 (11): e558–e568. doi: 10.1016/j.crohns.2013.04.002 . PMID   23643066.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Sokol H, Pigneur B, Watterlot L, Lakhdari O, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Gratadoux JJ, et al. (October 2008). "Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (43): 16731–16736. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0804812105 . PMC   2575488 . PMID   18936492.
  19. ↑ "Bacterium 'to blame for Crohn's'". BBC News. 2008-10-21. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
  20. ↑ Newton RJ, McLellan SL, Dila DK, Vineis JH, Morrison HG, Eren AM, Sogin ML (February 2015). "Sewage reflects the microbiomes of human populations". mBio. 6 (2): e02574. doi:10.1128/mBio.02574-14. PMC   4358014 . PMID   25714718.
  21. ↑ Jiang H, Ling Z, Zhang Y, Mao H, Ma Z, Yin Y, et al. (August 2015). "Altered fecal microbiota composition in patients with major depressive disorder". Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 48: 186–194. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.03.016 . PMID   25882912.
  22. ↑ Song, Han; Yoo, Young; Hwang, Junghyun; Na, Yun-Cheol; Kim, Heenam Stanley (March 2016). "Faecalibacterium prausnitzii subspecies-level dysbiosis in the human gut microbiome underlying atopic dermatitis". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 137 (3): 852–860. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.08.021 . ISSN   1097-6825. PMID   26431583.
  23. ↑ Stenman LK, Burcelin R, Lahtinen S (February 2016). "Establishing a causal link between gut microbes, body weight gain and glucose metabolism in humans - towards treatment with probiotics". Beneficial Microbes. 7 (1): 11–22. doi:10.3920/BM2015.0069. PMID   26565087.
  24. ↑ Rossi O, van Berkel LA, Chain F, Tanweer Khan M, Taverne N, Sokol H, et al. (January 2016). "Faecalibacterium prausnitzii A2-165 has a high capacity to induce IL-10 in human and murine dendritic cells and modulates T cell responses". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 18507. Bibcode:2016NatSR...618507R. doi:10.1038/srep18507. PMC   4698756 . PMID   26725514.
  25. ↑ Laval L, Martin R, Natividad JN, Chain F, Miquel S, Desclée de Maredsous C, et al. (2015-01-02). "Lactobacillus rhamnosus CNCM I-3690 and the commensal bacterium Faecalibacterium prausnitzii A2-165 exhibit similar protective effects to induced barrier hyper-permeability in mice". Gut Microbes. 6 (1): 1–9. doi:10.4161/19490976.2014.990784. PMC   4615674 . PMID   25517879.
  26. ↑ Licht TR, Hansen M, Bergström A, Poulsen M, Krath BN, Markowski J, et al. (January 2010). "Effects of apples and specific apple components on the cecal environment of conventional rats: role of apple pectin". BMC Microbiology. 10 (1): 13. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-13 . PMC   2822772 . PMID   20089145.
  27. ↑ Cheng L, Kiewiet MB, Logtenberg MJ, Groeneveld A, Nauta A, Schols HA, et al. (2020). "Effects of Different Human Milk Oligosaccharides on Growth of Bifidobacteria in Monoculture and Co-culture With Faecalibacterium prausnitzii". Frontiers in Microbiology. 11: 569700. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.569700 . PMC   7662573 . PMID   33193162.
  28. ↑ Wright EK, Kamm MA, Teo SM, Inouye M, Wagner J, Kirkwood CD (June 2015). "Recent advances in characterizing the gastrointestinal microbiome in Crohn's disease: a systematic review". Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 21 (6): 1219–1228. doi:10.1097/MIB.0000000000000382. PMC   4450900 . PMID   25844959.
  29. 1 2 El Hage R, Hernandez-Sanabria E, Van de Wiele T (2017-09-29). "Emerging Trends in "Smart Probiotics": Functional Consideration for the Development of Novel Health and Industrial Applications". Frontiers in Microbiology. 8: 1889. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01889 . PMC   5626839 . PMID   29033923.
  30. ↑ Gerasimidis K, Russell R, Hansen R, Quince C, Loman N, Bertz M, et al. (July 2014). "Role of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in Crohn's Disease: friend, foe, or does not really matter?". Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 20 (7): E18–E19. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0000000000000079 . PMID   24859302.
  31. ↑ Diederen K, Li JV, Donachie GE, de Meij TG, de Waart DR, Hakvoort TB, et al. (November 2020). "Exclusive enteral nutrition mediates gut microbial and metabolic changes that are associated with remission in children with Crohn's disease". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 18879. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1018879D. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-75306-z. PMC   7609694 . PMID   33144591.
  32. 1 2 Lopez-Siles M, Martinez-Medina M, Abellà C, Busquets D, Sabat-Mir M, Duncan SH, et al. (November 2015). Elkins CA (ed.). "Mucosa-associated Faecalibacterium prausnitzii phylotype richness is reduced in patients with inflammatory bowel disease". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 81 (21): 7582–7592. Bibcode:2015ApEnM..81.7582L. doi:10.1128/AEM.02006-15. PMC   4592880 . PMID   26296733.
  33. ↑ Swidsinski A, Loening-Baucke V, Vaneechoutte M, Doerffel Y (February 2008). "Active Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis can be specifically diagnosed and monitored based on the biostructure of the fecal flora". Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 14 (2): 147–161. doi: 10.1002/ibd.20330 . PMID   18050295. S2CID   46449782.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.