GLONASS-K

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GLONASS-K
CeBit 2011 - Glosnass-K Satellite Model 11.jpg
Model of Glonass-K satellite at CeBIT 2011
Manufacturer ISS Reshetnev
Country of originRussia
OperatorJSC «Navigation-Information systems»
Applications Navigation
Specifications
Bus Ekspress-1000K
Launch mass935 kg
Power1600 watts
Batteries NiH2
EquipmentFDMA signals:
L1OF, L1SF, L2OF and L2SF
CDMA signals: L3OC
Regime Medium Earth orbit (MEO)
Design life10 years (planned)
Dimensions
Production
StatusIn production
On order7 [1]
Built5
Launched5
Operational3
Retired1
Maiden launch 26 February 2011
Last launch10 October 2022
Related spacecraft
Derived from GLONASS-M
←  GLONASS-M GLONASS-K2 →

GLONASS-K is the latest satellite design intended as a part of the Russian GLONASS radio-based satellite navigation system. Developed by ISS Reshetnev (Information Satellite Systems Reshetnev) and first launched on 26 February 2011, it is a substantial improvement of the previous GLONASS-M second-generation satellites, having a longer lifespan and better accuracy.

Contents

History

The Federal Targeted Program "Global Navigation System" 2002–2011, introduced in 2001, stipulated the development of a third-generation navigation satellite design, called GLONASS-K, as part of the overall GLONASS upgrade program in the time frame 2005–2011. The new satellite followed the second generation GLONASS-M, introduced in 2003. [2] The Roscosmos initially ordered 27 GLONASS-K satellites from ISS Reshetnev, the developer of all the previous GLONASS satellites. [3] On 7 December 2010, the company announced it had completed ground tests of the first GLONASS-K satellite. [4] The satellite was launched to orbit on 26 February 2011. [5] On 30 November 2014, the second and supposedly last GLONASS-K1 development satellite was put to orbit as Kosmos 2501. [6]

On 28 May 2014, interview, Nikolay Testoyedov (president of ISS Reshetnev) stated that production of GLONASS-M would end in 2015, with GLONASS-K being exclusively produced after that final batch. [7] On 14 December 2014, an interview with GPS World, he stated that because of international sanctions that limited the supply of radiation resistant electronics, they had decided to launch nine additional GLONASS-K1 as fleet replacement while they finished the GLONASS-K2 design. [8] In May 2015 presentation, Mr. Testoyedov expected the serial production of GLONASS-K1 to start flying in early 2018, just after the launch of the first GLONASS-K2 prototype. The presentation showed at least eleven additional GLONASS-K1 satellites flying until 2020. [9]

Satellites

GLONASS-K is the first unpressurised GLONASS satellite — all of its equipment is able to operate in a vacuum. Due to this, the satellite's mass has been substantially reduced: GLONASS-K has a mass of just 935 kg compared to its predecessor GLONASS-M, which had a mass of 1450 kg. [10] The new satellite has an operational lifetime of 10 years, three years longer than that of GLONASS-M and seven years longer than the lifetime of the original GLONASS satellite. It also increased the power supply from GLONASS-M's 1400 watts to 1600 watts. [10]

GLONASS-K will transmit additional navigation signals to improve the system's accuracy. [2] Existing FDMA signals, 2 military and 2 civilian, will be transmitted on the L1 and L2 bands, and additional civilian CDMA signals will be transmitted in the L1, L2, L3 and L5 bands. [11] [12]

GLONASS-V

GLONASS-V is a planned modification of GLONASS-K for use in highly elliptical orbit. [13] Roscosmos plans to launch six GLONASS-V satellites in two orbital planes starting in 2025. [14] [15] The new satellites will improve location accuracy in urban canyons and increase redundancy in longitudes between 20° and 160° East covering most of Russia.

Launches

For launching the satellites, two options are planned: six satellites simultaneously from Baikonur Cosmodrome on the heavy-lift Proton-M, or two simultaneously from Plesetsk Cosmodrome on a Soyuz-2 with a Fregat upper stage. [16] In comparison, the previous GLONASS-M satellites could only be launched three at a time on a Proton-M. The new launch scheme is expected to cut orbiting costs by 50%. The new satellite's advanced equipment — made solely from Russian components — was expected to allow doubling the accuracy. [12] The launch of the first GLONASS-K satellite did however not conform to the general plan, as it was launched alone on a Soyuz-2.1b instead of in a pair.

At 03:07 UTC on 26 February 2011, the first GLONASS-K satellite, Kosmos 2471, was launched. The launch took place from Plesetsk Cosmodrome on a Soyuz-2.1b rocket with a Fregat upper stage. [17] The satellite reached the correct orbit at 06:39 UTC. [5] At 06:44, ground stations established control over the satellite. [18] A Space Forces spokesman told Interfax: "We have established and are maintaining steady telemetry communications with the spacecraft... the on-board systems of the Glonass-K satellite are functioning normally". [17] Successful reception of the CDMA signal in L3 band has been reported by independent researchers. [19] [20]

At 21:52:26 UTC on 30 November 2014, the second GLONASS-K satellite, Kosmos 2501 was launched. The launch took place from Plesetsk Cosmodrome on a Soyuz-2.1b rocket with a Fregat upper stage. [21] [18] The spacecraft separated from the launch vehicle at 01:25 UTC of 1 December 2014. [22]

A third GLONASS-K satellite, Kosmos-2547 was launched on 25 October 2020 at 19:08:42 UTC by a Soyuz-2.1b launcher from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. [23]

The fourth GLONASS-K satellite Kosmos-2557 was launched on 7 July 2022 at 09:18:06 UTC by a Soyuz-2.1b launcher with a Fregat upper stage from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. [24]

The fifth GLONASS-K satellite Kosmos 2559 was launched on 10 October 2022 at 02:52:32 UTC by a Soyuz-2.1b launcher with a Fregat upper stage from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. [25]

Photogallery from CeBIT 2011 in Hannover

Glonass K model at Cebit 2011 Satellite, sideview 1.jpg Glonass K Navigation Spacecraft model at Cebit 2011 Satellite, general view from the right.jpg Russian Navigation Spacecraft Glonass K1 at CeBIT.jpg

Russia has exhibited the Glonass-K spacecraft during the CeBIT 2011 fair, that took place in Hannover from 1st to 5 March 2011.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GLONASS</span> Russian satellite navigation system

GLONASS is a Russian satellite navigation system operating as part of a radionavigation-satellite service. It provides an alternative to Global Positioning System (GPS) and is the second navigational system in operation with global coverage and of comparable precision.

Meridian 1, also known as Meridian No.11L, was a Russian communications satellite. It was the first satellite to be launched as part of the Meridian system to replace the older Molniya series.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Soyuz-2</span> Russian medium-lift launch vehicle

Soyuz-2 is a modernised version of the Soviet Soyuz rocket. In its basic form, it is a three-stage launch vehicle for placing payloads into low Earth orbit. Compared to the previous versions of the Soyuz, the first-stage boosters and two core stages feature uprated engines with improved injection systems. Digital flight control and telemetry systems allow the rocket to be launched from a fixed launch platform, whereas the launch platforms for earlier Soyuz rockets had to be rotated as the rocket could not perform a roll to change its heading in flight.

Meridian 2, also known as Meridian No.12L, was a Russian communications satellite. It was the second satellite of the Meridian system, which replaced the older Molniya series. It followed on from Meridian 1, which was launched in December 2006.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GLONASS-M</span> Type of Russian GLONASS navigation satellite

GLONASS-M, also known as Uragan-M are the second generation of Uragan satellite design used as part of the Russian GLONASS radio-based satellite navigation system. Developed by ISS Reshetnev, it had its debut launch in 2003, and is in the process of being phased out. Its production finished in 2015 and its last launch was in November 2022. It is an evolution of the previous Uragan second-generation satellites, improving accuracy, increasing power, extending the design life and adding the FDMA L2OF open signal. The last eight Glonass-M spacecraft in production included the new CDMA L3OC open signal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of GLONASS</span>

The satellite navigation system GLONASS was conceived in the late 1960s, and formal requirements were completed in 1970. The government of the Soviet Union made a decision to develop the system in 1976. Design work was carried out by specialists led by Vladimir Cheremisin at NPO PM in Krasnoyarsk-26. The first launch took place in 1982. Until its dissolution in 1991, the Soviet Union launched 43 GLONASS-related satellites. Work on the system was continued by the Russian Federation which brought it its full operational capability in 1995. In the following years, the system fell into disrepair due to the economic crisis in the country and diminished space funding. Starting from 2000, the government under President Vladimir Putin made the restoration of GLONASS a top priority; its funding was doubled and after a lull of several years, launches were restarted again. In 2003, a new satellite design, GLONASS-M, was introduced. By early 2011, GLONASS had 22 operational satellites, two short of the required constellation of 24 to provide global coverage. The latest and significantly improved satellite type, GLONASS-K, was launched in February 2011.

Kosmos 2471, also known as Glonass-K1 No. 11L or Glonass-K No. 701, was a Russian navigation satellite which was launched in 2011. The first Glonass-K satellite to be launched, it was one of two Glonass-K1 spacecraft which served as prototypes for the operational Glonass-K2 spacecraft.

Kosmos 2478 is a Russian military satellite launched in 2011 as part of the GLONASS satellite navigation system.

Kosmos 2474 is a Russian military satellite launched in 2011 as part of the GLONASS satellite navigation system.

Meridian 6, also known as Meridian No.16L, is a Russian military communications satellite, one of the Meridian series. It is designed to carry military communications traffic and is a replacement for the Molniya satellites. In common with the earlier satellites these craft are in molniya orbits, a highly elliptical orbit named after the earlier satellites and giving good coverage of northern Russia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kosmos 2485</span>

Kosmos 2485 is a Russian military satellite launched in 2013 as part of the GLONASS satellite navigation system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kosmos 2494</span>

Kosmos 2494 is a Russian military satellite launched in 2014 as part of the GLONASS satellite navigation system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kosmos 2500</span> Russian military satellite

Kosmos 2500 is a Russian military satellite launched in 2014 as part of the GLONASS satellite navigation system. It was the 2,500th satellite to receive a Kosmos designation

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kosmos 2501</span>

Kosmos 2501, also known as Glonass-K1 No.12L is a Russian navigation satellite which was launched in 2014. The second Glonass-K satellite to be launched, it is the second of two Glonass-K1 spacecraft which will serve as prototypes for the operational Glonass-K2 spacecraft.

GLONASS-K2 is the next-generation satellite design intended to support the Russian GLONASS radio-based satellite navigation system. Developed by ISS Reshetnev, the first satellite was successfully launched on 7 August 2023 from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome with an expected production period of ten years. It is an evolution of the previous GLONASS-K third-generation satellites, adding CDMA signals, improving accuracy and increasing power. It is 70% heavier and has 170% more power.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kosmos 2514</span> Russian military satellite

Kosmos 2514 is a Russian military satellite launched in 2016 as part of the GLONASS satellite navigation system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kosmos 2516</span>

Kosmos 2516 is a Russian military satellite launched in 2016 as part of the GLONASS satellite navigation system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kosmos 2522</span> Russian military satellite

Kosmos 2522 is a Russian military satellite launched in 2017 as part of the GLONASS satellite navigation system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kosmos 2527</span> Russian military satellite

Kosmos 2527 is a Russian military satellite launched in 2018 as part of the GLONASS satellite navigation system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kosmos 2529</span> Russian military satellite

Kosmos 2529 is a Russian military satellite launched in 2018 as part of the GLONASS satellite navigation system.

References

  1. ↑ "В ближайшие 15 лет запустят 46 спутников системы ГЛОНАСС" [46 GLONASS satellites will be launched in the next 15 years] (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 9 May 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  2. 1 2 "Glonass-K: a prospective satellite of the current GLONASS system" (PDF). ISS-Reshetnev. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2011.
  3. ↑ Harvey, Brian (2007). "Military programs". The Rebirth of the Russian Space Program (1st ed.). Germany: Springer. ISBN   978-0-387-71354-0.
  4. ↑ "ISS-Reshetnev completes tests on Glonass-K". ISS Reshetnev. 7 December 2010. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  5. 1 2 Dmitry Zaks (26 February 2011). "Russia launches key satellite on second attempt". ITAR-TASS.
  6. ↑ "Next-generation Glonass-K satellite launched into orbit". Information Satellite Systems Reshetnev. 1 December 2014. Archived from the original on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  7. ↑ "Производство ГЛОНАСС-М решено прекратить в 2015 году" [Production of GLONASS-M to be finished in 2015]. 28 March 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  8. ↑ "Sanctions Delay Russia's GLONASS-K2 Program". GPS World. 17 December 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  9. ↑ Testoyedov, Nikolay (18 May 2015). "Space Navigation in Russia: History of Development" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  10. 1 2 "JSC ISS - Reshetnev Official GLONASS-K". ISS-Reshetnev. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  11. ↑ Urlichich, Y.; Subbotin, V.; Stupak, G.; Dvorkin, V.; Povaliaev, A.; Karutin, S. "GLONASS Developing Strategy" (PDF). ION GNSS 2010, Proceedings of the 23rd International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation Held in Portland, Oregon September 21–24, 2010. The Institute of Navigation. September 2010: 1566–1571. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  12. 1 2 Afanasyev, Igor; Vorontsov, Dmitri (26 November 2010). "Glonass nearing completion". Russia & CIS Observer. Archived from the original on 30 November 2010.
  13. ↑ "Directions 2019: High-orbit GLONASS and CDMA signal". GPS World. 12 December 2018. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  14. ↑ Hendrickx, Bart (19 December 2022). "The secret payloads of Russia's Glonass navigation satellites". The Space Review . Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  15. ↑ ""Роскосмос" в 2023-2025 годах запустит шесть спутников "Глонасс"" [Roscosmos will launch six GLONASS satellites in 2023-2025] (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 14 December 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  16. ↑ "The Global Navigation System GLONASS: Development and Usage in the 21st Century" (PDF). 34th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Meeting. 2002. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011.
  17. 1 2 "Glonass-K Successfully Reached the Targeted Orbital Destination". Roscosmos. 26 February 2011. Archived from the original on 8 July 2010.
  18. 1 2 Zak, Anatoly. "GLONASS-K". Russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  19. ↑ "First from Javad and from Russia: GLONASS-K L3 CDMA". Javad. 8 April 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  20. ↑ "Septentrio's AsteRx3 Receiver Tracks First GLONASS CDMA Signal on L3". Inside GNSS News. 12 April 2011. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  21. ↑ Krebs, Gunter Dirk (4 August 2015). "Uragan-K1 (GLONASS-K1)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  22. ↑ "New-generation navigation satellite GLONASS-K launched from Plesetsk space center". ITAR-TASS. 1 December 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  23. ↑ "Russia launches Glonass navigation satellite". Spaceflight Now. 26 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  24. ↑ "Спутник "Глонасс-К" вывели на орбиту" [Glonass-K satellite launched into orbit]. RIA Novosti (in Russian). 7 July 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  25. ↑ Zak, Anatoly (10 October 2022). "Fifth GLONASS-K satellite lifts off". RussianSpaceWeb. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
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