SpaceX CRS-3

Last updated

SpaceX CRS-3
Arrival of CRS-3 Dragon at ISS (ISS039-E-013475).jpg
SpaceX CRS-3 Dragon spacecraft approaching ISS on 20 April 2014
NamesSpX-3
Mission type ISS resupply
Operator SpaceX
COSPAR ID 2014-022A OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
SATCAT no. 39680 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Mission duration29 days, 23 hours, 38 minutes
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftDragon 1 C105
Spacecraft type Dragon 1
ManufacturerSpaceX
Launch mass6,000 kg (13,000 lb)
DimensionsHeight: 8.1 m (27 ft)
Diameter: 4 m (13 ft)
Start of mission
Launch date18 April 2014, 19:25:21  UTC [1]
Rocket Falcon 9 v1.1 (B1006)
Launch site Cape Canaveral, SLC-40 [2] [3]
End of mission
DisposalRecovered
Landing date18 May 2014, 19:05 UTC
Landing site Pacific Ocean
Orbital parameters
Reference system Geocentric orbit
Regime Low Earth orbit
Inclination 51.65°
Berthing at International Space Station
Berthing port Harmony nadir
RMS capture20 April 2014, 11:14 UTC
Berthing date20 April 2014, 14:06 UTC
Unberthing date18 May 2014, 11:55 UTC
RMS release18 May 2014, 13:26 UTC
Time berthed27 days, 21 hours, 49 minutes
Cargo
Mass2,089 kg (4,605 lb)
Pressurised1,518 kg (3,347 lb)
Unpressurised571 kg (1,259 lb)
SpaceX CRS-3 Patch.png
NASA SpX-3 mission patch
←  Orbital-1
Orbital-2  →

SpaceX CRS-3, also known as SpX-3, [4] was a Commercial Resupply Service mission to the International Space Station (ISS), contracted to NASA, which was launched on 18 April 2014. It was the fifth flight for SpaceX's uncrewed Dragon cargo spacecraft and the third SpaceX operational mission contracted to NASA under a Commercial Resupply Services (CRS-1) contract.

Contents

This was the first launch of a Dragon capsule on the Falcon 9 v1.1 launch vehicle, as previous launches used the smaller v1.0 configuration. It was also the first time the F9 v1.1 has flown without a payload fairing, and the first experimental flight test of an ocean landing of the first stage on a NASA/Dragon mission. [5]

The Falcon 9 with CRS-3 on board launched on time at 19:25 UTC on 18 April 2014, [1] and was grappled on 20 April at 11:14 UTC by Expedition 39 commander Koichi Wakata. The spacecraft was berthed to the ISS from 14:06 UTC on that day to 11:55 UTC on 18 May 2014. [6] CRS-3 then successfully de-orbited and splashed down in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California at 19:05 UTC on 18 May 2014. [7]

Launch schedule history

Launch of SpaceX CRS-3 from Cape Canaveral on 18 April 2014. Launch of SpaceX CRS-3.jpg
Launch of SpaceX CRS-3 from Cape Canaveral on 18 April 2014.

The launch was notionally scheduled by NASA, as of November 2012, to be no earlier than 30 September 2013, with berthing to the station occurring three days later on 2 October 2013. [8] By March 2013, the launch was scheduled by NASA for no earlier than 28 November 2013, with berthing to the station occurring three days later on 1 December 2013. [9] By August 2013, the launch date had been moved to no earlier than 15 January 2014, [10] [11] but by October 2013 it was moved to 11 February 2014. [12] As of 23 January 2014, the launch was rescheduled again to 1 March 2014, [13] and then rescheduled to 16 March 2014 in early February 2014. The several delays — from the nominal December 2013 date that had been in place since early 2013 — have been mostly due to limited berthing windows in the ISS Visiting Vehicle schedule, and delays to both Orbital Sciences Corporation's Cygnus and SpaceX's Dragon resulted from the December 2013 cooling issue on the ISS which required several spacewalks to mitigate. [14]

On 12 March 2014, the launch was rescheduled to 30 March or 2 April 2014, for a variety of reasons including data buffering issues, working some issues with the Eastern Range, some operational issues with the new Dragon design, and some contamination of the impact shielding blanket. SpaceX ultimately decided to move forward and use the shielding blanket with the minor contamination problems, believing it would not impact the optical payloads being carried in the Dragon trunk. [15] [16] On 26 March 2014, a further delay was announced related to a fire at one of the radar facilities on the Eastern Range. There is mandatory radar coverage for any launches from Cape Canaveral, and the fire forced a delay until that section of the launch trajectory could be covered, possibly by alternative means that would have telemetry communication capability to the Air Force facility responsible for launch safety. [17]

By 4 April 2014, the Eastern Range radars were repaired and back online to support launches, and the CRS-3 launch was slated for no earlier than 14 April 2014 with a backup date of 18 April 2014, contingent upon a United Launch Alliance (ULA) Atlas V flight scheduled for as early as 10 April 2014. [18] On 11 April 2014, the International Space Station (ISS) suffered a failure of an external computer known as a Multiplexer/Demultiplexer (MDM), which required a spacewalk on 22 April 2014 to replace in order to restore vital redundancy to the station. Despite the challenges, the CRS-3 mission – which could have been impacted by the MDM failure – was still on for 14 April 2014, [19] with ISS berthing scheduled to take place two days later on 16 April 2014. [20] However, during the launch attempt on 14 April 2014, a primary helium supply valve used in the stage separation system failed a pre-launch diagnostic test approximately one hour prior to the scheduled launch, so the SpaceX launch manager scrubbed the mission. In ground tests following the scrub, the redundant backup helium supply valve tested okay so the mission would likely have succeeded; however, it is SpaceX policy to not launch with any known anomalies. [21]

The launch was immediately rescheduled for no earlier than the backup date, 18 April 2014. [22] That date was confirmed two days later, following replacement of the defective valve, but also noted that weather constraints may prevent the launch on 18 April 2014 from occurring at the instantaneous launch window of 19:25 UTC. If that launch had been scrubbed, the next launch window would have been 19 April 2014 at 19:02 UTC. [21]

On 18 April 2014 at 19:25:21 UTC, the vehicle was successfully launched. [1] Hours prior to the launch, a liquid oxygen leak in the ground support equipment was detected; SpaceX engineers applied water from the fire suppression system, which froze on contact with the liquid oxygen and plugged the leak. Excess water pooled in the flame trench and dramatically surged upwards as the engines ignited, covering the rocket with grime and soot. Despite the unusual event, the rocket was unlikely to have been in any danger. [23]

Primary payload and downmass

NASA has contracted for the CRS-3 mission from SpaceX and therefore determines the primary payload, date/time of launch, and orbital parameters for the Dragon space capsule.

Among other NASA cargo, including repair parts for the ISS, the SpaceX CRS-3 mission carried a large number of experiments to the space station, including: [5]

The 1,600 kg (3,500 lb) of downmass cargo [29] from the mission was returned to the Port of Long Beach via marine vessel on 20 May 2014, two days after splashdown. Time-sensitive cargo are unloaded in California and flown to NASA receiving locations. The remainder of the cargo will be unloaded and transferred to NASA at the SpaceX McGregor test facility in Texas, where the Dragon capsule will be fully decommissioned and defueled. [30] Water was found inside the Dragon capsule but preliminary checks indicated that no scientific equipment had been damaged. The source of the water has not been confirmed and will be investigated during the decommissioning of the capsule. [29]

Secondary payloads

In addition to the primary payload, a Dragon cargo capsule resupply space transport mission to the ISS for NASA, SpaceX deployed five secondary payload CubeSats on the CRS-3 Falcon 9 mission. [31] The CubeSats are part of the ELaNa-V mission partially funded under NASA "Educational Launch of Nanosatellites" program. These spacecraft were released from four Poly Picosatellite Orbital Deployers (PPODs) attached to the second stage of the Falcon 9 following the separation of the Dragon from the second stage: [5]

Launch vehicle

Falcon 9 ahead of CRS-3 with landing legs visible Falcon 9 with CRS-3 Dragon in SLC-40 hangar (16856371855).jpg
Falcon 9 ahead of CRS-3 with landing legs visible

The CRS-3 mission was the fourth launch of the v1.1 version of the Falcon 9, and the second on which the first-stage booster was used after the mission for a booster descent and landing flight test.

Post-mission launch vehicle testing

In an arrangement unusual for launch vehicles, the first-stage of the SpaceX Falcon 9 launch vehicle conducted a propulsive-return over-water test after the second stage with the Dragon CRS-3 payload separated from the booster. This was the second high-altitude post-mission test of this type, after the first test on Falcon 9 Flight 6 in September 2013. [41]

During the 18 April 2014 test, the CRS-3 booster became the first successful controlled ocean soft touchdown of a liquid-rocket-engine orbital booster. [42] The booster included landing legs for the first time which were extended for the simulated "landing", and the test utilized more powerful gaseous nitrogen control thrusters than had been used in the previous test to better control aerodynamic-induced rotation. The booster stage successfully approached the water surface with no spin and at zero vertical velocity, as designed. The SpaceX team was able to receive video from cameras placed on the first-stage booster during soft landing test, as well as vehicle telemetry recorded by aircraft, but swells of 4.6–6.1 m (15–20 ft) were reported in the anticipated recovery area. The first stage successfully hovered over the ocean surface, but heavy waves destroyed the stage before boats were able to retrieve it. [43] [44] [45]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Falcon 9</span> Orbital launch vehicle by SpaceX

Falcon 9 is a partially reusable, human-rated, two-stage-to-orbit, medium-lift launch vehicle designed and manufactured in the United States by SpaceX. The first Falcon 9 launch was on 4 June 2010. The first Falcon 9 commercial resupply mission to the International Space Station (ISS) launched on 8 October 2012. In 2020 it became the first commercial rocket to launch humans to orbit. In 2022, it became the U.S. rocket with the most launches in history and with a near perfect safety record, having suffered two flight failures.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Commercial Resupply Services</span> NASA program for delivery of cargo to the ISS

Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) are a series of flights awarded by NASA for the delivery of cargo and supplies to the International Space Station (ISS) on commercially operated spacecraft. The first CRS contracts were signed in 2008 and awarded $1.6 billion to SpaceX for twelve cargo Dragon and $1.9 billion to Orbital Sciences for eight Cygnus flights, covering deliveries to 2016. The Falcon 9 and Antares rockets were also developed under the CRS program to deliver cargo spacecraft to the ISS.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SpaceX CRS-1</span> 2012 American resupply spaceflight to the ISS

SpaceX CRS-1, also known as SpX-1, was SpaceX's first operational cargo mission to the International Space Station, under their Commercial Resupply Services (CRS-1) contract with NASA. It was the third flight for the uncrewed Dragon cargo spacecraft, and the fourth overall flight for the company's two-stage Falcon 9 launch vehicle. The launch occurred on 8 October 2012 at 00:34:07 UTC.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SpaceX CRS-2</span> 2013 American resupply spaceflight to the ISS

SpaceX CRS-2, also known as SpX-2, was the fourth flight for SpaceX's uncrewed Dragon cargo spacecraft, the fifth and final flight for the company's two-stage Falcon 9 v1.0 launch vehicle, and the second SpaceX operational mission contracted to NASA under a Commercial Resupply Services (CRS-1) contract.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SpaceX CRS-8</span> 2016 American spaceflight to the ISS

SpaceX CRS-8, also known as SpX-8, was a Commercial Resupply Service mission to the International Space Station (ISS) which was launched on April 8, 2016, at 20:43 UTC. It was the 23rd flight of a Falcon 9 rocket, the tenth flight of a Dragon cargo spacecraft and the eighth operational mission contracted to SpaceX by NASA under the Commercial Resupply Services program. The capsule carried over 3,100 kilograms (6,800 lb) of cargo to the ISS including the Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM), a prototype inflatable space habitat delivered in the vehicle's trunk, which was attached to the station and, as of May 2022, is expected to remain so for five more full years of in-orbit viability tests.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SpaceX CRS-4</span> 2014 American resupply spaceflight to the ISS

SpaceX CRS-4, also known as SpX-4, was a Commercial Resupply Service mission to the International Space Station (ISS), contracted to NASA, which was launched on 21 September 2014 and arrived at the space station on 23 September 2014. It was the sixth flight for SpaceX's uncrewed Dragon cargo spacecraft, and the fourth SpaceX operational mission contracted to NASA under a Commercial Resupply Services contract. The mission brought equipment and supplies to the space station, including the first 3D printer to be tested in space, a device to measure wind speed on Earth, and small satellites to be launched from the station. It also brought 20 mice for long-term research aboard the ISS.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SpaceX CRS-6</span> 2015 American resupply spaceflight to the ISS

SpaceX CRS-6, also known as SpX-6, was a Commercial Resupply Service mission to the International Space Station, contracted to NASA. It was the eighth flight for SpaceX's uncrewed Dragon cargo spacecraft and the sixth SpaceX operational mission contracted to NASA under a Commercial Resupply Services contract. It was docked to the International Space Station from 17 April to 21 May 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cygnus OA-4</span> Late 2015 cargo mission to the ISS

OA-4, previously known as Orbital-4, was the fourth successful flight of the Orbital ATK uncrewed resupply spacecraft Cygnus and its third flight to the International Space Station (ISS) under the Commercial Resupply Services (CRS-1) contract with NASA. With the Antares launch vehicle undergoing a redesign following its failure during the Orb-3 launch, OA-4 was launched by an Atlas V launch vehicle. Following three launch delays due to inclement weather beginning on 3 December 2015, OA-4 was launched at 21:44:57 UTC on 6 December 2015. With a liftoff weight of 7,492 kg (16,517 lb), OA-4 became the heaviest payload ever launched on an Atlas V. The spacecraft rendezvoused with and was berthed to the ISS on 9 December 2015. It was released on 19 February 2016 after 72 days at the International Space Station. Deorbit occurred on 20 February 2016 at approximately 16:00 UTC.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SpaceX CRS-10</span> 2017 American resupply spaceflight to the ISS

SpaceX CRS-10, also known as SpX-10, was a Dragon Commercial Resupply Service mission to the International Space Station (ISS) which launched on 19 February 2017. The mission was contracted by NASA as part of its Commercial Resupply Services program and was launched by SpaceX aboard the 30th flight of the Falcon 9 rocket. The mission ended on 19 March 2017 when the Dragon spacecraft left the ISS and safely returned to Earth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SpaceX CRS-11</span> 2017 American resupply spaceflight to the ISS

SpaceX CRS-11, also known as SpX-11, was a Commercial Resupply Service mission to the International Space Station, launched successfully on 3 June 2017. The mission was contracted by NASA and was flown by SpaceX. The mission utilized a Falcon 9 launch vehicle and was the first reuse of C106, a CRS Dragon cargo vessel that was previously flown on the CRS-4 mission.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SpaceX CRS-12</span> 2017 American resupply spaceflight to the ISS

SpaceX CRS-12, also known as SpX-12, was a Commercial Resupply Services mission to the International Space Station launched on 14 August 2017. The mission was contracted by NASA and was flown by SpaceX using a new Dragon capsule. The Falcon 9 rocket's reusable first stage performed a controlled landing on Landing Zone 1 (LZ1) at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. After delivering more than 2,900 kilograms (6,400 lb) of cargo, the Dragon spacecraft returned to Earth on 17 September 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SpaceX CRS-14</span> 2018 American resupply spaceflight to the ISS

SpaceX CRS-14, also known as SpX-14, was a Commercial Resupply Service mission to the International Space Station launched on 2 April 2018. The mission was contracted by NASA and was flown by SpaceX. This mission reused the Falcon 9 first stage booster previously flown on CRS-12 and the Dragon capsule flown on CRS-8.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SpaceX CRS-15</span> 2018 American resupply spaceflight to the ISS

SpaceX CRS-15, also known as SpX-15, was a Commercial Resupply Service mission to the International Space Station launched 29 June 2018 aboard a Falcon 9 rocket. The mission was contracted by NASA and flown by SpaceX.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cygnus OA-7</span> Early 2017 cargo mission to the ISS

OA-7, previously known as Orbital-7, is the eighth flight of the Orbital ATK uncrewed resupply spacecraft Cygnus and its seventh flight to the International Space Station (ISS) under the Commercial Resupply Services contract with NASA. The mission launched on 18 April 2017 at 15:11:26 UTC. Orbital and NASA jointly developed a new space transportation system to provide commercial cargo resupply services to the International Space Station (ISS). Under the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program, then Orbital Sciences designed and built Antares, a medium-class launch vehicle; Cygnus, an advanced maneuvering spacecraft, and a Pressurized Cargo Module which is provided by Orbital's industrial partner Thales Alenia Space.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SpaceX CRS-16</span> 2018 American resupply spaceflight to the ISS

SpaceX CRS-16, also known as SpX-16, was a Commercial Resupply Service mission to the International Space Station launched on 5 December 2018 aboard a Falcon 9 launch vehicle. The mission was contracted by NASA and is flown by SpaceX.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SpaceX Dragon 1</span> Partially reusable cargo space capsule

Dragon, also known as Dragon 1 or Cargo Dragon, was a class of fourteen partially reusable cargo spacecraft developed by SpaceX, an American private space transportation company. The spacecraft flew 23 missions between 2010 and 2020. Dragon was launched into orbit by the company's Falcon 9 launch vehicle to resupply the International Space Station (ISS).

Educational Launch of Nanosatellites (ELaNa) is an initiative created by NASA to attract and retain students in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics disciplines. The program is managed by the Launch Services Program (LSP) at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SpaceX CRS-26</span> 2022 American resupply spaceflight to the ISS

SpaceX CRS-26, also known as SpX-26, was a Commercial Resupply Service mission to the International Space Station (ISS) launched on 26 November 2022. The mission was contracted by NASA and flown by SpaceX using a Cargo Dragon. This was the sixth flight for SpaceX under NASA's CRS Phase 2 contract awarded in January 2016.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Szondy, David (18 April 2014). "Fourth time lucky for SpaceX's CRS-3 Dragon launch". Gizmag. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
  2. ↑ "Worldwide launch schedule". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  3. ↑ "Launch Manifest". SpaceX. Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
  4. ↑ Suffredini, Mike (14 April 2014). "International Space Station Program Status" (PDF). NASA. p. 15. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Graham, William (14 April 2014). "SpaceX ready for CRS-3 Dragon launch and new milestones". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
  6. ↑ "Dragon Delivers Science, Station Supplies". NASA. 20 April 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  7. ↑ Bergin, Chris (18 May 2014). "SpaceX Dragon homecoming successfully concludes CRS-3 mission". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  8. ↑ "Worldwide launch schedule". Spaceflight Now. 22 November 2012. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
  9. ↑ "Worldwide launch schedule". Spaceflight Now. 16 March 2013. Archived from the original on 30 March 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  10. 1 2 Harding, Pete (14 August 2013). "NASA planners switch next SpaceX Dragon mission to 2014". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  11. ↑ "Worldwide launch schedule". Spaceflight Now. 4 September 2013. Archived from the original on 5 September 2013.
  12. ↑ "Worldwide launch schedule". Spaceflight Now. 21 October 2013. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013.
  13. ↑ "NASA ISS On-Orbit Status 23 January 2014". Spaceref.com. 24 January 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.[ permanent dead link ]
  14. ↑ Bergin, Chris (5 February 2014). "SpaceX realign Dragon's CRS-3 launch to March 16". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  15. ↑ Livingston, David (21 March 2014). Broadcast 2212 (Special Edition): Interview with Gwynne Shotwell. The Space Show. Event occurs at 15:55-18:45. Archived from the original on 22 March 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  16. ↑ Bergin, Chris (13 March 2013). "SpaceX delays Dragon's CRS-3 mission by two weeks". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  17. ↑ Bergin, Chris (26 March 2014). "Eastern Range Radar issue delays upcoming Cape launches". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
  18. ↑ "Detailed Mission Information: NROL-67". NASA. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
  19. ↑ Harding, Pete (12 April 2014). "Spacewalk set to fix external MDM failure on ISS". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
  20. ↑ Bergin, Chris (4 April 2014). "Range Realigns – SpaceX CRS-3 mission targets April 14". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  21. 1 2 Bergin, Chris (16 April 2014). "SpaceX, NASA realign launch and EVA scenarios". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
  22. ↑ "CRS-3 Update". Livestream.com. 14 April 2014. Archived from the original on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014. Today's launch has been scrubbed due to a Helium leak on Falcon 9's first stage. A fix will be implemented by the next launch opportunity on Friday April 18, though weather on that date isn't ideal. Check back here for updates.
  23. ↑ Berger, Eric (18 April 2024). "The hidden story behind one of SpaceX's wettest and wildest launches". Ars Technica .
  24. ↑ Clark, Stephen (21 March 2013). "SpaceX confirms March 30 date for resupply launch". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  25. ↑ Lindsey, Clark (25 February 2013). "ISS laser comm and earth obs projects rely on Dragon transportation" . NewSpace Watch. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  26. ↑ Lindsey, Clark (18 April 2013). "FISO: An optical communications demo for the ISS" . NewSpace Watch. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
  27. ↑ Escobedo Jr., Victor M. (25 March 2014). "Veggie hardware validation test (Veg-01)". NASA. Retrieved 27 April 2014.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  28. ↑ Herridge, Linda (10 April 2014). "Veggie Will Expand Fresh Food Production on Space Station". NASA. Retrieved 27 April 2014.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  29. 1 2 "Water Found Inside Dragon After Splashdown". Aviation Week. 23 May 2014. Archived from the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
  30. ↑ Clark, Stephen (20 May 2014). "Dragon spaceship returns to port". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  31. ↑ Siceloff, Steven (18 April 2014). "CubeSats Deployed". NASA. Retrieved 18 April 2014.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  32. ↑ "ALL-STAR/THEIA". Gunter's Space Page. 24 April 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
  33. ↑ "KickSat Nanosatellite Mission". European Space Agency. Archived from the original on 16 May 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  34. ↑ Dorminey, Bruce (28 November 2012). "First Kickstarter Funded Satellites To Launch In 2013". Forbes. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
  35. ↑ Garling, Caleb (24 December 2012). "Personal satellites that fly into space". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
  36. ↑ Manchester, Zachary (14 May 2014). "KickSat Has Reentered". Kickstarter.com. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  37. ↑ "PhoneSat 2.0, 2.4, 2.5". Gunter's Space Page. 24 April 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
  38. ↑ "PhoneSat". Phonesat.org. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
  39. ↑ "SporeSat". Gunter's Space Page. 24 April 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
  40. ↑ "TSAT (TestSat-Lite)". Gunter's Space Page. 24 April 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
  41. ↑ Messier, Doug (29 September 2013). "Falcon 9 Launches Payloads into Orbit From Vandenberg". Parabolic Arc. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
  42. ↑ Belfiore, Michael (22 April 2014). "SpaceX Brings a Booster Safely Back to Earth". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  43. ↑ Norris, Guy (28 April 2014). "SpaceX Plans For Multiple Reusable Booster Tests". Aviation Week. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  44. ↑ Kramer, Miriam (18 April 2014). "SpaceX Claims Milestone With Bold Reusable Rocket Test". SPACE.com. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
  45. ↑ Musk, Elon (25 April 2014). SpaceX Press Conference at the National Press Club. YouTube. National Press Club. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.