Klang or Kelang, officially Royal City of Klang (Malay: Bandaraya Diraja Klang), is a city, royal city and former capital of the state of Selangor, Malaysia. It is located within the Klang District. It was the civil capital of Selangor in an earlier era prior to the emergence of Kuala Lumpur and the current capital, Shah Alam. Port of Port Klang, which is located in the Klang District, is the 12th busiest transshipment port and the 12th busiest container port in the world.[3][4]
As of 2010, the Klang City has a total population of 240,016 (10,445 in the city centre), while the population of Klang District is 842,146, and the population of all towns managed by Klang Municipal Council is 744,062, making it Selangor's second largest city.[5]
The royal city of Klang has been a site of human settlement since prehistoric times. Bronze Age drums, axes and other artefacts have been found in the vicinity of the town and within the town itself. A bronze bell dating from the 2nd century BC was found in Klang and is now in the British Museum.[6][7][8] Also found in or near Klang are iron tools called "tulang mawas" ("ape bones") and a bronze drum.[9][10] Commanding the approaches to the tin rich Klang Valley, Klang has always been of key strategic importance. It was mentioned as a dependency of other states as early as the 11th century.[11] Klang was also mentioned in the 14th century literary work Nagarakretagama dated to the Majapahit Empire, and the Klang River was marked and named on the earliest maritime charts of Chinese Admiral Cheng Ho who visited Malacca from 1409 to 1433.[12]
Mao Kun map from Wubei Zhi which is based on the early 15th century maps of Zheng He showing Klang River estuary (吉令港) near the top left
Klang was under the control of the Malacca Sultanate in the 15th century. The celebrated Tun Perak, the Malacca's greatest Bendahara, came from Klang and became its territorial chief. According to the Malay Annals, the people of Klang overthrew the local chief or penghulu and asked the Sultan of Malacca Muzaffar Shah to appoint another, and Tun Perak was then appointed the leader. Klang was known as a producer of tin; according to Manuel Godinho de Erédia, it produced one hundred bares of tin a year when the Portuguese occupied Malacca.[9] Klang however remained in Malay hands after the fall of Melaka to the Portuguese in 1511, and was controlled by the Sultan of Johor-Riau. In the 17th century, the Bugis began to settle in the coastal region of Selangor including Klang, and the Selangor sultanate was created in the 1766, which then controlled Klang.[13][14]
Klang Municipal Council building with old Raja Mahadi fort's gate in the foreground.
In the 19th century the importance of Klang greatly increased by the rapid expansion of tin mining as a result of the increased demand for tin from the West. The desire to control the Klang Valley led directly to the Klang War (also called the Selangor Civil War) of 1867–1874 when Raja Mahdi fought to regain what he considered his birthright as territorial chief against Raja Abdullah.[15] During the Klang War, in 1868, the seat of power was moved to Bandar Temasya, Kuala Langat,[12] and then to Jugra which became the royal capital of Selangor.[16]
Klang however did not lose its importance. In 1874, Selangor accepted a British Resident who would "advise" the Sultan, and Klang became the capital of British colonial administration for Selangor from 1875 until 1880 when the capital city was moved to Kuala Lumpur due to the growth of Kuala Lumpur from tin-mining.[17][18] Today Klang is no longer State capital or the main seat of the ruler, but it remains the headquarters of the District to which it gives it name.
Until the construction of Port Swettenham (now known as Port Klang) in 1901, Klang remained the chief outlet for Selangor's tin, and its position was enhanced by the completion of the Klang Valley railway to Bukit Kuda in 1886, which was then connected to Klang itself via a rail bridge, the Connaught Bridge, completed in 1890.[19] In the 1890s its growth was further stimulated by the development of the district into the State' leading producer of coffee, and later rubber. In 1903, the royal seat was moved back to Klang when it became the official seat of Sultan Sulaiman (Sultan Alauddin Sulaiman Shah).[citation needed]
In May 1890, a local authority, known as Klang Health Board, was established to administer Klang town. The official boundary of Klang was first defined in 1895.[20] The first road bridge over the Klang River connecting the two parts of the town, the Belfield Bridge, was constructed in 1908.[21] In 1926 the health boards of Klang and Port Swettenham were merged, and in 1945 the local authority was renamed Klang Town Board.[20] In 1954, the Town Board became the Klang Town Council after a local election was set up to select its members in accordance with the Local Government Election Ordinance of 1950. In 1963, the Port Klang Authority was created and it now administers three Port Klang areas: Northport, Southpoint, and West Port.[22]
In 1971, the Klang District Council, which incorporated the nearby townships of Kapar and Meru as well as Port Klang, was formed. After undergoing a further reorganisation according to the Local Government Act of 1976 (Act 171), Klang District Council was upgraded to Klang Municipal Council (KMC) on 1 January 1977 and Klang Royal City Council (KRCC) beginning 5 February 2024.[20] From 1974 to 1977, Klang was the state capital city of Selangor before the seat of government shifted to Shah Alam in 1977.[12]
Etymology
Klang may have taken its name from the Klang River which runs through the city. The entire geographical area in the immediate vicinity of the river, which begins at Kuala Lumpur and runs west all the way to Port Klang, is known as the Klang Valley.
One popular theory on the origin of the name is that it is derived from the Mon–Khmer word Klong,[23] which may mean a canal or waterway.[23] Alternatively it has also been argued that it means "warehouses", from the Malay word Kilang – in the old days, it was full of warehouses (kilang currently means "factory").[24]
Klang was also once known as Pengkalan Batu meaning "stone jetty".[25]
Unlike most other place names in Malaysia, the Chinese name for Klang (Chinese:巴生; pinyin:Bāshēng), is neither a direct transcription nor translation of the Malay place name, but likely a transcription of another Malay word Pasang, referring to the rising tides around the Klang Valley.[26]
Districts
Pasar Jawa Mosque on the northern side of Klang River
Klang is divided into North Klang and South Klang, which are separated by the Klang River. North Klang is divided into three sub-districts which are Kapar (Located at the north of North Klang), Rantau Panjang (situated at the west of North Klang) and Meru (at the east of North Klang).
Klang North used to be the main commercial centre of Klang, but since 2008, more residential and commercial areas as well as government offices are being developed in Klang South.[citation needed] Most major government and private health care facilities are also located at Klang South. Hence, this area tends to be busier and becomes the centre of social and recreational activities after office hours and during the weekends.[citation needed] This is triggered by the rapid growth of new and modern townships such as Bandar Botanic, Bandar Bukit Tinggi, Taman Sentosa Perdana, Taman Sri Andalas, Taman Bayu Perdana, Taman Sentosa, Glenmarie Cove, Kota Bayuemas etc. all located within Klang South.
At the Klang North side, some of the older and established residential areas include Berkeley Garden, Taman Eng Ann, Taman Klang Utama, Bandar Baru Klang and so forth. Newer townships include Bandar Bukit Raja, Aman Perdana and Klang Sentral.
Malaysia's busiest port, Port Klang was previously named Port Swettenham until 1972 when it was renamed Port Klang. Port Klang is located at Klang South.
Economy
Initially, Bukit Kuda port (located at 12.5 miles away from Klang river mouth) was established as a port that connect to mining areas within Kuala Lumpur. Later, a railway line was built connecting Bukit Kuda with Kuala Lumpur. However, the Bukit Kuda port was found to be unsuitable.[citation needed] Therefore, the town of Klang which is located at three miles nearer to the river mouth than Bukti Kuda, was chosen to become the major port. A bridge was constructed across the Klang river and railway was connected to Klang in August 1890.[citation needed] Klang port received huge amount of traffic in the following years, which later the authorities decided to extend the railway line to the mouth of the river where new port named "Port Swettenham" would be constructed in 1901. However, Port Swettenham was plaqued with malaria infections which affected coolies and port staff greatly, causing a delay in unloading cargoes from the ships. Sir Malcom Watson, a district surgeon in Klang solved the malaria problem in 1903 by clearing the forests and undergrowth and construct a drainage system at the same time.[27]
Klang gradually became the main manufacturing centre for Malaya after the end of World War I. The first person who set up a factory in Klang was a millionaire from Singapore named Tan Kah Kee. His factory produced canned pineapples. The setting up of his factory stimulated the pineapple plantations around Klang. After Tan went bankrupt in 1934, Goh Hock Huat, one of the pineapple producers, decided to set up his own pineapple canning factory. More factories opened in Klang due to its proximity to Port Swettenham. In the following years, factories producing rubber products and oil factory producing products from groundnuts were set up with skills and machineries imported from Singapore.[27]
The economy of Klang is closely linked with that the greater Klang Valley conurbation which is the most densely populated, urbanised and industrialised region of Malaysia.[28] There is a wide range of industries within the Klang municipality, major industrial areas may be found in Bukit Raja, Kapar, Meru, Taman Klang Utama and Sungai Buloh, Pulau Indah, Teluk Gong and others.[29] Rubber used to be an important part of the economy of the region, but from the 1970s onwards, many rubber plantations have switched to palm oil, and were then converted again for urban development and infrastructure use.[30][31]
Port Klang forms an important part of the economy of Klang. It is home to about 95 shipping companies and agents, 300 custom brokers, 25 container storage centres, as well as more than 70 freight and transport companies.[32] It handled almost 50% of Malaysia's sea-borne container trade in 2013.[33] The Port Klang Free Zone was established in 2004 to transform Port Klang into a regional distribution hub as well as a trade and logistics centre.[34]
Klang encompasses three parliamentary seats held by both Perikatan Nasional (1 seat) and also the Pakatan Harapan coalitions (2 seats). These constituencies are subdivided into state seats.
The following are the census figures for the population of Klang. The 1957 and 1970 figures are for the Klang district and were collected before the reorganisation of Klang and the Bumiputra status being used as a category. The 2010 figures are for MP Klang. The figure for Klang city is not given as what constitutes Bandar Klang appears to be inconsistent with considerable fluctuation in population figures over the years.[39]
There are a number of criminal gangs operating in Klang, and gang violence is not uncommon.[42][43] Among the Chinese community, there are the Ang Bin Hoey triad gangs such as Gang 21 which operates in Kuala Lumpur and the Klang Valley.[44] There are also Gang 24,[45] Gang 36 and others,[46] and their members are often Indians.[47] Due to economic development and changes in the industry, many rubber estates where Indian plantation workers used to live and work were closed, and this is thought to have contributed to a rise of gangsterism amongst the displaced and economically-deprived Indians.[48][49] It is thought that the Indians originally worked for Chinese gang leaders but they now dominate many of these criminal organisations.[47]
Klang is also served by the RapidKL bus route. Klang Sentral acts as a terminal for long-distance buses and taxis in northern Klang. There is a non-stop hourly bus service every day from and to KLIA2 to Klang, and the embarkation point is located at the AEON Bukit Tinggi Shopping Centre. Smart Selangor Bus Programme was established by the Selangor State Government to provide an efficient and high quality free public transportation service to its citizens.
List of bus routes in Klang city
Route
Destination
Operator
Note
704
Klang - Pekan Meru
Wawasan
705
Klang - Seksyen 13 via Seksyen 7, Shah Alam
Wawasan
708
Klang - Sunway Pyramid via Hentian Bandar
Rapid KL
730
Banting - Klang
Wawasan
740
Klang - Kuala Selangor
Wawasan
707 (T707)
Klang - West Port
Wawasan
T700
Klang - Kampung Delek via Sungai Udang
Wawasan
T702
Klang - Taman Sri Sentosa
Wawasan
T703
Klang - Taman Sentosa
Wawasan
P701
HAB Pasar Seni - Pelabuhan Klang
Causeway Link
Merger of KL-Klang (700) and
Klang - Port Klang (T704) route
702
Klang - Sri Muda
Seranas
Once operated by KKBB and Seranas
703
Klang - Puncak Alam
Seranas
706
Klang - Hentian Pusat Bandar Shah Alam via Sungai Rasau
The double-decked Kota Bridge was first built in late 1950s as a replacement for the Belfield Bridge. The double-decked bridge now closed to car traffic after a new Kota Bridge was built alongside it in the 1992, although the lower deck is still used by pedestrians, bicycles and motorcycles.[53] A second bridge in Klang, the Musaeddin (Tengku Kelana) Bridge, was built in the 1980s near the Kota Bridge. The RM199 million Klang Third Bridge was opened for traffic in May 2017, complementing the existing two other road bridges in the city that connect Klang North and Klang South.[54]
The royal residence of the Sultan of Selangor was built in 1950 in south Klang to replace the old Mahkota Puri Palace. Parts of the Palace are accessible to the public but only on a few days of the week.[59]
Near the Palace is the Klang Royal City Park (Taman Bandar Diraja Klang), and located in front of the Palace is a sports stadium (Stadium Padang Sultan Sulaiman) and the Royal Klang Club.
The royal Mosque that was built in 1932 and features an eclectic architecture that combines Moorish, Western Art Deco and Neoclassical styles.
Kuan Im Teng Klang (巴生观音亭, Goddess of Mercy Temple)
Kuan Im Teng (as pronounced in the Hokkien dialect) was established in 1892 and is over 100 years old.
The temple is also involved in charity work, contributing to several health and educational organisations. On the eve of Chinese New Year, the temple is opened all night and the street is often packed with devotees queuing shoulder to shoulder to enter the temple hall to offer their incense to the Kwan Yin in hope for an auspicious start to the New Year.[60][61]
A Catholic church built in 1928, the church celebrated its Golden Jubilee in 2008 after the church building had undergone restoration. Father Souhait played a large part in the design of the church building, modelling it on the pilgrimage church in Lourdes, France.
The design of the church follows the style of a Gothic architecture.
Kota Raja Mahadi
This historic fort was actually an arch of the fort. In the old days, there was a struggle between Raja Mahadi and Raja Abdullah for the control of the Klang district.
A memorial erected to commemorate the Silver Jubilee of the Sultan of Selangor's installation in 1985. The monument is specially designed to depict the Keris Semenanjung that symbolises power, strength and unity.
Kai Hong Hoo Temple (开封府)
The only temple in Malaysia dedicated to the worship of Bao Zheng (包公), who was a government officer in ancient China's Song Dynasty. Justice Bao consistently demonstrated extreme honesty and uprightness and is today respected as the cultural symbol of justice in the Chinese community worldwide.
Tanjung Harapan (The Esplanade)
Fronting the Straits of Malacca, the Esplanade is a sea-side family recreation spot near to North port that houses several seafood restaurants. Nice setup for sunset-gazing and also for anglers to fish.
Little India (Klang)
Colourful street from the striking saris hanging from shops to the snacks and sweetmeats on sale from shops and roadside stalls. During Deepavali, the Indian festival of lights, the street is astoundingly transformed into a colourful spectacle of lights and booming sound of music.
Built in 1896, it is one of the oldest and the largest of the Vaishnavite temples in Malaysia. The temple is often referred to as the "Thirupathi of South East Asia" after its namesake in India.
Sri Subramania Swamy Temple, Klang
A Hindu temple devoted to the worship of Lord Murugan in Teluk Pulai, Klang that was established on 14 February 1914.[citation needed] It holds a unique distinction among the Hindu temples in Klang as it was founded and managed by the Ceylonese/Sri Lankan community who lived around the vicinity of the temple. Prayer rituals are done like those in Sri Lanka and certain festivals specific to the Ceylonese/Jaffnese community are celebrated here. The arasamaram or sacred fig tree which is in the temple was there since 1914 and is possibly one of the oldest living tree in Klang.
Connaught Bridge
One of the oldest bridges in Malaysia's Klang Valley region. It was built in 1948 by the British.[citation needed] The bridge is located in Jalan Dato' Mohd Sidin (Federal route) near Connaught Bridge Power Station in Klang Selangor.
At one time, Connaught bridge can only be crossed one vehicle at a time. No lorry could pass it because it was limited to car, van and small vehicle only. The wooden bridge closed in 1993–1994. In 1995, the wooden bridge was replaced by a concrete box girder bridge.[citation needed]
The first and only double-decker bridge in Malaysia and South East Asia. The bottom deck is a pedestrian walkway bridge while the top deck is a motorist bridge. The bridge was closed to car traffic in the 1990s due to high demand that necessitated the construction of a new bridge.
The new Jambatan Kota is located beside of the old bridge. The old bridge was constructed between 1957 and 1960, and was officially opened in 1961 by the late Sultan of Selangor, Almarhum Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah as part of the celebration of his coronation as the ninth Sultan of Selangor.[62][53]
Is the royal gallery located at Bangunan Sultan Suleiman, Klang. Various collections depicting the reign of Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah; from his early childhood through his appointment as the eighth Sultan Selangor in 1960 and as the eleventh Yang di-Pertuan Agong in 1999.
Klang Selatan Fire Station
Is a Victorian-style structure that was built in 1890s. Today, the building still serves as a fire station.[63]
Local firemen have taken the initiative to set up a mini gallery at the fire station in support of the Klang Heritage Walk.[64]
Cuisine
Malay food
The most significant food spot[citation needed] in Klang is at "Emporium Makan", this old spot situated in the heart the city, opposite of Pasar Jawa and next to Jambatan Kota.
Chinese food
Klang is known for its Bak Kut Teh (Chinese:肉骨茶; Pe̍h-ōe-jī:Bah-kut-tê), a non-halal herbal soup that uses pork ribs and tenderloins. The dish is popularly thought to have originated in Klang.[65]Bak Kut Teh is available in various locations including Taman Intan (previously called Taman Rashna), Teluk Pulai, Jalan Kereta Api and Pandamaran.[66] The locals normally eat this food in the morning or afternoon, and you will hardly find this in the evening time.
There are a number of food courts in Klang which served local cuisine. Located in Taman Eng Ann is a large food court serving many daytime snacks ranging from the well-known Chee Cheong Fun, Yong Tau Foo, Popia (Chinesespringrolls), the medicinal herb Lin Zhi Kang drink, to Rojak and Cendol.[67] Other stalls found also serving Chee Cheong Fun in Klang are located around the Meru Berjaya area. The Yong Tau Foo, a Malaysian Hakka Chinese delicacy, is a common meal for lunch and dinner as well.[citation needed]
Selangor Maritime Gateway's (SMG) master plan covers 88,000 acres (36,000ha) of land along 56km (35mi) of Klang River. This initiative ascertains the quality and opportunity of potential developments along the river. The project, undertaken by Landasan Lumayan Sdn. Bhd. (a subsidiary of MBI Selangor) will be highly beneficial to the economy of the state.[citation needed] The master plan set-up reserves Klang as an Eco Smart City to spur on new sustainable social and economic growth along Klang River that includes elements of river cleaning, rehabilitation & development. Sungai Klang will be turned into a new source of economy for the state through the Selangor Maritime Gateway (SMG) project. SMG includes several development components including commerce, hospitality, tourism, housing and service industry.[citation needed]
Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation ensures the sustainability of the surrounding population and environment in a changing climate. The objectives are to restore ecological balance, to improve water quality to avoid flood mitigation as well as to preserve the environment for a better transformation of Klang River. The primary purpose of rehabilitation of Telok Kapas with 98 acres of land in Pasir Panjang, Klang which had been officially stopped in operation in 2007 is to improve water quality as well as restoring the site with a proper safe closure. The comprehensive rehabilitation of Klang River involves creation of new land and utility services with estimated cost of RM 3 billion that involve the Design Concept, Construction and Operation and Maintenance. The objectives are to increase the water quality and economic activities.
Development
The framework sets to re-establish the urban developments along the river from one zone to the other. The plans set the development of six (6) zones in Selangor Maritime Gateway (SMG) through consolidation of Urban Design, Landscape, Transportation, Environmental and Economic Consideration of the existing condition and cultural context. Six zones are proposed as a basis for creating community identity and place-making along the river stretch. Together, the intention brings the true potential of what Klang River can be as well as gives a new pulse to the river. The catalyst projects includes:
Shah Alam is a city and the state capital of Selangor, Malaysia and situated within the Petaling District and a small portion of the neighbouring Klang District. Shah Alam replaced Kuala Lumpur as the capital city of the state of Selangor in 1978 due to Kuala Lumpur's incorporation into a Federal Territory in 1974. Shah Alam was the first planned city in Malaysia after independence from Britain in 1957.
Selangor, also known by the Arabic honorific Dar al-Ehsan, or "Abode of Sincerity", is one of the 13 states of Malaysia. It is on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and is bordered by Perak to the north, Pahang to the east, Negeri Sembilan to the south, and the Strait of Malacca to the west. Selangor surrounds the federal territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya, both of which were previously part of it. Selangor has diverse tropical rainforests and an equatorial climate. The state's mountain ranges belong to the Titiwangsa Mountains, which is part of the Tenasserim Hills that covers southern Myanmar, southern Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia, with Mount Semangkok as the highest point in the state.
Jugra is a mukim, historical town and a former royal town in Kuala Langat District, Selangor, Malaysia. It is separated from Pulau Carey by the Langat River. The town is administered by the Zone 16 of the Kuala Langat Municipal Council.
Rawang is a town and a mukim in Gombak District, Selangor, Malaysia, about 23 km northwest of city centre Kuala Lumpur.
The Federal Route 2 is a major east–west oriented federal highway in Malaysia. The 276.9 kilometres (172 mi) road connects Port Klang in Selangor to Kuantan Port in Pahang. The Federal Route 2 became the backbone of the road system linking the east and west coasts of Peninsula Malaysia before being surpassed by the East Coast Expressway E8.
Kota Kemuning is a township located in the constituency of Kota Raja, in Klang District, Selangor, Malaysia, just south of Shah Alam. Kota Kemuning borders Putra Heights on its east, across the Klang River.
Puchong is a major town and a parliamentary constituency in the Petaling District, in the state of Selangor, Malaysia. Bordering Kuala Lumpur, it is part of the Greater Kuala Lumpur area. It is bordered by Petaling Jaya in the north, Subang Jaya in the west, Cyberjaya and Putrajaya in the south, and Seri Kembangan in the east.
Mentakab is a town, a mukim (commune) and a state assembly constituency in Temerloh District in central Pahang, Malaysia. It is 9 km (5.6 mi) northwest from downtown Temerloh and 82 km (51 mi) northeast from Kuala Lumpur.
Sate Kajang Haji Samuri is a Sate Kajang fast-food restaurant chain in Malaysia. The main headquarters is located in Medan Sate, Kajang, Selangor.
Bukit, the Indonesian or Malay word for hill, may refer to:
Bandar Bukit Tinggi is an integrated and modern township in Klang, Selangor, Malaysia. The RM5 billion self-sufficient mature township has a wide range of facilities and amenities.
Jalan Damansara is a major road in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. One of the oldest roads in the city, it currently serves as a link between the Damansara sections of Petaling Jaya and Kuala Lumpur.
Damansara is a suburb in Petaling Jaya, a mukim in Petaling District, as well as a parliamentary constituency in Selangor, Malaysia. It is named after the Damansara River which flows nearby. It is one of the most densely populated areas in Malaysia. According to the 2000 Census of Malaysia, it was the second-largest district subdivision in Malaysia in terms of population with 453,420 residents.
Greater Kuala Lumpur is the geographical term that determines the boundaries of metropolitan Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia. Though similar to the term "Klang Valley", there remains a variation between the two. Ranked as the 30th-largest in Asia, it covers a total land size of 13,565.61km2.
The Klang District is a district in Selangor, Malaysia. It is located in the western part of Selangor. It borders the Kuala Selangor District to the north, Petaling to the east, Kuala Langat district to the south and Malacca Straits to the west. The district was further divided into two mukims which is Klang and Kapar that covers 626.78 square km of land with 53.75 km of coastline.
The following is an alphabetical list of articles related to Selangor.
Teluk Pulai is a modern residential and township located within the Klang town center in the state of Selangor, Malaysia. Teluk Pulai falls under the jurisdiction of the Klang Municipal Council (MPK) and divided by two DUN state assembly jurisdiction which is Bandar Baru Klang and Selat Klang.
↑ W. Linehan (October 1951). "Traces of a Bronze Age Culture Associated With Iron Age Implements in the Regions of Klang and the Tembeling, Malaya". Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 24 (3 (156)). Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society: 1–59. JSTOR41502997.
1 2 R. O. Winstedt (October 1934). "A History of Selangor". Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 12 (3 (120)). Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society: 1–34. JSTOR41559525.
↑ Linehan, W. (1951). "Traces of a Bronze Age culture associated with Iron Age implements in the regions of Klang and the Tembeling, Malaya". Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 24 (3 (156)): 1–59. JSTOR41502997.
↑ J.M. Gullick (1983). The Story of Kuala Lumpur, 1857–1939. Eastern Universities Press (M). p.7. ISBN978-967-908-028-5.
↑ "The town that tin built". Archived from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
↑ JM Gullick (1955). "Kuala Lumpur 1880–1895"(PDF). Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 24 (4): 10–11.
↑ "巴生原名Pasang‧肉骨茶香漫皇城". 光明日报 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 16 May 2009. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
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