List of church buildings in Indonesia

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The church of Ganjuran in Yogyakarta features Javanese and Hindu elements. Ganjuran Church, interior.jpg
The church of Ganjuran in Yogyakarta features Javanese and Hindu elements.

These are lists of church buildings in Indonesia , based on:

Contents

Around 10.5% of Indonesia's total population are Christians, and there are approximately 76,517 churches across Indonesia. [1] This list strictly includes notable church buildings and their historic significance in Indonesian history.

History

The Old Dutch Church's first form, whose base is still visible in Museum Wayang De-Kruis-Kerk-op-Batavia-1682.jpg
The Old Dutch Church's first form, whose base is still visible in Museum Wayang
The lower picture shows the early church of Portuguese Binnenkerk (later burned) and the Portuguese Buitenkerk (a heritage building). AMH-7245-KB Three views of buildings in Batavia.jpg
The lower picture shows the early church of Portuguese Binnenkerk (later burned) and the Portuguese Buitenkerk (a heritage building).

In Indonesia, church buildings in the first stage of their creation were simple, shed-like structures built from bamboo or wood. Once sizable congregations had been established, more permanent buildings were erected, which seated hundreds or even over a thousand. [2]

Precolonial era

There is evidence of the presence of Christian communities (the ancient Church of the East) in north Sumatra as early as the 7th century. [3]

Portuguese arrival in Indonesia

The Portuguese were the first Europeans to arrive in Indonesia. They sought to dominate the sources of valuable spices [4] and extend the Roman Catholic Church's missionary efforts. The most well-known missionary in the archipelago at the time was Saint Francis Xavier, from Navarre, Spain. The mission began in 1534 when some chiefs from Morotai came to Ternate asking to be baptised. He later returned to Moluccas and spent his time at Halmahera, Ternate and Amboina in 1546–1547, baptizing several thousand locals. [5]

Dutch documents state that nearly all inhabitants of Ambon were Catholics, introduced by the Portuguese Jesuits, mostly arrived from Goa. Ambon had four fine church buildings and a small hospital, La Misericordia. The Jesuit Church of St. James was from mid-1605 used for Protestant services. In 1630 it was replaced by a stone building called St. Paul's Church. [6]

Dutch East India company in Indonesia

Model of the New Dutch Church after the extension in 1736 AMH-7029-KB View of the new Dutch church on Batavia.jpg
Model of the New Dutch Church after the extension in 1736

Catholicism in Indonesia came into a dark age when the Protestant-Dutch VOC defeated the Portuguese and took over their possession at Mollucas in 1605 and Solor in 1613. Dutch East India Company or Vereniging Oost Indie Compagnie (VOC) suppressed the Catholic religion within their conquered territories and banned any Catholic missionary activities. Many Catholics were forcibly converted to Protestantism and Catholic churches were changed for Protestant purposes. As a result of their successful campaign in the East Indies and strong sentiment against the Catholics, many of the earliest surviving well-documented church buildings in the Indonesian archipelago are Protestant churches; most of them are concentrated along the north coast of Java and the islands of Moluccas.

Enslaved Catholics are also encouraged to adopt Protestantism and Dutch sounding names. This happened to the Mardijker people (who were a Portuguese speaking creole group) in Batavia and Depok. Catholicism didn't have any particular rights in Indonesia until 1808 under governor general Daendels, during the French occupation of the Netherlands.

The chapel of Kasteel Batavia AMH-4642-NA The chapel at Batavia Castle.jpg
The chapel of Kasteel Batavia

In Batavia, few of the earliest Protestant church structures in Indonesia are well documented. The first church building in the city was a provisional church, erected in 1625 together with the earlier city hall. In 1632 the foundation for a proper church was laid. This was followed by the first stone to be laid in 1640 and the building, known as Oude Hollandse Kerk ("Old Holland Church"), was finished in 1643. [7] The Old Holland Church was later expanded and renamed "Nieuw Hollandse kerk" ("New Holland Church") in 1736. The new church was shaped octagonally according to Calvinism's focus on the sermon and had a domed roof. [8] The church was toppled by an earthquake in 1808, and the remains were completely demolished by Governor General Daendels to obtain building materials for a new government center in Weltevreden. The base of the church can be seen in the Wayang Museum.

In 1644, Governor General Antonio van Diemen built a chapel in Batavia Castle at his own expense. Already in 1633, a simple wooden church with straw roof had been built for services in Malay. The Portuguese Binnenkerk (Portuguese church inside the city walls) was built between 1669 and 1672, initially for Malay services, but also to meet the needs of the Portuguese-speaking Christians. Another Portuguese-language church, the Portuguese Buitenkerk, was built outside the city walls in 1695, now Gereja Sion, the oldest surviving church building in Indonesia.

On 18 May 1696, a former VOC officer Cornelis Chastelein bought the land with an area of 12.44 km2, 6.2% the area of today's Depok. There he established the first of its kind in Java, a Protestant congregation consisting of native Indonesians which was named De Eerste Protestante Organisatie van Christenen (DEPOC). A Protestant church  [ id ], dating back to 1714, with its church bell made in 1675 [9] can still be seen standing.

Dutch East Indies and post-independent Indonesia

In 1799 VOC officially went bankrupt and was dissolved in 1800 with its possessions taken over by the Dutch crown as the Dutch East Indies. Later in 1817, the Dutch government founded the Protestantsche Kerk in Nederlandsch-Indie ("Indische Kerk") as a union of Reformed, Lutheran, Baptists, Arminian and Mennonite denominations. [10] During the 18th to 19th century the new architectural trends were Neoclassical architecture. Examples of these were Batavia's Immanuel Church, Semarang's Blenduk Church and GKJ Mojowarno.

Missionary activities increased with territorial gain. Works were mostly aimed to convert native Animist population such as the Bataks, Torajans, Minahasans, Papuans and Dayaks (who today form the Christian majority of both Catholic and Protestant). These missionaries established many mission churches, schools and institutions across the country.

In the late 19th century until the end of the Dutch rule in 1942, Indonesia followed the Neogothic architecture that was common in Europe at that time. [11] The best example of neogothic architecture built in Indonesia is Jakarta Cathedral. Art Deco and its various Dutch architectural branches, such as the Amsterdam School or Nieuwe Zakelijkheid, became the new fashion of the Indies during this period. A few examples of this architectural influence on churches are Bandung's Bethel church, Jakarta's St Joseph's Church, Semarang's Cathedral and Zion Church of Tomohon.

Apart from Art Deco as a form of modernism, there were also attempts by many Dutch architect to modernize the indigenous architecture by creating a synthesized form of architecture which combined Western architecture with indigenous Indonesian elements. [12] In 1936, Henri Maclaine Pont designed the Pohsarang Church in Kediri, which incorporated Hindu-Buddhist elements into a Western building. [12] This legacy lived on even after the independence of Indonesia, and was applied to various public buildings, including churches in the country. In 1972, native Balinese I Wayan Mastra became head of the Balinese Protestant church, and began a process of Balinization. When Blimbingsari church, a basic stone and wood building, was destroyed by earthquake in 1976, it was rebuilt in more Balinese pendopo style, with a garden with running water, traditional Balinese entrance and a semi-open aspect. A similar trend occurred in other islands, such as Batak Karo architecture of St. Francis Asisi's Church in Berastagi, and the Ganjuran Church, which used Javanese Joglo architecture.

Many Indonesian Protestants tend to congregate based more on ethnicity than liturgical differences. As a result, after the independence of Indonesia the Protestant Church in Indonesia (GPI) (formerly known as de Protestantsche Kerk in Nederlandsch-Indië or Indische Kerk) was broke down into various denominations based on ethnicity, resulting in a relatively higher number of Protestant denomination per capita in the country. This was also due to the cultural and languages preferences among each of the different ethnic groups in Indonesia. [13]

Today

Although Protestantism and Catholicism are two of the six recognized religions in Indonesia, prosecution against Christians is common in the country. Many of the conflicts are linked to the extremist groups in the country. In 1999, the Maluku sectarian conflict occurred, a religion and ethnicity based violence which claimed many lives of both Muslims and Christians. During this event the historic Immanuel Church in Hila was destroyed; however, it was later rebuilt with the help of the Muslim community. Another church in Ambon was set on fire in 2011, forcing the people inside to flee. [14]

In December 2011, GKI Taman Yasmin had been sealed. Local authorities refused to lift a ban on the activities of the church, despite an order from the Supreme Court of Indonesia. [15] Local authorities persecuted the Christian church for four years. In 2013 another church in Bekasi was forced to shut down due to the lack of an official permit for building the premise. [16] While the state has ordered religious tolerance, it has not enforced these orders to protect the religious minority in the country. [17] Three churches were burned and damaged in Temanggung, Central Java in 2011, as Christians were accused of distributing pamphlets that were "insulting" Islam. [18]

In Aceh where Sharia law is applied, it is against Governor Regulation No. 25/2007 about Guidelines for the Construction of Houses of Worship. In the regulations, the construction of a church in Aceh requires 150 congregations to apply for a church construction permit. [19] Indonesia is also notorious for its church bombing by extremists on Christmas Eve of 2000.

Oldest churches in Indonesia

Below is a list of oldest church buildings in Indonesia based on year of completion. To be listed here, the completion of the church building needs to be at least before the 20th century. Churches with alterations which completely changed their appearance after the 20th century should not be placed in this table.

NameImageLocationYear (current building)AffiliationArchitectural styleRemarks
GPIB Sion Jakarta Church
COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De Portugese Buitenkerk in Batavia TMnr 60018301.jpg
Jakarta 1695 [20] [21] Protestant (formerly Roman Catholic)Portuguese colonial/IndiesThe oldest church in Jakarta and possibly the oldest surviving church structure in Indonesia. [20] It contains a Baroque pipe organ from the 17th century, which was built in Taiwan.
GPM Eben Haezer ChurchSila, Nusa Laut, Maluku 1719ProtestantPortuguese colonial/Indies
GPIB Tugu Jakarta Church Jakarta1747ProtestantPortuguese colonial/Indies
Pasundan Christian Church of Cirebon
COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Protestantse kerk naast gebouw met agentschappen in Cheribon TMnr 60005166.jpg
Cirebon, West Java 1788 [22] ReformedDutch IndiesThe church was founded by zendeling A. Dijkstra who arrived on Cirebon in 1864. Later, the church moved into a small colonial building which has been built by the colonial government around 1788. The building is now a heritage building in Cirebon. [22]
GPM Beth Eden Church Nusa Laut, Maluku 1817 [23] ProtestantPortuguese colonial/Indies
GPIB Tamansari Salatiga Church Salatiga, Central Java 1823 [24] ProtestantDutch IndiesThe year of the church's founding is mentioned in the building.
GPIB Pniel Pasuruan Church Pasuruan, East Java 1829ProtestantDutch IndiesThe year of the church's founding is mentioned in the building.
All Saints Church
All Saints Church, Jakarta.jpg
Jakarta1829Anglican Georgian Style The only Anglican Church in Indonesia. It was established by London Missionary Society and is the first English institution in the country.
GPM Baithlehem ChurchHutumuri, Southern Leitimur, Ambon Island, Maluku1832ProtestantDutch Indies
GPIB Bethel Tanjung Pinang Church Tanjung Pinang, Riau Islands 1836ReformedNeogothicThe oldest church in the region, was known as "De Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk te Tandjoengpinang", the building was renovated in 1962 with some minor changes on the facade.
GPIB Immanuel Jakarta Church
Gereja Immanuel, Gambir, Jakarta.jpg
Jakarta1839Protestant Palladian
Old Immanuel Church
COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Interieur van de kerk Hila Res. Amboina TMnr 10013690.jpg
Hila, Ambon Island, Maluku1854ProtestantDutch colonial / IndiesThe first building was built between 1780 and 1781 during the governance of governor Bernardus van Pleuren. The first building was wooden, later rebuilt using a more permanent material in 1854. On 20 January 1999, the building was destroyed by arson during Maluku sectarian conflict, but soon was rebuilt without altering its original form. [25]
Old Church of Banda
COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Protestantse kerk Bandanaira TMnr 10016603.jpg
Banda Neira, Maluku1852ProtestantNeoclassicalThe church was established in the early year of Dutch colonization of the island, the old wooden church was destroyed by earthquake and rebuilt in 1852.
GPIB Marga Mulya Yogyakarta Church  [ id ]
GPIB Marga Mulya Yogyakarta (1).jpg
Yogyakarta 1857ProtestantNeoclassical
Old Church of NollothNolloth, Saparua, Maluku1860ProtestantDutch colonial / Indies
GPIB Immanuel Probolinggo Church
Immanuel Church, Probolinggo, 2016 (03).jpg
Probolinggo, East Java1862ProtestantNeogothicLocally known as the "Red Church" for its bright red facade and is the oldest church in town.
Old Church of Watumea Watumea, North Sulawesi 1872ProtestantIndiesThe church is the original wooden church building of Watumea, the first church in the city. The heritage wooden church was built in 1868 using local materials and was inaugurated on 8 December 1872. The design and construction were overseen by Hessel Rooker, a Dutch missionary. The church bell and other church appliances were imported from Germany. On 4 March 2003, the building was made a heritage building by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. [26]
St. Joseph's Church
Exterior, Gedangan Church, 2014-06-18.jpg
Semarang, Central Java1875CatholicNeogothicThe oldest Catholic church in Semarang.
GPM Soya ChurchNegeri Soya, Ambon Island, Maluku1876ProtestantUnknown foundation time. In 1876, Raja Stephanus Jacob Rehatta expanded the original building with permanent material. During the leadership of Leonard 8 Rehatta, the church was renovated in 1927. In 1996, the church was restored and made heritage building under the Maluku Department of History and Archeology. On 28 April 2002, riot occurred in Negeri Soya and the church was destroyed. The building was later rebuilt without altering the original form.
GKE Immanuel Church Mandomai, Kapuas Regency, Central Kalimantan 1876ProtestantNeogothicThis church is part of Evangelist Church of Kalimantan  [ id ], it was established by Germans missionary of Zending Bazel mission (Rheinische Missionsgesellschaft) in 1855.
GPIB Griya Mulya Purworejo Church
Kerk Purworejo.jpg
Purworejo, Central Java1879ProtestantNeogothic
St. Joseph's Church Cirebon, West Java1878–1880Catholic Neo-Renaissance
Jawi Wetan Christian Church of Mojowarno
COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Interieur van een kerk Madjawarna nabij Soerabaja Java TMnr 10013685.jpg
Mojowarno, East Java 1879–1881ProtestantNeoclassicalThe building of the church was pioneered by Kyai Paulus Tosari (Kasan Jariyo), early leader of the Mojowarno congregation. The first laying of the stone was done by Christina Chaterina Kruyt, daughter of the zendeling of Mojowarno at that time, Jan Kruyt, on 24 February 1879. The church was officially inaugurated on 8 March 1881. The church is the centre of a local harvest festival called Unduh-unduh annually enacted on May.
St. Fidelis Church of Sejiram Sejiram, West Kalimantan 1890–1892CatholicNeogothic, vernacular
St. Anthony of Padua's Church Pasuruan, East Java 1895 [27] CatholicNeogothic
Jakarta Cathedral
Jakarta Cathedral Afternoon.JPG
Jakarta 1891–1901CatholicNeogothicThe current building was built on top of a former Catholic church that collapsed in 1890. Lack of funding halted the construction for nearly 10 years.
GPIB Immanuel Semarang Church
Exterior of Blenduk Church, Semarang, 2014-06-18.jpg
Semarang, Central Java1894Protestant Neo-Baroque The oldest church established in Central Java, it was first built in 1753. The initial church building had a joglo-style. In 1894 it was renovated to current form with dome and two spire. [28]
GMIM Sentrum Langowan ChurchLangowan, North Sulawesi 1895ProtestantIndiesThe church was founded by Johan Gotlieb Schwarz to convert the local population of animistic belief (Alifuru) into Christianity. The first church was established on 18 April 1847. The current building was built and completed on top of the former church building on 18 April 1895. [29]
Bogor Cathedral
COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Rooms-katholieke kerk Buitenzorg TMnr 60016616.jpg
Bogor, West Java1905 [30] CatholicNeogothicDesigned by M.J. Hulswit initiate 12 February 1905 . Churchtower has a later date: 1929 designed by R.Baumgarten
Old Church of Sikka Sikka, Flores, West Nusa Tenggara 1899CatholicDutch IndiesDesigned by Antonius Dijkmans, the Pasteur who also designed Jakarta Cathedral in 1893. The Church was finished in 1899. [31]
Church of the Birth of Our Lady, Surabaya
Gereja Katolik Kelahiran Santa Perawan Maria, Surabaya.jpg
Surabaya, East Java1899–1900CatholicNeogothicOldest church in Surabaya. First built in 1822 as Maria Geboorte Kerk by Mgr Lambertus Prinsen, it was re-built to its current form in 1899 by Fr J van Zanten SJ, and was consecrated as Onze Lieve Vrouw Geboorte Kerk in 1900 by the Archbishop of Batavia, Mgr Edmundus Luypen SJ. It suffered fire damage during the Battle of Surabaya.
Gereja Lahai RoiCijantung, Pasar Rebo, East Jakarta 1908ReformedNeogothic

Largest churches in Indonesia

Below is a list of the largest church buildings in Indonesia, based on capacity. To be listed here, the building's capacity must exceed 5,000 and the building must be used exclusively for church-related activities.

NameImageBuilding capacityAreaYearLocationRemarks
Bethany Graha Nginden
Bethany Nginden Building.jpg
35,0002000 Surabaya
Holy Stadium – Gospel of the Kingdom
Holy Stadium Church, Semarang.jpg
12,0002007 Semarang
GBI Mawar Saron
Indonesian Bethel Church Mawar Sharon Jakarta.jpg
10,0002003 Kelapa Gading, Jakarta
Messiah Cathedral
Messiah Cathedral in Night.jpg
8,000 [32] 20 September 2008 [33] Kemayoran, Jakarta
GBI Rock Denpasar
GBI Rock Denpasar.jpg
5,000 Denpasar
GBI Keluarga Allah Solo5,000 Surakarta

By region

Java

DKI Jakarta

West Java

Central Java

East Java

Ngawi

Special Region of Yogyakarta

Sumatra

Aceh

Sacred Heart Church in Banda Aceh Gereja Hati Kudus Banda Aceh.jpg
Sacred Heart Church in Banda Aceh

Riau Islands

North Sumatra

West Sumatra

Bangka Belitung Islands

South Sumatra

Lampung

Borneo

West Kalimantan

Central Kalimantan

South Kalimantan

Sulawesi

North Sulawesi

Old GMIM Sentrum Tondano COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een straat in de Minahasa Celebes TMnr 5426-9.jpg
Old GMIM Sentrum Tondano
Interior of GMIM Sentrum Tondano, 1884 COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Kleurenlitho voorstellende kerk te Tondano in de Minahasa TMnr 3728-702.jpg
Interior of GMIM Sentrum Tondano, 1884
GMIM Sion Tomohon KITLV A313 - Protestantse Sion kerk te Tomohon, KITLV 84537.tiff
GMIM Sion Tomohon
Hati Kudus Yesus, Tomohon (Sacred Heart of Jesus, Tomohon) Tomohan (Menado). , met rechts de katholieke kerk, KITLV 1405772.tiff
Hati Kudus Yesus, Tomohon (Sacred Heart of Jesus, Tomohon)
GMIM Sentrum Manado, 1930 KITLV A313 - De Grote Protestantse kerk te Manado, KITLV 11722.tiff
GMIM Sentrum Manado, 1930

South Sulawesi

West Sulawesi

Bali

Lesser Sunda Islands

The Moluccas

Ambon Islands

In Ambon Island, many of the church buildings, including the 18th-century St. Immanuel's Old Church of Hila, were destroyed during the Maluku sectarian conflict. [25] Some of these churches have been restored by the community.

Nusalaut Islands

Saparua Islands

Banda Islands

Papua

West Papua

Papua

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Ministry of Religious Affairs (24 August 2022). "Satu Data Kemenag: Jumlah Rumah Ibadah Tahun 2022" (in Indonesian). Ministry of Religious Affairs. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
  2. ↑ Jan Sihar Aritonang; Karel Adriaan Steenbrink (2008). A History of Christianity in Indonesia. Vol. 35. BRILL. p. 153. ISBN   9789004170261 . Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  3. ↑ Fox, James J. (1998). Indonesian Heritage – Religion and Ritual. Jakarta: Buku Antar Bangsa. pp. 58–59. ISBN   9813018585.
  4. ↑ Ricklefs, M.C (1993). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300, second edition. London: MacMillan. pp. 22–24. ISBN   0-333-57689-6.
  5. ↑ Ricklefs, M.C. (1993). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300, 2nd Edition. London: MacMillan. p. 25. ISBN   0-333-57689-6.
  6. ↑ Jan Sihar Aritonang; Karel Adriaan Steenbrink (2008). A History of Christianity in Indonesia. Vol. 35. BRILL. p. 48. ISBN   9789004170261 . Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  7. ↑ Jan Sihar Aritonang; Karel Adriaan Steenbrink (2008). A History of Christianity in Indonesia. Vol. 35. BRILL. p. 122. ISBN   9789004170261 . Retrieved July 19, 2013.
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  12. 1 2 Gunawan Tjahjono (1998). Indonesian Heritage – Architecture . Singapore: Archipelago Press. p.  122. ISBN   9813018305.
  13. ↑ Aritonang, Jan Sihar; Steenbrink, Karel, eds. (2008), A history of Christianity in Indonesia, Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, p. 617, ISBN   978-90-04-17026-1 , retrieved 30 November 2010, It is remarkable that in the merger of the BKP with the BNKP the choice for unification was made on cultural rather than denominational grounds. While the Batunese congregations show distinctly Lutheran traits, especially in liturgical matters, the sense of communion is determined by ethno-cultural relations. Similar language and customary law, and especially family links between Nias and the Batu Islands, by far outweigh ecclesiastical tradition.
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