Physical Attributes and Properties
Colours (色)
黒 black; 青 blue; 紅 crimson; 棕 / 褐 brown; 紺 dark blue; 金 gold; 緑 green; 灰 grey; 藍 indigo; 橙 orange; 粉 pink; 赤 red; 緋 scarlet; 銀 silver; 朱 vermilion; 紫 violet; 白 white; 黄 yellow; 彩 brightly coloured.
角 angle; 弧 arc; 玉 ball; 枠 border, frame; 境 boundary; 円 circle; 丸 circular; 凹 concave; 凸 convex; 隅 corner; 曲 curve; 柄 design, pattern; 斜 diagonal; 縁 / 端 edge or border; 端 end, tip; 姿 figure; 巨 huge; 大 large; 線 line; 列 line, row; 並 line up; 長 long; 微 minute; 狭 narrow; 模 pattern; 周 perimeter; 環 / 輪 ring, surround; 短 short; 側 side; 小 small; 球 / 圏 sphere; 高 tall; 広 wide; 幅 width
Miscellaneous properties
浄 clean; 冷 / 寒 cold; 濃 concentrated; 湿 damp; 深 deep; 微 delicate; 薄 dilute or thin; 汚 dirty; 干 / 乾 dry; 太 fat or thick; 緻 fine; 固 firm or solid; 艶 glossy; 重 heavy; 硬 hard; 暑 / 熱 hot; 軽 light (weight); 液 liquid; 潤 moist; 浅 shallow; 鋭 sharp; 細 slender; 軟 soft; 粘 sticky; 強 strong; 厚 thick; 温 / 暖 warm; 弱 weak.
Directions (方) and Spatial Relationships
央 Centre; 東 East; 北 North; 南 South; 西 West;
後 back; 間 between; 底 bottom; 遠 distant; 下 down; 前 front; 入 in; 内 inside; 奥 interior; 左 left; 中 middle; 近 near; 出 out; 外 outside; 裏 rear; 右 right; 向 toward; 上 up; 浩 vast.
Movement
来 to come; 离 to depart or to leave; 圜 to encircle; 落 / 墜 to fall; 行 to go or to perform; 往 to go to; 越 to pass or go beyond; 揚 to raise; 帰 to return; 倒 to reverse; 搬 to transport; 旅 to travel; 赴 to visit;
Numbers (数)
零 0; 一 1; 二 2; 三 3; 四 4; 五 5; 六 6; 七 7; 八 8; 九 9; 十 10; 百 100; 千 1,000; 万 10,000; 億 100,000,000; 兆 1,000,000,000,000.
Calculations (算)
加 to add; 耗 to consume; 減 to decrease, to subtract; 分 / 除 to divide; 倍 to double, times; 剖 to halve, split in two; 増 / 殖 to increase; 乘 to multiply; 縮 to reduce, shrink.
Counters (個)
匹 counter for animals; 羽 counter for animals, birds and rabbits; 頭 counter for animals, large; 疋 counter for animals, small or insects; 個 counter for articles; 札 counter for bonds or tickets; 冊 counter for books; 斤 counter for bread, loaves; 杯 counter for cupfuls; 本 counter for cylindrical things; 枚 counter for flat things; 輪 counter for flowers or wheels; 足 counter for footwear, pairs; 軒 / 戸 counter for houses; 台 counter for machines and vehicles; 人 counter for people; 隻 counter for ships; 畳 counter for tatami mats; 基 counter for stable structures; 丁 miscellaneous counter.
Counting (計) & Sequence (序)
番 numerical order; 初 first; 乙 second; 丙 third; 第 ordinal marker.
両 both; 桁 digit; 各 each; 毎 every; 少 few; 翌 the following; 半 half; 多 many; 次 next; 双 pair; 順 sequence.
Units of Measurement (測)
Units of Area: 坪 two-mat area (around 3.3 m²); 畝 30 tsubo (99 m2).
Units of Length: 尺 Japanese foot (around 30 cm); 寸 1/10 Japanese foot (around 3 cm); 厘 (around 0.3 mm); 里 league (around 3.9 km).
Units of Volume: 勺 ladle (around 18 ml); 升 (around 1.8 L); 斗 (around 18 L); 石 (around 180 L).
Units of Weight: 匁 (around 3.75 grams); 斤 (around 600 g)
Time (時)
後 after; 先 ahead, previous; 昔 antiquity; 前 before; 始 begin; 早 early; 終 end; 紀 era; 永 eternity; 旧 former; 曽 formerly; 間 interval of time; 遅 late; 久 long ago; 際 moment, occasion; 新 new 今 now; 回 / 度 number of times; 古 / 老 old; 昨 previous time; 近 recent; 頃 time, about; 期 time period; 暫 a while; 若 young;
Days of the Week (曜)
日 Sunday; 月 Monday; 火 Tuesday; 水 Wednesday; 木 Thursday; 金 Friday; 土 Saturday
Divisions of the Day
鐘 clock; 昼 daytime; 宵 early evening; 夕 / 晩 evening; 時 hour; 分 minute; 朝 morning; 夜 night; 午 noon; 旭 rising sun; 秒 second; 暁 / 旦 sunrise; 暮 sunset.
Divisions of the Year
暦 calendar; 日 day; 曜 day of week; 月 month; 旬 period of 10 days; 週 week; 年 year;
Seasons (季 / 候)
節 season, period; 春 Spring; 夏 Summer; 秋 Autumn; 冬 Winter
Chinese cuisine encompasses the numerous cuisines originating from China, as well as overseas cuisines created by the Chinese diaspora. Because of the Chinese diaspora and historical power of the country, Chinese cuisine has influenced many other cuisines in Asia and beyond, with modifications made to cater to local palates. Chinese food staples such as rice, soy sauce, noodles, tea, chili oil, and tofu, and utensils such as chopsticks and the wok, can now be found worldwide.
Japanese is spoken natively by about 128 million people, primarily by Japanese people and primarily in Japan, the only country where it is the national language. Japanese belongs to the Japonic or Japanese-Ryukyuan language family. There have been many attempts to group the Japonic languages with other families such as the Ainu, Austroasiatic, Koreanic, and the now-discredited Altaic, but none of these proposals has gained widespread acceptance.
Japanese cuisine encompasses the regional and traditional foods of Japan, which have developed through centuries of political, economic, and social changes. The traditional cuisine of Japan is based on rice with miso soup and other dishes; there is an emphasis on seasonal ingredients. Side dishes often consist of fish, pickled vegetables, and vegetables cooked in broth. Seafood is common, often grilled, but also served raw as sashimi or in sushi. Seafood and vegetables are also deep-fried in a light batter, as tempura. Apart from rice, a staple includes noodles, such as soba and udon. Japan also has many simmered dishes, such as fish products in broth called oden, or beef in sukiyaki and nikujaga.
Sushi is a Japanese dish of prepared vinegared rice, usually with some sugar and salt, accompanied by a variety of ingredients, such as seafood, often raw, and vegetables. Styles of sushi and its presentation vary widely, but the one key ingredient is "sushi rice," also referred to as shari (しゃり), or sumeshi (酢飯).
Sake, also spelled saké, is an alcoholic beverage of Japanese origin made by fermenting rice that has been polished to remove the bran. Despite the name Japanese rice wine, sake, and indeed any East Asian rice wine, is produced by a brewing process more akin to that of beer, where starch is converted into sugars which ferment into alcohol, whereas in wine, alcohol is produced by fermenting sugar that is naturally present in fruit, typically grapes.
Kanji are the logographic Chinese characters taken from the Chinese script and used in the writing of Japanese. They were made a major part of the Japanese writing system during the time of Old Japanese and are still used, along with the subsequently-derived syllabic scripts of hiragana and katakana. The characters have Japanese pronunciations; most have two, with one based on the Chinese sound. A few characters were invented in Japan by constructing character components derived from other Chinese characters. After World War II, Japan made its own efforts to simplify the characters, now known as shinjitai, by a process similar to China's simplification efforts, with the intention to increase literacy among the common folk. Since the 1920s, the Japanese government has published character lists periodically to help direct the education of its citizenry through the myriad Chinese characters that exist. There are nearly 3,000 kanji used in Japanese names and in common communication.
The guinea pig or domestic guinea pig, also known as the cavy or domestic cavy, is a species of rodent belonging to the genus Cavia in the family Caviidae. Breeders tend to use the word cavy to describe the animal, while in scientific and laboratory contexts, it is far more commonly referred to by the common name guinea pig. Despite their common name, guinea pigs are not native to Guinea, nor are they closely related biologically to pigs, and the origin of the name is still unclear. They originated in the Andes of South America. Studies based on biochemistry and hybridization suggest they are domesticated animals that do not exist naturally in the wild, descendants of a closely related cavy species such as C. tschudii. They were originally domesticated as livestock for a source of meat, and are still consumed in some parts of the world.
Japanese names in modern times consist of a family name (surname) followed by a given name, in that order. Nevertheless, when a Japanese name is written in the Roman alphabet, ever since the Meiji era, the official policy has been to cater to Western expectations and reverse the order. As of 2019, the government has stated its intention to change this policy. Japanese names are usually written in kanji, which are characters mostly Chinese in origin but Japanese in pronunciation. The pronunciation of Japanese kanji in names follows a special set of rules, though parents are able to choose pronunciations; many foreigners find it difficult to read kanji names because of parents being able to choose which pronunciations they want for certain kanji, though most pronunciations chosen are common when used in names. Some kanji are banned for use in names, such as the kanji for "weak" and "failure", amongst others.
Offal, also called variety meats, pluck or organ meats, is the organs of a butchered animal. The word does not refer to a particular list of edible organs, which varies by culture and region, but usually excludes muscle. Offal may also refer to the by-products of milled grains, such as corn or wheat.
The Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi, translated as the Chinese Proficiency Test, is the standardized test of Standard Chinese language proficiency of Mainland China for non-native speakers such as foreign students and overseas Chinese. The test is administered by Hanban, an agency of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China.
The tōyō kanji, also known as the tōyō kanjihyō are the result of a reform of the Kanji characters of Chinese origin in the Japanese written language. They were the kanji declared "official", i.e. characters that could be used in official government documents, by the Japanese Ministry of Education (文部省) on November 16, 1946.
The jōyō kanji is the guide to kanji characters and their readings, announced officially by the Japanese Ministry of Education. Current jōyō kanji are those on a list of 2,136 characters issued in 2010. It is a slightly modified version of the tōyō kanji, which was the initial list of secondary school-level kanji standardized after World War II. The list is not a comprehensive list of all characters and readings in regular use; rather, it is intended as a literacy baseline for those who have completed compulsory education, as well as a list of permitted characters and readings for use in official government documents. Due to the requirement that official government documents make use of only jōyō kanji and their readings, several rare characters are also included due to their use in the Constitution of Japan, which was being written at the same time the original 1,850-character tōyō kanji list was compiled.
Tameshigiri is the Japanese art of target test cutting. The kanji literally mean "testcut". This practice was popularized in the Edo period for testing the quality of Japanese swords. It continues to the present day, but has evolved into a martial art which focuses on demonstrating the practitioner's skill with a sword.
Gold Typhoon Group is a Chinese entertainment company. Gold Label was founded in 2004 in Hong Kong, launched with the support of EMI, and acquired EMI Music Taiwan / EMI Music China in 2008, reforming to Gold Typhoon. On 1 January 2011, it became a wholly owned subsidiary of Pacific Global Management Asia (PGMA) under the leadership of Chairman Louis Pong.
Maritime history dates back thousands of years. In ancient maritime history, evidence of maritime trade between civilizations dates back at least two millennia. The first prehistoric boats are presumed to have been dugout canoes which were developed independently by various Stone Age populations. In ancient history, various vessels were used for coastal fishing and travel. A mesolithic boatyard has been found from the Isle of Wight in Britain
Tao Bao, courtesy name Anbu, was a military general of Later Zhao during China's Sixteen Kingdoms period. Being one of Shi Le's Eighteen Riders, his most notable activities were his battles with Zu Ti, in which he defended the city of Pengguan and also helping Shi Le during his final push against Liu Yao in 328. He served up to Shi Hu's reign before dying in 340. His name can be rendered as Yao Bao.
