South Asian cuisine encompasses a delectable variety of sub-cuisines and cooking styles that vary very widely, reflecting the diversity of the Indian subcontinent, even though there is a certain centrality to the general ingredients used. Terms used the recipes of varied Indian and other South Asian sub-cuisines sometimes tend to be multi-lingual and region-specific, mostly based on the author's specific sub-ethnicity, the popularity of a given vegetable/spice in a given sub-cuisine within South Asia, etc.
Indian cuisine is overwhelmingly vegetarian friendly and employs a variety of different fruits, vegetables, grains, and spices which vary in name from region to region within the country. Most Indian restaurants serve predominantly Punjabi/North Indian cuisine, while a limited few serve a very limited choice of some South Indian dishes like Dosa. But for the connoisseurs, India offers a complex and eclectic array of sub-cuisines to explore, which are equally vegetarian friendly and a delight to the taste buds.
Even for South Asian people, this wide variety of vegetables, fruits, grains and spices used in various Indian sub-cuisines can be mind-boggling because of the variety of region-specific names used for identifying the food items. Indian vegetable markets and grocery stores get their wholesale supplies from suppliers belonging to various regions/ethnicities from all over India and elsewhere, and the food suppliers/packagers mostly use sub-ethnic, region-specific item/ingredient names on the respective signs/labels used to identify specific vegetables, fruits, grains and spices based on their respective regions of origin. This further aggravates the confusion in identifying specific items/ingredients, especially for international consumers/expatriates looking to procure vegetables, fruits, grains and spices specific to Indian sub-cuisines.
This article attempts to centralize, compile and tabulate the various vegetables, fruits, grains and spices that are commonly employed in various South Asian sub-cuisines to help reduce this confusion in identifying and procuring various South Asian food ingredients, especially in the cross-regional, international markets/contexts.
The following is a list of common South Asian ingredients, as well as their names in various local languages spoken.
| Hindi | English | Botanical name | Assamese | Bengali | Gujarati | Kannada | Malayalam | Marathi | Oriya | Punjabi | Sinhala | Tamil | Telugu | Tulu | Urdu | Konkani |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| दाल Daal | Pulses/ Split beans / bean | দাইল Dail | ডাল Ḍal | દાળ (Daal) | ಬೇಳೆ (Bele) | പരിപ്പ് (Parippu) | डाळ Ḍāḷ | ଡାଲି Dali | Daal | පරිප්පු Parippu | பருப்பு (Paruppu) | పప్పు (Pappu) | Salāyi | Daal /دال | Daal | |
| Tuar Daal / Arhar Daal | Pigeon Pea / Red Gram | Cajanus cajan | ৰহৰ দাইল Rôhôr Dail | অড়হর Arhar | તુવેર(Tuver) | ತೊಗರಿ ಬೇಳೆ(Togari Bele) | തുവര പരിപ്പ് (Thuvara/sambhar Parippu) | तूर Toor | ହରଡ଼ ଡାଲି Harada (Dali) | Arhar | තෝර පරිප්පු Thora Parippu | துவரம் பருப்பு(Thuvaram Paruppu) | కంది పప్పు (Kandi Pappu) | Arhar ارہر | toridaal | |
| काबुली चना Kabuli Chana/ छोले Chhole | Garbanzo Beans/ Chickpea | Cicer arietinum | কাবুলি বুট Kabuli But | কাবুলি ছোলা/কাবুলি চানা/কাবুলি বুট Chhola/ Kabuli chana/ Kabuli buṭ | કાબુલી ચણા (Kaabuli Chana) છોલે ચણા (Chhole Chana) | ಕಡಲೆ ಕಾಳು (Kadale Kaalu) | വെള്ള കടല (Vella Kadala) | काबुली चणे Kābuli Chaṇe | କାବୁଲି ଚଣା Kabuli Chana | Safaid Chhole/ Chane | කඩල Kadala | கொண்டை கடலை / வெள்ளை கடலை (Kondai kadalai) | సెనగలు (Senagalu/ Budda Sanagalu) | Boldu Kadalè | kabli chana/كابلي چنا | Tsane/ Chanhe |
| Chana चना | Cicer arietinum | ছোলা Chhola | ચણા Chaṇa | हरभरा Harbharā | ବୁଟ Buta | Choleh | چنا | |||||||||
| कुलथी Kulthi | Horse gram | Macrotyloma uniflorum | কুলথি Kulthi | કળથી | ಹುರಳಿ (Hurali) | മുതിര (Muthira) | कुळीथ (Kuḷith), हुलगे (Hulge) | କୋଳଥ Kolatha | කොල්ලු Kollu | கொள்ளு(Kollu) | Ulavalu (ఉలవలు) | Kudu | Kulit | Kulith | ||
| लोबिया Lobia | Black-eyed pea | Vigna unguiculata | লুবিয়া Lubia | Lobia | Safed Chola | ಅಲಸಂದೆ (Alasande) | പയര്(Karamani/ Pairu) | चवळी Chawḷi | Naduka | Rongi | කවුපි Kawpi | காராமணி பயறு /தட்டாம் பயறு(karamani Payaru/Thatta Payaru) | Alachandalu (అలచందలు) | Lathandè | Lobia لوبیا | Alsande |
| मसूर Masoor | Red Lentils | Lens culinaris | মচুৰ (দাইল) Mosur (Dail) | মসুর (ডাল) /মুসুরি (ডাল) Moshur (Ḍal)/ Mushuri (Ḍal) | Masoor | ಕೆಂಪು ತೊಗರಿ(Kempu Togari) | പരിപ്പ് (Parippu) | मसूर Masur | ମସୁର ଡାଲି Masoora Dali | Masar/ Peeli | මයිසූර් පරිප්පු Mysore Parippu | மைசூர் பருப்பு (Mysore Paruppu) | Erra Kandi Pappu(ఎర్ర కంది పప్పు) / Erra Kandulu | Masoor /مسور | Mosur Daal | |
| मूँग Moong | Mung bean (green gram) | Vigna Radiata | মগু (দাইল) Mogu (Dail) | মুগ (ডাল) Mug (Ḍal) | મગ (Mag) | ಪಚ್ಚೆಸರು / ಹೆಸರು ಬೇಳೆ (Pacchesaru / Hesaru Bele) | ചെറു പയർ (Cherupayar) | मूग Mug | ମୁଗ ଡାଲି Muga (Dali) | Moongi | මුං ඇට Mung Eta | பச்சை பருப்பு Pachai Payaru | Pesara pappu (పెసర పప్పు) Pesalu (పెసలు) | Padengi | Moong/مونگ | Moog |
| तिल Til | Sesame | Sesamum indicum | তিল | তিল teel | તલ (tal) | ಎಳ್ಳು(Ellu) | എള്ള് (Ellu) | तीळ Tiḷ | ରାଶି Rashi | Til | තල Thala | எள்(Ell) | నువ్వులు Nuvvulu, నువ్వు పప్పు NooPappu | Edme | Til تل | Teel |
| मोठ Motth | Moth bean (Turkish gram) Balls | Vigna aconitifolia | મઠ (Maṭh) | Thanni Kaalu | മമ്പയർ | मटकी Maṭki | କଞ୍ଚା ମୁଗ Kancha muga | Moth | Thatta Payaru | బొబ్బర్లు Bobbarlu | matki chauli | |||||
| राजमा Rajma | Kidney beans | Phaseolus vulgaris | ৰাজমাহ Rajmah | রাজমা Raajma | રાજમા (Raajma) | Raajma | വൻപയർ (Van Payar)/ രജ്മ | राजमा Rājmā | ରାଜମା Rajama | Rajmah | මෑ ඇට Mae Eta | பீன்ஸ் (Beans) | రాజ్మా Rajma సీమచిక్కుడు విత్తులు Seemachikkudu Vittulu | Rajma phalli راجما | ||
| उड़द Urad | Black Lentil (whole)/ White Lentil (dehusked) | Vigna mungo | মাটি মাহ Mati Mah | কলাই ডাল/ বিউলি ডাল Kôlai Ḍal/ Biuli Ḍal | અડદ (Adad) | ಉದ್ದಿನ ಬೇಳೆ (Uddina Bele) | ഉഴുന്ന് (Uzhunnu) | उडीद/ उडदाची डाळ Uḍid/ Uḍadāchi Ḍāḷ | ବିରି ଡାଲି Biri Dali | Kaali Daal (Whole – Saabat/ Split – Dhoti)/ Maanh (sabut/ dhoti/ Kaale Maanh | උඳු Undhu | உளுந்து Ulundhu | minappappu (మినప్పప్పు) minumulu (మినుములు) | Urdu | Ureed | Udad Daal |
| मटर Matar | Pea | Pisum sativum | মটৰ Môtôr | মটর Môṭor | વટાણા (Vataana) | ಬಟಾಣಿ (Batani) | പട്ടാണി കടല (Pattaani Kadala) | मटार/ वाटाणे Maṭār/ Vāṭāṇe | ମଟର Matara | Matar | பட்டாணி | బఠాణీ(Bataani) | matar phalli | Vatane | ||
| Hindi | English | Botanical name | Assamese | Bengali | Gujarati | Kannada | Malayalam | Marathi | Oriya | Punjabi | Sinhala | Tamil | Telugu | Tulu | Urdu | Konkani |
| Hindi | English | Botanical name | Assamese | Bengali | Gujarati | Kannada | Malayalam | Marathi | Oriya | Punjabi | Sinhala | Tamil | Telugu | Tulu | Urdu | Konkani |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| मक्कि/मकै (makki/makai) | Maize, Corn | Zea mays | মাকৈ Makoi | ভুট্টা Bhuṭṭa | મકાઈ Makai | ಮುಸುಕಿನ ಜೋಳ (Musukina Jola) | (Cholam) | मका Makā | ମକା Makaa | Makki | ඉරිඟු Iringu | மக்காசோளம் | మొక్కజొన్న (mokka jonna) | jola | Jol | |
| चावल (chaaval) | Rice | Oryza sativa | চাউল Saul | চাল/ভাত Chal/Bhat | ચોખા Chokhā/ Bhāt | ಅಕ್ಕಿ (akki) | അരി (Ari) | तांदूळ Tānduḷ | ଭାତ Bhaata | Cahwl | සහල් Sahal | அரிசி | బియ్యం (biyyam) వడ్లు/వరి (vadlu/vari) ప్రాలు/ప్రాయి (prālu/prāyi) | ari | چاول chaaval | Tandul |
| गॆहुन (gehun) | Wheat | Triticum aestivum | গম Gôm | গম Gôm | ઘઉ Ghauhn | ಗೋಧಿ (GOdhi) | ഗോതമ്പ് (Godambu) | गहू Gahu | ଗହମ gahama | Kanhak | තිරිඟු Thiringu | கோதுமை | గోధుమ (godhuma) | gōdhi | گيهو gehun | Govn |
| जॊव (jow) | Barley | Hordeum vulgare | বাৰ্লি Barli | যব jaub | જવ Jau | ಬಾರ್ಲಿ/ಜವೆ (Barley) | जव Jaw | Jawn | බාර්ලි Barli | யவை | యావ (yava), యావ బియ్యం (yavaka biyyam), జావ బియ్యం (jaava biyyam) | جؤ/jav | Baarli | |||
| जॊवार (jowar) | Sorghum bicolor | যুৱাৰ Zuwar | jowaar | જુવાર | ಜೋಳ (joLa) | ज्वारी Jwāri | ଜବ Ja | Jawar | ඉදල් ඉරිඟු Idal Iringu | கருஞ்சோளம் | జొన్న (jonna) | ǰōla | جوار javar | Jol | ||
| बाजरा (bajra) | Pearl millet | Pennisetum glaucum | baajra | বাজরা ba:jra: | બાજરી Bājri | ಸಜ್ಜೆ (sajje) | बाजरी Bājri | ବାଜରା Bajara | ਬਾਜਰ | බජිරි Bajiri | கம்பு | సజ్జ (sajja) | باجرا bajra | |||
| रागि(ragi) | Finger millet | Eleusine coracana | નાચણી Nāchṇi | ರಾಗಿ (raagi) | കൂരഗ് (Kooragu) | नाचणी/नागली Nāchṇi/Nāgli | ମଣ୍ଡିଆ Mandia | Raagi | කුරක්කන් Kurakkan | கேழ்வரகு / கேப்பை / ஆரியம் | చోళ్ళు/ తైడా/రాగి (Chollu/ taidaa /ragi) | ناچني nachni | Nathno/Nachanho | |||
| कोद्रा(kodra) | Kodo millet | Paspalum scrobiculatum | ગોદ્રી (godri) | ಹರಕ (harka) | कोदो (kodo) | கருவரகு / வரகு | అరికెలు (arikelu) | |||||||||
| बर्रि(barri) | Proso millet | Panicum miliaceum | ಬರಗು (baragu) | මෙනේරි Meneri | பனிவரகு | వరిగులు (varigulu) | ||||||||||
| कन्ग्नी(kangni) | Foxtail millet | Setaria italica | ನವಣೆ (navaNe) | Thina | राळे/कांग (rāḷe/kāng) | තනහාල් Thanahal | தினை | కొర్రలు (korralu) | ||||||||
| झन्गॊरा(jhangora) | Barnyard millet | Echinochloa | ಊದಲು (oodalu) | குதிரைவாலி | ఒడలు (odalu) | |||||||||||
| कुट्की(kutki) | Little millet | Panicum sumatrense | ಸಾಮೆ (saame) | कुटकी (kuṭki) | சாமை அரிசி | సమలు (samalu) | ||||||||||
| विलायति जौन (vilayati jown or Jai) | Oats | Avena sativa | Tooke Goodhi (ತೋಕೆ ಗೋಧಿ) | kaadaikanni | యావ (yava) | جؤ/jav | ||||||||||
| Hindi | English | Botanical name | Assamese | Bengali | Gujarati | Kannada | Malayalam | Marathi | Oriya | Punjabi | Sinhala | Tamil | Telugu | Tulu | Urdu | Konkani |
| Hindi | English | Botanical name | Assamese | Bengali | Gujarati | Kannada | Malayalam | Marathi | Oriya | Punjabi | Sinhala | Tamil | Telugu | Tulu | Urdu | Konkani |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| अदरक Adrak/ आदि Aadi | Ginger | Zingiber officinale | আদা Ada | আদা Ada | આદુ Ādu | ಶುಂಠಿ Shunti | ഇഞ്ചി Inji | आले/आलं Āle/Aala | ଅଦା Ada | Adrak | ඉඟුරු Inguru | இஞ்சி | అల్లం allam శొంఠి sonthi (dried ginger) | Sunti | ادرك adrak | Alen(Fresh) Soot (dried) |
| इलायची Elaichi | Cardamom | Elettaria cardamomum | ইলাচী/এলাচি Ilasi/ Elasi | এলাচ/এলাচি Elach/ Elachi | ઈલાયચી Ilāychi | ಏಲಕ್ಕಿ Yelakki | ഏലക്ക Eelakkaaya | वेलदोडा/वेलची Veldoḍā/Velchi | ଗୁଜୁରାତି/ଅଳେଇଚ Gujuraati / Aleicha | Ilaachi | එන්සාල්/කරඳමුංගු Ensal/karandamungu | ஏலக்காய் | ఏలకి కాయ aelaki kayi(unripe) ఏలకి పండు aelaki pandu(ripe) యాలకులు/ఏలకులు yalukalu | Yēlakki | إلايچي Ilaichi | |
| दालचीनी Dalchini | Cinnamon | Cinnamomum verum | দালচেনি Dalseni | দারচিনি Darchini | તજ Taj | ಚಕ್ಕೆ / ದಾಲ್ಚಿನಿ Chakke / Dalchini | കറുവപട്ട Karuvapatta | दालचिनी Dālchini | ଡାଲଚିନି Dalchini | Dalcheeni | කුරුඳු Kurundu | கருவா பட்டை | దాల్చిన చెక్క dalchini chekka | Kethey | دارچين Darcheen | Daalchini |
| हल्दी Haldi | Turmeric | Curcuma longa | হালধি Halodhi | হলুদ Holud | હળદર Haḷdar | ಅರಿಶಿನ Arishina | മഞ്ഞള് Manjal | हळद Haḷad | ହଳଦୀ Haladi | Haldi | කහ Kaha | மஞ்சள் | పసుపు Pasupu | Mańjal | هلدي Haldi | Halad |
| धनिया Dhaniya | Coriander | Coriandrum sativum | ধনিয়া Dhoniya | ধনে Dhone | કોથમીર/ ધાણા Kothmir/ Dhāṇā | ಹವೀಜ,ಕೊತ್ತಂಬರಿ ಬೀಜ Havija, Kotthambari Beeja | കൊത്തമല്ലി Kothamalli/ Malli Chappu | धणे Dhaṇe | ଧନିଆ ପତ୍ର Dhania Patra | Thaniya | කොත්තමල්ලි Koththamalli | கொத்தமல்லி விதை(மல்லி) | కొత్తిమీర Kotthimeera (leaves), ధనియాలు Dhaniyaalu (seeds) / కొత్తిమీర గింజలు Kotthimeera ginjalu (seeds) | kottamberi | Dhanya دهنيا | Kanpir / Kothombar |
| मिर्च Mirch | Chili pepper-Green | Capsicum annuum | কেঁচা জলকীয়া Kesa Zôlôkia | কাঁচা লঙ্কা/কাঁচা মরিচ Kãcha Lôngka/ Kãcha Morich | લીલા મરચા Lilā Marchā | ಹಸಿ ಮೆಣಸಿನಕಾಯಿ Hasi Menasinakayi | പച്ചമുളക് Pacha Mulaku | मिरची Mirchi | କଞ୍ଚା ଲଙ୍କା Kancha Lanka | Mirach | අමු මිරිස් Miris | பச்சை மிளகாய் | పచ్చి మిరపకాయ (Pachchi Mirapakaya) | Kai Munchi | مرچي mirchi | Mirsang |
| लाल मिर्च Lal Mirch on ripening the chili pepper becomes red | Chili pepper-Red | Capsicum annuum | ৰঙা জলকীয়া Rônga Zôlôkia | শুকনো লঙ্কা/ লাল লঙ্কা/ শুকনা মরিচ/ লাল মরিচ Shukno Lôngka/ Lal Lôngka/ Shukna Morich/ Lal Morich | લાલ મરચુ Lāl Marchu | ಒಣ ಮೆಣಸಿನಕಾಯಿ Ona Menasinakayi | വറ്റല്മുളക്, ചുവന്നമുളക് Vattal Mulaku/ Chuvana Mulaku | लाल मिरची Lāl Mirchi | ଶୁଖିଲା ଲଙ୍କା Sukhila Lanka | Laal Mirach | රතු මිරිස් Miris | காய்ந்த மிளகாய் | ఎఱ్ఱ/ఎ౦డు మిరపకాయ (Erra/Endu Mirapakaya)(sun-dried) పండుమిరపకాయ (Pandu mirapakaya) | Kemp Munchi | سرخ مرچ surkh mirch | Tambdi Mirsang |
| हींग Hing | Asafoetida | Ferula assafoetida | হিং Hing | হিং Hing | હિંગ Hing | ಇಂಗು Ingu | കായം Kaayam | हिंग Hinga | ହେଙ୍ଗୁ Hengu | Hing | පෙරුම්කායම් Perungkayang | பெருங்காயம் | ఇంగువ (Inguva) | Hing هينگ | Hing | |
| जीरा Jeera | Cumin | Cuminum cyminum | জীৰা Zira | জিরে/জিরা Jire/ Jira | જીરૂ Jiru | ಜೀರಿಗೆ (Jeerige) | ജീരകം Jeerakam | जिरं/जिरे Jire | ଜୀରା Jeera | Jeera | සූදුරු Suduru | நெற்சீரகம் (சீரகம்) | జీల కఱ్ఱ (Jeela Karra) | زيرا zeera | Jiren | |
| सौंफ Saunf | Fennel seed | Foeniculum vulgare | মৌরি Mauri | ಸೋಂಪು ಕಾಳು (Sompu Kaalu) | बडीशेप/बडीशोप Baḍishep/Baḍishop | ପାନ ମଧୁରୀ Pana Madhuri | Saunf | මාදුරු Maduru | சோம்பு | సోఁపు గింజలు (Sopu ginjalu) | Badisoap | |||||
| कढ़ी पत्ता Kadi patta | Curry leaf | Murraya koenigii | নৰসিংহ পাত Nôrôxinghô Pat | কারি পাতা Kari Pata | મીઠો લીમડો Miṭho Limḍo | ಕರಿಬೇವಿನ ಸೊಪ್ಪುKaribevina Soppu | കറിവേപ്പില Karivepila/ Kariyapela | कढीपत्ता/कढीलिंब Kaḍhipattā/Kaḍhilimba | ଭୃଷୁଙ୍ଗା ପତ୍ର Bhrusunga Patra | Kadipatta | කරපිංචා Karapincha | கறிவேப்பிலை | కరివేపాకు (Karivepaaku) | Besoppu | كرهى پته karhi patta | Beva Palo / Phanne Palo |
| काली मिर्च Kali Mirch | Black pepper | Piper nigrum | জালুক/গোল মৰিচ Zaluk/ Gůl Moris | গোল মরিচ Gol Morich | મરી Mari | ಕಾಳು ಮೆಣಸುKalu Menasu | കുരുമുളക് Kuru Mulaku | मिरी/काळे मिरे Miri/Kāḷe Mire | ଗୋଲ ମରିଚ Gol Maricha | Kaali Mirch | ගම්මිරිස් Gammiris | கருமிளகு (மிளகு) | మిరియము/ మిరియాలు Miriyam/ Miriyaalu (plural)) | Yeday Munchi | سياه مرچ siyah mirch | Kale Mirye Kanh (काळे मिर्ये कण) |
| कबाब चीनी | Java pepper | Piper cubeba | Balamenasu / Maramenasu | Val Mulaku / Cavika / Cinimulaku | Mothi/Pimpli | ସୁଗନ୍ଧ ମରିଚ Sugandha maricha | ජාවා ගම්මිරිස් Java Gammiris | வால்மிளகு | తోఁక మిరియాలు (Tokamiriyaalu) / చలువ మిరియాలు చలవ మిరియాలు (Chaluvamiriyaalu Chalavamiriyaalu) | Kababchini (Kankol) / Sitalchini | ||||||
| लौंग Laung | Clove | Syzygium aromaticum | লং Lông | লবঙ্গ/লং Lôbonggo / Lông | લવિંગ Laving | ಲವಂಗ Lavanga | കരയാമ്പൂ Kariampoo/ Karamboo | लवंग Lavang | ଲଵଙ୍ଗ Lavanga | Laung | කරාබු නැටි Karabu neti | கிராம்பு / இலவங்கம் | లవంగం (Lavangam) | Lavanga | لونگ long | लवंग Lavang |
| मेथी Methi | Fenugreek seeds | Trigonella foenum-graecum | মেথি/মিথি Methi/Mithi | মেথি Methi | મેથી Methi | ಮೆಂತ್ಯ (Menthya) | ഉലുവ(Uluva) | मेथ्या Methyā | ମେଥି Methi | Methu | උළුහාල් Ulu haal | வெந்தயம் | మెంతులు (Menthulu) | Metthey | ميتهى methi | Methi |
| प्याज Pyaaj | Onion/Shallot | Allium cepa | পিয়াঁজ Piyãz | পেঁয়াজ/পিঁয়াজ Pẽaj/ Pĩaj | ડુંગળી/ કાંદા Ḍungḷi/ Kāndā | ಈರುಳ್ಳಿ, ಉಳ್ಳಾಗಡ್ಡಿ(Eerulli, Ullagaddi) | സവാള(Savola/ Valiya Ulli) | कांदा Kāndā | ପିଆଜ Piyaja | Pyaaj/ GaThaa/ Ganhdaa | ලූණු Luunu | வெங்காயம் | ఉల్లిపాయ /ఎఱ్ఱగడ్డ(Ullipaaya /Erragadda) | Nirulli | پياز pyaaz | Piyav / कांदो Kando |
| लहसुन Lehsun | Garlic | Allium sativum | নহৰু/ৰচুন Nôhôru/ Rosun | রসুন Roshun | લસણ Lasaṇ | ಬೆಳ್ಳುಳ್ಳಿ (BeLLuLLi) | വെളുത്തുള്ളി (VeLuthuLLi/ Vellulli) | लसूण Lasuṇ | ରସୁଣ Rasuna | Lasan | සුදු ළුණු Sudu Luunu | வெள்ளை பூண்டு | వెల్లుల్లి (Vellulli/ Chinna Ullipaya) | Bollulli | لهسن Lehsan | लोसण Losun |
| सरसों Sarson | Mustard seed | Brassica | সর্ষে Sorshe | ಸಾಸಿವೆ (Sasive) | मोहरी Mohari | ସୋରିଷ ମଞ୍ଜି Sorisa Manji | Sarson | අබ Aba | கடுகு | ఆవ గింజ | सासम Sasam | |||||
| जायफल Jaiphal | Nutmeg | Myristica | জায়ফল Jāyphol | ಜಾಯಿಕಾಯಿ (Jaayikayi) | जायफळ Jāyphaḷ | ଜାଇଫଳ Jaiphala | Jaiphal | සාදික්කා Sadikka | ஜாதிக்காய் | జాజికాయ | जायफळ Jayphal | |||||
| जावित्री Javitri, Jayitri | Mace | Myristica | জৈত্রী Joitri | जायपत्री Jāypatri | ଜାଇତ୍ରି Jaitri | වසාවාසි Vasaavasi | జాజీ కాయ పై తొక్క పొట్టు లేదా పెంకు or జాపత్రి(jaapatri) | |||||||||
| चक्रफूल Chakraphool | Star anise | Illicium verum | બાદિયા | ಚಕ್ರ ಮೊಗ್ಗು (Chakramoggu) | Takkolam | चक्रफूल Chakraphul | Anasphul | அன்னாசி பூ | అనాస పువ్వు (Anaasa puvvu) | Badyani | ||||||
| पत्थर फूल Patthar phool, Dagadphool | Black stone flower | Parmotrema perlatum | ಕಲ್ಲುಹೂವು (Kallu hoovu) | दगडफूल Dagaḍphul | அன்னாசி பூ | బండపువ్వు (Banda puvvu) రాతిపువ్వు (Raati puvvu) | ||||||||||
| Gamboge | Garcinia gummi-gutta | Kudam puli | जुंबोगे Jumboge | ගොරකා Goraka | ||||||||||||
| Hindi | English | Botanical name | Assamese | Bengali | Gujarati | Kannada | Malayalam | Marathi | Oriya | Punjabi | Sinhala | Tamil | Telugu | Tulu | Urdu | Konkani |
| Hindi | English | Botanical name | Assamese | Bengali | Gujarati | Kannada | Malayalam | Marathi | Oriya | Punjabi | Sinhala | Tamil | Telugu | Tulu | Urdu | Konkani |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chow-chow, Cho-cho | Chayote | Sechium edule | ಸೀಮೆ ಬದನೇಕಾಯಿ (Seemay Badanekayi) | චවු චවු Chow chow | Chow chow/ பெங்களூர் கத்தரிக்காய் | సీమ/బె౦గుళూరు వ౦కాయ Seema/ Bengaluru vankaaya | विलायती वायंगे Vilayati Vayange | |||||||||
| Gilka/ Gilki | Silk squash/ Egyptian Luffa | Luffa egyptiaca | Galka/ Gisodi | (nati hirekayi)ನಾಟಿ ಹೀರೇಕಾಯಿ | गिलके/घोसाळे Gilke/Ghosāḷe | ଜହ୍ନି Janhi | nei peerkankai | నేతి బీరకాయ (Naethi Beerakaya) | Peere | گهو سا لا/ترئ | घोसाळे Ghosāḷen | |||||
| कद्दू Kaddu/ कोंहड़ा Konhada | Pumpkin | Cucurbita pepo | ৰঙা লাউ Rônga Lau | Kumṛo/ Kumṛa কুমড়ো/কুমড়া | Kolu | ಸೀಕುಂಬಳ ಕಾಯಿ (Sihi/See Kumbala Kayi) | മത്തങ്ങാ (Maththanga) | लाल भोपळा Lāl Bhopḷā | କଖାରୁ, ବୋଇତି କଖାରୁ Kakharu / Boiti Kakharu | Halwa Kaddu | වට්ටක්කා Wattakka | Parangikai (yellow) | గుమ్మడి కాయ (Gummadi Kaya) | Kaachi kumbuda | كالا كدؤ | कुंवाळो Kunvalo |
| करेला Karela | Bitter gourd | Momordica charantia | তিতা কেৰেলা Tita kêrêla | করলা/উচ্ছে Kôrola/ Uch-chhe | Kaarela | ಹಾಗಲ ಕಾಯಿ (Hagala Kayi) | പാവയ്ക (Kaipakka/ Paavakka) | कारले Kārle | କଲରା (Kalara) | Karela | කරවිල Karawila | பாகற்காய் Pavai kai/ Paahar kai | కాకర కాయ (Kakara Kaya) | Kanchala | كريلا | काराते Karethen |
| Kheksa Kakrol | Teasle gourd | Momordica subangulata | Kankoda | Modhagalkai | କାଙ୍କଡ଼ Kankada | තුඹ කරවිල Thumba Karawila | melugu paakal / palu paakal / athalakkai | అడవి కాకరకాయ adavikaakara / aakaakarakaaya | ||||||||
| खीरा Kheera | Cucumber | Cucumis sp. | তিয়ঁহ Tiyôh | শশা Shôsha | Kaakdi | ಸೌತೇಕಾಯಿ (Savthekayi) | വെള്ളരിക്ക Vellarikka | काकडी/तवसे Kākḍi/Tavase | କାକୁଡ଼ି (Kakudi) | Kheera | පිපිඥ්ඥා Pipigngna | வெள்ளரி Keerai Kai/Vellari kai | దోసకాయ dosakaya | Tekkarè; Touté (yellow cucumber) | Kheera ككرى / كهيرا | तवशें Thovshen |
| ककडी Kakadi | Armenian cucumber | Cucumis sativus | ଛଚିନ୍ଦ୍ରା Chhachindra | Kakdi | ඇමෙරිකන් පතෝල American Pathola | a kind of long-vellarikai | a kind of long-keerakai | |||||||||
| लौकी Lauki/ लौव्वा Lauaa/ दुधी Dudhi/ घिया Ghiya | Bottle Gourd/ Calabash | Lagenaria vulgaris | লাউ Lau | লাউ Lau | Dudhi | ಸೋರೆ ಕಾಯಿ (Sore Kayi/ Churakkai) | ചുരയ്ക (Churaykka) | दुधी भोपळा Dudhi Bhopḷā | ଲାଉ/ନାଉ (Lāu/Nāu) | Louki / Ghiya | දිය ලබු Dhiya labu | சுரைக்காய் Surai kai | సొరకాయ/ఆనపకాయ Sorakaaya/ Anapakaya | Turè | سفيد كدو | दुधे Dudhe |
| नेनुआ Nenua | Sponge gourd | ধুঁধুল Dhudul | ತುಪ್ಪಿರೆ ಕಾಯಿ (Tuppire kayi) | වැටකොලු Wetakolu | నేతి బీరకాయ (Neti Beerakaya) | كوسه / KOUSA | ||||||||||
| तोरई Torai/ तुरई Turai/ तोरी Tori | Ridge gourd/ Chinese Okra / Ridged Luffa | Luffa acutangula | ভোল Bhůl | ঝিঙে/ঝিঙা Jhinge/ Jhinga | Turiya / Ghisoda | ಹೀರೆ ಕಾಯಿ (Heeray Kayi) | Peechchinga | दोडका/शिराळे Doḍkā/Shirāḷe | ଜହ୍ନି (Janhi) | Tori | දාර වැටකොලු Wetakolu | பீர்க்கங்காய் Peerkan kai | బీరకాయ (Beera kaaya) | pīrè | TURAI/ترئ | Gosalen |
| चिचिंढा Chichindha/ चिचिंगा Chichinga/ पडवल Padwal | Snake Gourd | Trichosanthes cucumerina | ধুন্দুলি Dhunduli | চিচিঙে/চিচিঙা Chichinge/ Chichinga | Pandola/ Padavali | ಪಡವಲ ಕಾಯಿ (Padavala Kayi) | പടവലങ്ങ Padavalanga | पडवळ Paḍvaḷ | ଛଚିନ୍ଦ୍ରା Chachindra | Galartori | පතෝල Pathola | புடலங்காய் Padavalangai/ Pudalankai | పొట్లకాయ (Potla kaaya / Lingapotla) | Padlanga / patlu kodu | پرول / Parwal | Podvolen |
| परवल Parwal/ परोरा Parora/ पटल Patal | Pointed gourd | Trichosanthes dioica | পটল Pôtôl | পটল Pôṭol | Parval | ಮರ ತೊಂಡೆ (Mara Thonde) | परवर Parwar | ପୋଟଳ (Potala / Kataki Potala) | బుడ౦ దోసకాయ (Budam Dosakaya) | |||||||
| पेठा Petha/ कुम्हड़ा Kumhada/ Raksahawa Komhada | Ash gourd | Benincasa hispida | কোমোৰা Kůmůra | চাল কুমড়ো/চাল কুমড়া Chal Kumṛo/ Chal Kumṛa | Safed Kolu | ಬೂದುಕುಂಬಳ ಕಾಯಿ (Kumbala Kayi / Boodagumbala Kayi) | കുമ്പളങ്ങ Kumbalanga | कोहळा Kohḷā | ପାଣି କଖାରୁ (Pani Kakharu) | පුහුල් Puhul | நீர் பூசணி Neer Poosanikai | బూడిద గుమ్మడి కాయ (Boodidha Gummadi Kaya) | Karkumbuda | petha | ||
| टिंडा Tinda/ दिलपसन्द Dilpasand | Apple gourd/ Indian round gourd | Praecitrullus fistulosus/ Citrullus fistulosus | Tensi | ಆಪಲ್ ಸೋರೆ/ Apal sore | ढेमसे Ḍhemse | Tinda/ Tindo | கோவக்காய் Kovaikkaai | దొండ కాయ (Donda kaayi) | Tinda/دل پسند /dilpasand | |||||||
| कुंदरू Kundru/ कोंडुरी Konduri/ टिंडोरा Tindora/ Bimba | Ivy gourd/ Gentlemen's toes/ Little gourd | Coccinia grandis | কুন্দুলি Kunduli | কুঁদরি Kundri | Tindola / Gilora | ತೊಂಡೆ ಕಾಯಿ (Kaagethonde / Theekkuduru / Tonde Kayi) | കോവയ്ക Kovakkai / Koval | तोंडली Tonḍli | କୁନ୍ଦୁରି (Kunduri) | கோவக்காய் Kovai/ Kotturukanni/ Naripputu/ Vimpa | దొ౦డకాయ / కాకి దొండకాయ (Donda kaya/Kaki donda kaaya) | Manoli | tindli | Tendlin | ||
| Hindi | English | Botanical name | Assamese | Bengali | Gujarati | Kannada | Malayalam | Marathi | Oriya | Punjabi | Sinhala | Tamil | Telugu | Tulu | Urdu | Konkani |
| Hindi | English | Botanical name | Assamese | Bengali | Gujarati | Kannada | Malayalam | Marathi | Odia | Punjabi | Sinhala | Tamil | Telugu | Tulu | Urdu | Konkani | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aam ka patta | Mango tender leaf shoots | Mangifera indica | আম পাতা Am Patta | Keri na pan | ಮಾವಿನ ಎಲೆ | മാങ്ങയില (Manga Ila) | आंब्याचे पान (Ambyache Paan) | ଆମ୍ବ ପତ୍ର Amba patra | Amb di patta | අඹ දළු Amba Dalu | மாவிலை | మావిచిగురు ఆకు Maavi Chiguru aaku | kukkuda ire | Ambya palo | |||
| Arbi ka saag | Colocasia leaves | Colocasia esculenta | Mukhi Shak | Arbi na pan | ಸಾವೆ ಸೊಪ್ಪು, ಕೆಸುವಿನ ಸೊಪ್ಪು,ಪತ್ರೊಡೆ ಎಲೆ | ചേമ്പില (Chembinde Ila) | अळू Aḷu | ସାରୁ ପତ୍ର Saru patra | Arbi da saag | හබරළ කොල Habarala Kola | சேப்பங்கிழங்கு இலை | చేమ ఆకు Chaema aaku | Tevuda ire | अळू Alhu / Potrade pana | |||
| Baans ka patta | Bamboo shoot | বাঁশ Bash | vans | ಬಿದುರಿನ ಚಿಗುರು | മുളംകൂമ്പ് mulamkoombu | बांबूचे कोंब (Bambuche Komb) Bambuche komb | ବାଉଁଶ ପତ୍ର Baunsa patra | Una Dalu උන දළු | மூங்கில் குருத்து | వెదురు చిగురు (ఆకు) Veduru Chiguru (aaku) | bedurda chigur | ||||||
| चौराई Chaurai | Green Amaranth | Amaranthus tritis | মৰীচা Morisa | নটে শাক Noṭe Shak | Tandaljo | ದಂಟಿನ ಸೊಪ್ಪು (Dhantina Soppu / Rajgiri) | പച്ച ചീര (Pacha Cheera) | राजगिरा/तांदुळजा Rājgirā/tānduḷjā | ଖଡ଼ାଶାଗ Khada saga | කූර තම්පලා Kuura Thampala | பருப்பு கீரை | తోటకూర Thotakura | Padpè | sabz (green) chaulai saag | Pachvi Bhaji | ||
| Dhaniya patta | Coriander leaves | Coriandrum sativum | ধনেপাতা Dhonepata | dhana | ಕೊತ್ತಂಬರಿ ಸೊಪ್ಪು | മല്ലിയില (Malli ella) | कोथिंबीर kothimbir | ଧନିଆ ପତ୍ର Dhania patra | Thaniya patta | කොත්තමල්ලි කොල Koththamalli Kola | கொத்தமல்லி | కొత్తిమీర ఆకు Kottimeera aaku | Kothmir baji | ||||
| Saragawa patta | Drumstick leaves | Moringa oleifera | সজনে Sojne | saragavo | ನುಗ್ಗೆ ಸೊಪ್ಪು | മുരിങ്ങയില (Muringa Ila) | शेवग्याचा पाला shevgyacha pala | ସଜନାଶାଗ Sajana saga/Munga/Baramasi saga | මුරුංගා කොල Murunga Kola | முருங்கை கீரை | మునగాకు ములగ ఆకు Mulaga aaku Munaga aaku | Nurge thoppu | Moska Palo | ||||
| Imli ka patta | Tamarind tender leaf shoots | Tamarindus indica romanized Tamar Hind | তেঁতুল পাতা Tetul Patta | Khati aamli na pan | ಹುಣಸೆ ಚಿಗುರು | പുളിയില (puliyila) | चिंचेचे पान Chincheche Paan | ତେନ୍ତୁଳି ପତ୍ର Tentuli patra | Imli da patta | සියඹලා දළු Siyambala Dalu | புளிய இலை | చి౦తచిగురు ఆకు Chintha Chiguru aaku | pulitha ire | ||||
| Jute leaves | মৰাপাত শাক Môrapat Xak | পাট শাক Pāṭ Shak | ଝୋଟ Jhota | හණ කොල hana Kola | சணல் இலை | జనప ఆకు janapa aaku | |||||||||||
| खट्टी पालक Khatti paalak | Green Sorrel | Rumex vesicarius | Pāt Shak | ಚುಕ್ಕೆ ಸೊಪ್ಪು | आंबट चुका Aambaṭ Chukka | chukkan keerai | చుక్క కూర Chukka Koora | ||||||||||
| लाल चौराई Lal chaurai | Red amaranth | Amaranthus cruentus | ৰঙা মৰীচা Rônga Morisa | লাল শাক Lal Shak | ಕೆಂಪು ದಂಟಿನ ಸೊಪ್ಪು | ചുവപ്പ് ചീര (chuvana Cheera) | लाल माठ Lāl Māṭh | ନାଲି ଖଡ଼ାଶାଗ Nali khada | රතු තම්පලා Rathu Thampala | poonkeerai/சிவப்பு முளைக்கீரை | కొయ్య తోటకూర Koyya Totakura | Padpe | surkh chaulai saag | Tambdi Baji | |||
| लूनिया Lunia | Purslane | Portulaca oleracea | নূনিযা সাক Nuniya shak | ಗೋಳಿ ಸೊಪ್ಪು | കൊലുപ്പ (Koluppa) | घोळ Ghoḷ | பருப்புக்கீரை | పాయల కూర Gangapaayala / Peddapaayala/ Peddapaavila kura/ pappu kura | |||||||||
| मेष्टा Meshta, Pitwaa | Indian roselle/ Kenaf | Hibiscus cannabinus, Hibiscus Sabdariffa | চুকা শাক/ টেঙ্গামৰা Suka Xak/ Tênggamôra | চুকা পালং শাক Chuka Palong Shak, Meshtapat | ಪುಂಡಿ ಪಲ್ಲೆ | മതിപുളി (Mathipuli) | अंबाडी Ambāḍi | ଖତଶାଗ Khata saga | Kanuria, Nalita saga | புளி கீரை | గోంగూర (Gongoora) /Punti Koora (పుంటికూర) | ||||||
| मेथी Methi | Fenugreek | Trigonella Foenum | মেথি শাক Methi Xak | মেথি শাক Methi Shak | મેથી ની ભાજી Methi ni Bhaji | ಮೆಂತ್ಯ ಸೊಪ್ಪು (Menthya Soppu) | ഉലുവചീര (Uluva Cheera, Menthya) | मेथी Methi | ମେଥିଶାଗ Methi saga | Methi | උළුහාල් කොල Uluhal Kola | வெந்தய கீரை | మె౦తికూర Menthi koora | Mettè | ميتهي / methi | Methi | |
| Mooli ka patta | Radish leaves | Raphanus sativus | মূলো শাক Mulo Shak | Mulo Shak | ಮೂಲಂಗಿ ಸೊಪ್ಪು | मुळ्याचा पाला Muḷyāchā pālā | ମୂଳାଶାଗ Mula saga | රාබු කොල Rabu Kola | முள்ளங்கி கீரை | ముల్ల౦గి ఆకు Mullangi aaku | |||||||
| पालक Paalak | Spinach | Spinacia oleracea | পালেং শাক Paleng Xak | পালং শাক Palong Shak | પાલક Pālak | ಪಾಲಕ್ ಸೊಪ್ಪು (Palak Soppu) | ചീര(Cheera) | पालक Pālak | ପାଳଙ୍ଗଶାଗ Palanga saga | Paalak | නිවිති Niwithi (Ceylon Spinach) | பசலை கீரை | పాలకూర Paala Koora | پالك ساگ / palak saag | |||
| पत्ता गोभी Patta gobhi/ पात गोभी Paat Gobhi/ बंद गोभी Band Gobhi | Cabbage | Brassica oleracea Linne capita | বন্ধাকবি Bôndakobi | বাঁধাকপি Bãdhakopi | કોબીજ Kobij | ಎಲೆ ಕೋಸು (Ele kOsu) | कोबी Kobi | ବନ୍ଧାକୋବି Bandhakobi | Patta gobhi / band gobhi | ගෝවා Gova | முட்டை கோஸ் | కోసుకూర Kosu/Cabbage | گوبهي / gobhi | ||||
| Poi saag | Malabar spinach, phooi leaf, red vine spinach, creeping spinach, climbing spinach | Basella alba var rubra | পুঁই শাক Pűi Xak | পুঁই শাক Pũi Shak | – | ಬಸಳೆ ಸೊಪ್ಪು / ಬಚ್ಚಲ ಸೊಪ್ಪು (Basale soppu / Bachchala Soppu) | – | मायाळू Māyāḷu (Marathi) | ପୋଇଶାଗ Poi saga | – | වැල් නිවිති Vel Nivithi | கொடிப்பசலை | బచ్చలి కూర Bachhali | Basalè | VaLchi Baji | ||
| Pudina patta | Mint leaves | Mentha spicata | Podina | phudino | ಪುದಿನ ಸೊಪ್ಪು | പുതീന | पुदीना Pudinā | ପୋଦିନା Podina | මිංචි කොල Minchi Kola | புதினா | పుదీనా ఆకు Pudina aaku | ||||||
| Sarson ka saag | Mustard leaves | Brassica campestris | সর্ষে শাক | ಸಾಸಿವೆ ಸೊಪ್ಪು | കടുകില | मोहरीचा पाला Moharichā pālā | ସୋରିଷଶାଗ Sorisa saga | අබ කොල Aba Kola | கடுகு கீரை | ఆవ ఆకు Aava aaku | |||||||
| Suwa | Dill | Anethum graveolens | শুল্ফা Xulpha | – | સુવા/સવા Suvā/Savā | ಸಬ್ಬಸಿಗೆ ಸೊಪ್ಪು (Sabsige Soppu / Sabbasige Soppu) | – | शेपू Shepoo | ପାନମହୁରି/ପାନମଧୁରି Panamahuri/Panamadhuri | – | සූදුරු කොල Suduru Kola | சதகுப்பை Sathakuppai | సోయికూర (Soyi Koora) | ||||
| Sessile joyweed | Alternanthera sessilis | – | – | – | ಹೊನಗೊನೆ | – | कोयपा (Koypa) | – | – | – | -பொன்னாங்கண்ணி கீரை | పొన్నఁగంటి కూర Ponnaganti koora | |||||
| - | हरा प्याज़ | Onion stalks, green/spring onion | Allium cepa | कांद्याची पात Kāndyāchi Pāt | ପିଆଜ ସାଇଁ Piaja sain | ළුණු කොල Luunu Kola | ఉల్లి కాడ(లు) Ulli kaada(lu) ఉల్లి పొరక(లు) Ulli Poraka(lu) | ||||||||||
| -कुसुम | Safflower leaves | Carthamus tinctorius | Karḍai करडई | କୁସୁମ Kusuma | Kusuma akulu కుసుమ ఆకులు | ||||||||||||
| - | Argula | Eruca sativa | ಹಕ್ಕರಿಕೆ | – | |||||||||||||
| Catnip | Amaranthus Viridis | കുപ്പച്ചീര Kuppacheera | කුප්පමේනිය Kuppamenia | Doggali Koora దొగ్గలి కూర Chilaka Totakura చిలక తోటకూర | |||||||||||||
| Hindi | English | Botanical name | Assamese | Bengali | Gujarati | Kannada | Malayalam | Marathi | Odia | Punjabi | Sinhala | Tamil | Telugu | Tulu | Urdu | Konkani |
| Hindi | English | Botanical name | Assamese | Bengali | Gujarati | Kannada | Malayalam | Marathi | Oriya | Punjabi | Sinhala | Tamil | Telugu | Tulu | Urdu | Konkani |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| आलू Aaloo | Potato | Solanum tuberosum | আলু Alu | আলু Alu | બટાટા/ બટાકા Baṭāṭā/ Baṭākā | ಆಲೂಗಡ್ಡೆ (Aloogadde) | ഉരുളക്കിഴങ്ങ് (Urlakizhangu) | बटाटा Baṭāṭā | ଆଳୁ Aalu | Aloo | අර්තාපල් Arthapal (අල Ala) | உருளை கிழங்கு (Urulai Kizhangu) | Urlagadda(Rayalaseema Dialect), Aalugadda(Telangana Dialect), Bangaalaadumpa(Kalinga Dialect) ఉర్లగడ్డ, ఆలుగడ్డ, బంగాళాదుంప | Batatè | Aaloo / آلو | Botate |
| अरबी Arabi/ अरुई Arui/ Ghuiyan | Taro/ Colocasia | Colocasia esculenta | কচু Kosu | কচু Köchü | અળવી/ પત્તરવેલીયા Aḷvi/ Pattarveliyā | ಕೆಸುವಿನ ಗಡ್ಡೆ (Kesuvinagadde) | ചേമ്പ്(Chembu) | अळकूडी/अरवी alkudee/aravi | ସାରୁ Saru | Arbi | හබරළ Habarala | சேப்பங்கிழங்கு (Seppan Kizhangu) | Chaama Gadda/Dumpa చామగడ్డ, చామ దుంప | tevuda kande | أروي / arvee | Pothrade |
| गाजर Gaajar | Carrot | Daucus carota sativus | গাজৰ Gazôr | গাজর Gajor | ગાજર Gājar | ಗಜ್ಜರಿ (Gajjari) | കാരറ്റ് (Sheema Mullangi/ Carrot) | गाजर Gājar | ଗାଜର Gajara | Gaajar | කැරට් Karat | கேரட் (Carrot)/mangal mullangi | Carrot, Carettu gadda/ gajara gadda, Gajjara gadda, erra mullangi క్యారెట్, గాజరగడ్డ, ఎర్రముల్లంగి | گاجر / gaajar | ||
| गांठ गोभी Gaanth gobhi | Kohlrabi/ German Turnip | Brassica oleracea Gongylodes Group | ওলকবি Ůlkobi | ওলকপি Olkopi | ನವಿಲು ಕೋಸು (Navilu Kosu) | നൂല്കോല് (Noolkol/ Nookkal) | नवलकोल Naval Kol | ଓଲ୍ କୋବି Olkobi | Gath Gobi | නෝකෝල් Nokohl (කෝල්කෝල් KnolKhol) | நூல் கோல் (Noolkol/ Nookkal) | Noolkol | shaljam / شلجم | |||
| सूरन Sooran/ जिमीकंद Jimikand/ रतालू Rataloo | Elephant foot yam | Amorphophallus paeoniifolius | কাঠ আলু Kath Alu | খাম আলু Kham Alu | સૂરણ Suraṇ | ಸುವರ್ಣ ಗಡ್ಡೆ (Suvarna Gadde) | ചേന(Chena) | सुरण Suran | ଦେଶୀ ଆଳୁ/ମାଟି ଆଳୁ Desi Aalu / Mati Aalu | Jimikand | රාජ අල Raja Ala | சேனை கிழங்கு (Senai Kizhanghu) | Kanda Gadda కంద గడ్డ | sooran Kande | زمين قند / zameen qand | surn |
| मूली Mooli/ मुरई Murai | Radish | Raphanus sativus | মূলা Mula | মুলো/মুলা Mulo/ Mula | મૂળો Muḷo | ಮೂಲಂಗಿ (Moolangi) | മുള്ളന്ഗി (Mullangki) | मुळा Muḷā | ମୂଳା Mula | Mooli | රාබු Rabu | முள்ளங்கி Mullangi | Mullangi ముల్లంగి | Mulengi | مولي / mooly | Mulo |
| साबू Sabu | Tapioca/ Cassava | Manihot esculenta | চাগু Sagu | সাগু Shagu | ಮರಗೆಣಸು (Maragenasu) | കപ്പ, പൂള, മരച്ചീനി, ചീനി(Kappa/ Poola/ Maracheeni/ Cheeni) | शेवरकंद Shevarkand | ଶାଗୁ Shagu | මයියොක්කා Mayiyokka | மரவள்ளி கிழங்கு Maravallikezangu/ Kuchikezangu | Karra Pendalam కఱ్ఱ పెండలం | mara gireng | ساگودا نه / sagudana | Rooka Kangi | ||
| शकरकंद Shakarkand/ Kanna | Sweet potato | Ipomoca batata | মিঠা আলু Mitha Alu | মিষ্টি আলু/ মিঠা আলু/ রাঙা আলু Mishṭi Alu/ Miṭha Alu/ Ranga Alu | શક્કરીયા Shakkariyā | ಗೆಣಸು (Genasu) | മധുരക്കിഴങ്ങ് (Madhurakkizhangu) | रताळे Ratāḷe | କନ୍ଦମୂଳ Kandamula | Shakkar Kandi | බතල Bathala | சர்க்கரைவள்ளி கிழங்கு Sarkaraivalli Kizhangu | Chilakadadumpa, Genusugadda చిలగడదుంప, గెనుసుగడ్డ | Kereng | شكر قند / shakar qand | Kangi |
| चुकंदर Chukandar | Beetroot | Beta vulgaris | বিট Bit | বিট Biṭ | bit | ಬೀಟ್ರೂಟ್ (Beetroot) | ബീട്രൂറ്റ് | बीट beet | ବିଟ୍ Beet | Chukender | රතු අල Rathu Ala (බීට් රූට් Beet Ruut) | பீட் ரூட் (beet root)/senkizhangu | Beet Root, Beetu Gajjara Gadda, Beetu Dumpa బీటుదుంప | چقندر / chuqandar | Bitroot | |
| शलजम Shalzam/ शलगम Shalgam | Turnip | Brassica rapa rapa | চালগোম Salgům | শালগম Shalgom | ನವಿಲ್ ಕೋಸು (Navil Kosu) | सलगम Salgam | ଶାଲଗମ୍ Shalgam | Shalgam/ salgam/ saljam | நூல் கோல் Knolkol | Tella Dumpa తెల్ల దుంప | شلجم / shaljam | knolkol | ||||
| मिश्रीकंद Mishrikand | Jícama/Yam bean | Pachyrhizus erosus | শাঁখ আলু Sankhalu | कोनफळ/गोराडू konphaḷ/gorāḍu | ଶଙ୍ଖ ସାରୁ Shankha Saru | |||||||||||
| Hindi | English | Botanical name | Assamese | Bengali | Gujarati | Kannada | Malayalam | Marathi | Oriya | Punjabi | Sinhala | Tamil | Telugu | Tulu | Urdu | Konkani |
| Hindi | English | Botanical name | Assamese | Bengali | Gujarati | Kannada | Malayalam | Marathi | Oriya | Punjabi | Sinhala | Tamil | Telugu | Tulu | Urdu | Konkani |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| बैंगन Baingan/ भाँटा Bhanta | Eggplant/ Aubergine/ Brinjal | Solanum melongena | বেঙেনা Bêngêna | বেগুন Begun | Ringan | ಬದನೇಕಾಯಿ (BadanekAyi) | വഴുതനങ്ങ (Vazhuthananga) | वांगी Vāngi | ବାଇଗଣ Baigana | Baingan/ Bataaoon | වම්බොටු Wambotu | கத்தரிக்காய் (Kathari kai) | వంకాయ (Vankaya) | Badanè / Gulla | بيگن؛ / baigan | Vaingen |
| भिंडी Bhindi | Okra/ Lady's finger | Abelmoschus esculentus | ভেন্দি Bhendi | ঢেঁড়স Dhêṛosh | Bhinda | ಬೆಂಡೆ ಕಾಯಿ (Bende Kayi) | വെണ്ടയ്ക (Vendakka) | भेंडी Bhenḍi | ଭେଣ୍ଡି Bhendi | Bhindi | බණ්ඩක්කා Bandakka | வெண்டைக்காய் (Vendai Kaai) | Benda Kaya బెండకాయ | Bendè | بهندى؛ / bhindi | Bende |
| फूलगोभी PhoolGobhi/ गोभी Gobhi | Cauliflower | Brassica oleracea | ফুলকবি Phulkobi | ফুলকপি Phulkopi | Fulevar | ಹೂ ಕೋಸು (Hoo Kosu) | കോളിഫ്ലോവേര് (Cauliflower) | फ्लॉवर्/फुलकोबी Flower/Phoolkobi | ଫୁଲ କୋବି Phula Kobi | Phull Gobi | මල් ගෝවා Mal Gova | காலி ப்லோவர் Cauliflower | కోసు పువ్వు, క్యాలీఫ్లవర్, గోబి పువ్వు kosu puvvu / cauliflower / gobi puvvu | گوبهي كا پهول / gobhi ka phool | ||
| सहजन Sahjan | Drumstick | Moringa oleifera | চজিনা Sozina | শজিনা ডাঁটা/ শজনে ডাঁটা Shojina Ḍãṭa/ Shojne Ḍãṭa | Saragwaani shing | ನುಗ್ಗೇ ಕಾಯಿ (Nugge Kaayi) | മുരിങ്ങയ്ക (Muringakka) | शेवग्याच्या शेंगा Shevgyāchyā Shengā | ସଜନା/ସଜନା ଛୁଇଁ Sajana/ Sajana Chuin | මුරුංගා Murunga | முருங்கை Murungai | MunagaKaya/mulakkaada/munakkaya (మునగకాయ, ములక్కాడ,మునక్కాయ) | Noorggaee | سيجن پهلى / seejan phalli | Mooska Sung | |
| शिमला मिर्च Shimla mirch | Capsicum/ Bell pepper | Capsicum annuum | ক্যাপচিকাম Kêpsikam | ক্যাপসিকাম Kêpsikam | Gholar Marcha / Bhombha Marcha / Simla Marcha | ದೊಣ್ಣೆ ಮೆಣಸಿನ ಕಾಯಿ (Donne Menasina kAyi) | കാപ്സികം (Capsicum) | ढोबळी मिरची Ḍhobaḷi Mirchi | ଶିମ୍ଲା ଲଙ୍କା Shimla Lanka | Simla Mirch | මාලු මිරිස් Malu Miris | குடை மிளகாய் Kudai Milagai | Bunga/Butta Mirapa kaaya, bengaluru mirapa, bengaluru mirchi, Simla mirchi బుంగ/బుట్ట మిరపకాయ, బెంగళూరు మిరప, బెంగళూరు మిర్చి, సిమ్లా మిర్చి | شمله مرچ / shimla mirch | ||
| टमाटर Tamaatar | Tomato | Solanum lycopersicum | বিলাহী Bilahi | টমেটো Ṭômeṭo | Taameta | ಗೂದಿ ಹಣ್ಣು (goodi hannu) | തക്കാളി (Thakkaalli) | टोमॅटो Tomato | ବିଲାତି ବାଇଗଣ Bilati Baigana | Tamatar | තක්කාලි Thakkali | தக்காளி Thakkaali | (Rayalaseema Dialect) Raamamulaga pandu, takkaali రామ్ములగపండు, తక్కాళీ, తక్కాళకాయ (Telangana Dialect) tamaata టమాట (Kalinga Dialect) pullavankaaya, పుల్లవంకాయ | tamatar | tomato | |
| कटहल Katahal | Jackfruit | Artocarpus heterophyllus | কঁঠাল Kôthal | ইঁচর (young)/ কাঁঠাল (mature) Ichor/ Kãṭhal | Fanas | ಹಲಸಿನ ಕಾಯಿ (Halasina Kayi) | ചക്ക(Chakka) | फणस Faṇas | ପଣସ Panasa | කොස් Kos | பலாக்காய்/ பலாப்பழம் Palakkai | Panasa Kaya పనస కాయ | Pelakai / Guǰǰè | ڭتهل / kathal | Ponos | |
| Hindi | English | Botanical name | Assamese | Bengali | Gujarati | Kannada | Malayalam | Marathi | Oriya | Punjabi | Sinhala | Tamil | Telugu | Tulu | Urdu | Konkani |
| Hindi | English | Botanical name | Assamese | Bengali | Gujarati | Kannada | Malayalam | Marathi | Oriya | Punjabi | Sinhala | Tamil | Telugu | Tulu | Urdu | Konkani |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| बादाम Badaam | Almond | বাদাম Badam | বাদাম Badam | Badam | ಬಾದಾಮಿ (Badami) | ബദാം പരിപ്പ് (Badam Parippu) | बदाम Badām | ପେସ୍ତା ବାଦାମ Pesta Badam | பாதாம் பருப்பு | Badam Pappu బాదం పప్పు | Bādam | بادام / baadaam | Badam | |||
| काजू Kaju | Cashew | Anacardium occidentale | কাজু বাদাম Kazu Badam | কাজু বাদাম Kaju Badam | Kaju | ಗೋಡಂಬಿ (Godambi) | കശുവണ്ടി പരിപ്പ്,കപ്പലണ്ടി പരിപ്പ് (Kashu Andiparippu, Kappalandy Parippu ) | काजू Kāju | କାଜୁ ବାଦାମ/ଲଙ୍କା ଆମ୍ବ Kaju Badam/ Lanka Amba | කජු Kaju | முந்திரி பருப்பு (mundiri) | Jeedipappu(జీడిపప్పు) /Kaaju(కాజు) | Beeja / Korantu | كاجو / kaaju | Kaju | |
| बादाम Badaam | Indian almond | Terminalia catappa | শিলিখা Xilikha | কাঠ বাদাম Kaṭh Badam | Badam | ബദാം | Badaam | କାଠ ବାଦାମ Katha Badam | Prunus amygdales | කොට්ටම්බා Kottamba | Baadam | بادام / baadaam | Badam | |||
| मूँगफली Moongphali/ चिनिया बादाम Chiniya Badaam | Peanut/ Groundnut | Arachis hypogea | বাদাম Badam | চীনা বাদাম China Badam | Magfali / Shing | ಕಡಲೆ ಕಾಯಿ / ಶೇಂಗಾ ಬೀಜ / ನೆಲಗಡಲೆ (Kadale Kaayi / Shenga Beeja / Nelagadale) | നിലക്കടല ( Nila Kadala) | शेंगदाणा Shengdāṇā | ଚିନା ବାଦାମ China Badam | රට කජු Rata Kaju | வேர்க்கடலை / மணிலா பயறு Kadalai / kachaan kadalai | Verusenagakaya(వేరుశనగకాయ), Palli(పల్లీ) | Nelakadale | مونگ پهلي / moong phalli | Bhuny Tsane | |
| पिस्ता Pista | Pistachio | পিস্তা/পেস্তা Pista/ Pesta | Pista | Pista | पिस्ता Pistā | ପିସ୍ତା Pista | පිස්ටා ඇට Pista Ata | Pista Pappu | پسته / pista | |||||||
| अखरोट Akharot | Walnut | আখ্ৰোট Akhrůt | আখরোট Akhroṭ | Akharot | अक्रोड Akroḍ | ଅଖରୋଟ୍ Akharot | Wallnut | Akrootukaya అక్రోటుకాయ | أخروت / Akhhroot | |||||||
| सुपारी Supārī | Areca nut | Areca catechu | তামোল/ গুৱা Tamůl/ Guwa | সুপারি Shupari | Sopari | ಅಡಿಕೆ (Adike) | അടയ്ക്ക (Adakka) | सुपारी Supāri | ଗୁଆ Guaa | පුවක් Puvak | பாக்கு (paakku) | Vakka వక్క | bajjai | سپاري / supaari | PopoL | |
| Hindi | English | Botanical name | Assamese | Bengali | Gujarati | Kannada | Malayalam | Marathi | Oriya | Punjabi | Sinhala | Tamil | Telugu | Tulu | Urdu | Konkani |
| Hindi | English | Botanical name | Assamese | Bengali | Gujarati | Kannada | Malayalam | Marathi | Oriya | Punjabi | Sinhala | Tamil | Telugu | Tulu | Urdu | Konkani |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| मटर Matar | Pea | Pisum sativum | মটৰ Môtôr | মটর Môṭor | Vatana | ಹಸಿರು ಬಟಾಣಿ | പട്ടാണി | मटार Maṭār | ମଟର Matara | பட்டாணி (pattaani) | బఠాని Batani | matar phalli | ||||
| ग्वारफली Gwarphali | Cluster beans | Cyamopsis tetragonolobus | Guvar | ಗೋರಿ ಕಾಯಿ (Gori Kayi) / ಚವಳಿಕಾಯಿ (ChavaLi Kayi) | ബീന്സ്(Beans) | गवार Gavār | ଗୁଆଁର Guanra | France Bean/Phaliyaan (plural) | கொத்தவரங்காய் (Kothavarangai) | గోరు/వర౦గ చిక్కుడుకాయ (Goru/Varanga Chikkudu Kaya) | gawarphalli/گوار | |||||
| बोडा Boda | French beans/ Green beans | Fansi | ಹುರಳಿ ಕಾಯಿ (Hurali Kayi) | പയര്(Payar) | घेवडा/फरसबी ghevḍa/faras bee | ବିନ୍ Bean | බෝංචි Bonchi | பீன்ஸ் | పచ్చి బఠాని | beans/بينس | ||||||
| लोबिया की फलियाँ | Cowpea | (Alsande) | चवळीची शेंगा Chawlichi shengā | ଝୁଡ଼ଙ୍ଗ Jhudanga | అలసందలు/అలచందలు | |||||||||||
| Hindi | English | Botanical name | Assamese | Bengali | Gujarati | Kannada | Malayalam | Marathi | Oriya | Punjabi | Sinhala | Tamil | Telugu | Tulu | Urdu | Konkani |
| Hindi | English | Botanical name | Assamese | Bengpp ali | Gujarati | Kannada | Malayalam | Marathi | Oriya | Punjabi | Sinhala | Tamil | Telugu | Tulu | Urdu | Konkani |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| मैदा Maida | Refined wheat flour | ময়দা Môyda | ময়দা Môeda | મેંદો Mêndo | ಮೈದಾ ಹಿಟ್ಟು (Maida Hittu) | മൈദാ മാവ് (Maida mavu) | मैदा Maidā | ମଇଦା Maida | තිරිඟු පිටි Thiringu piti | மைதா (Maida) | Maida Pindi మైదా పిండి | ميده / maida | ||||
| आटा Āṭā | Wheat flour | আটা Ata | আটা Aṭa | લોટ Loṭ | ಗೋಧಿ ಹಿಟ್ಟು (Godhi Hittu) | ഗോതമ്പ് പൊടി (Godambu Podi) | कणीक/पोळीचे पीठ/चपातीचे पीठ Kaṇik/Poḷiche Piṭh/Chapātiche Piṭh | ଅଟା/ଗହମ ଅଟା Atta / Gahama Atta | ආට පිටි Ata piti | கோதுமை மாவு (Godhumai Maavu) | Godhuma Pindi గోధుమ పిండి Godhuma Nooka/Ravva: గోధుమ నూక/రవ్వ (Cracked Wheat Flour) | گيهو كا آتا/gehun ka aata | ||||
| सूजी Sooji | Semolina | চুজি Suzi | সুজি Shuji | સોજી soji Ravo | ರವೆ (Rave) | സൂചി sooji | रवा Ravā | ସୁଜି Suji | සෙමොලිනා Semolina | ரவை (ravai) | Ravva రవ్వ | سوجى/soji | ||||
| चावल का आटा Chaaval ka Aatta | Rice flour | চাউলৰ গুড়ি Saulôr Guṛi | চালের গুঁড়া Chaler Gũṛa | ચોખાનો લોટ Chokhāno Loṭ | ಅಕ್ಕಿ ಹಿಟ್ಟು (Akki Hittu) | അരിപ്പൊടി (Ari Podi) | तांदुळाची पिठी Tānduḷāchi Piṭhi | ଚାଉଳ ଚୂନା Chaula Chuna | හාල් පිටි Haal piti | அரிசி மாவு (Arisi Maavu) | Biyyam Pindi బియ్యం పిండి varipindi వరిపిండి nechchu నెచ్చు | چاول كا آتا/chaval ka aaata | ||||
| मक्कई का आटा Makkai kā Āṭā | Cornflour | મકાઈનો લોટ Makaino Loṭ | ಮುಸುಕಿನ ಜೋಳದ ಹಿಟ್ಟು (Musukina / Mekke JoLada Hittu) | ചോളപ്പൊടി (Choola Podi) | मक्याचे पीठ Makyāche Piṭh | ମକା ଅଟା Maka Atta | ਮੱਕੀ ਦੀ ਰੋਟੀ Makki di Roṭi | බඩ ඉරිඟු පිටි Bada-Iringu piti | சோள மாவு (Soela Maavu) | Mokka Jonna Pindi మొక్కజొన్న పిండి | مكئ كا آتا/makai ka aata | |||||
| जुवार का आटा Juvar ka Aatta | Sorghum flour | বাৰ্লি Barli | সক্তু Shoktu | જૂવારનો લોટ Juvārno Loṭ | ಜೋಳದ ಹಿಟ್ಟು (JoLada Hittu) | Yavam Podi | ज्वारीचे पीठ Jwārichi Piṭh | ବାର୍ଲି Barli | வாற் கோதுமை (Vaar Godhumai) | Jonna Pindi జొన్న పిండి | جوار كا آتا | |||||
| बाजरे का आटा Baajare ka Aatta | Millet (finger millet) flour | બાજરીનો લોટ Bājrino Loṭ | Sajje hittu (ಸಜ್ಜೆ ಹಿಟ್ಟು) | കൂവരക് (Koovaraku) | बाजरीचे पीठ Bājriche Piṭh | ବାଜରା ଅଟା Bajara Atta | කුරක්කන් පිටි Kurakkan piti | கேழ்வரகு Kezhvaragu | Sajja Pindi(సజ్జ పిండి) | |||||||
| बेसन Besan | Gram flour | বেচন Besôn | বেসন Beshon | વેસન/ ચણાનો લોટ Vesan/ Chaṇāno Loṭ | ಕಡಲೆ ಹಿಟ್ಟು (Kadale Hittu) | കടലപ്പൊടി (Kadala Podi) | बेसन (Besan) / हरभऱ्याचे पीठ/डाळीचे पीठ Harbharyāche Piṭh/Ḍāḷiche Piṭh | ବେସନ Besana | Besan | කඩල පිටි Kadala Piti | கடலை மாவு (Kadala maavu) | Senaga pindi శనగపిండి | Kadalè podi | بيسن | ||
| Hindi | English | Botanical name | Assamese | Bengali | Gujarati | Kannada | Malayalam | Marathi | Oriya | Punjabi | Sinhala | Tamil | Telugu | Tulu | Urdu | Konkani |
| Hindi | English | Botanical name | Assamese | Bengali | Gujarati | Kannada | Malayalam | Marathi | Oriya | Punjabi | Sinhala | Tamil | Telugu | Tulu | Urdu | Konkani |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| आम Aam | Mango | Mangifera indica | আম Am | আম Am | Keri | ಮಾವಿನ ಕಾಯಿ / ಮಾವಿನ ಹಣ್ಣು (Maavina kaayi(unripe) /Maavina hannu (ripe)) | മാങ്ങാ, മാമ്പഴം (Maanga/ Maambazham) | कैरी/आंबा Kairee/Aambā | ଆମ୍ବ Amba | අඹ Amba | மாங்காய்/ மாம்பழம் | మామిడికాయ (unripe) Maamidikaaya మామిడిప౦డు (ripe) Maamidipandu | Kukku | Aam | Ambo | |
| अमरूद Amrood | Guava | Psidium guajava | মধুৰিআম Modhuriam | পেয়ারা Peara | Jamfal | ಸೀಬೆ ಹಣ್ಣು (Seebe hannu) / ಪೇರು ಹಣ್ಣು (Peru hannu) | പേരയ്ക്ക (Perakka / Alakka pazham) | पेरू Peru | ପିଜୁଳି Pijuli | පේර Pera | கொய்யா Koyya | జామి కాయ Jaami kaayi (unripe) జామి పండు Jaami pandu (ripe) | Perale | amroud | Per | |
| अनन्नास Anannaas | Pineapple | Ananas comosus | আনাৰস Anarôx | আনারস Anarosh | Ananas | ಅನನಾಸ್ (Ananas) | കൈതച്ചക്ക (Kaitha chakka) | अननस Ananas | ସପୁରି Sapuri | අන්නාසි Annasi | அன்னாசி பழம் Annasipazham / Parangi thalai | అనాస పండు (Anasa pandu) | Parengi | anaanas | Anas | |
| इमली Imli | Tamarind | Tamarindus indica | তেতেলী Teteli | তেঁতুল Tetul | Aambli | ಹುಣಸೆ ಹಣ್ಣು (Hunase Hannu) | വാളന്പുളി (Valanpuli/ Mara Puli) | चिंच Chincha | ତେନ୍ତୁଳି Tentuli | Imli | සියඹලා Siyambala | புளி PuLi | చింతపండు(ripe) Chinta Pandu చింతకాయ(unripe) chintakaya | Puli | imli | AmTaN |
| जंगल जलेबी jungle jalebi or ganga imli | Madras thorn | Pithecellobium dulce | তেতেলী Teteli | তেঁতুল Tetul | ગૉરક આંબલી Gorak ambli | ದೊರ ಹುಣಸೆ/ಸೀಮೆ ಹುಣಸೆ/ಇಲಾಚಿ ಕಾಯಿ/ಇಲಾಚ್-ಹುಂಚಿ ಕಾಯಿ dora hunase or seeme hunase or ilaichi kai or ilach-hunchi kai | विलायती चिंच vilayati chincha | ତେନ୍ତୁଳି Tentuli | Imli | கொடுக்காப்புளி kodukkappuli | సీమ చింత seema chinta | Puli | imli | Chins | ||
| काजू फल Kaju Phal | Cashew fruit | Anacardium occidentale | কাজু | काजूबोंड/बोंडू Kajubonḍ/bonḍu | ଲଙ୍କା ଆମ୍ବ Lanka Amba | කජු පුහුලං Kadju Puhulan | Mundiri pazham | జీడి పప్పు పండు (Jeedi Pandu) జీడిమామిడిపండు (Jeedi maamidi pandu) ముంతమామిడిపండు (munta maamidi pandu) | Kaju | |||||||
| केला Kela | Plantain/Banana | Musa acuminata × balbisiana | কল Kôl | কলা Kôla | Kela | ಬಾಳೆ ಹಣ್ಣು (Baaley Hannu) | വാഴപ്പഴം ( Vaazha Pazham) | केळं/केळे Keḷa/Keḷe | କଞ୍ଚା କଦଳୀ Kancha kadali | කෙසෙල් Kesel | வாழைக்காய் Vazhaikkai | కదళీ ఫలం (Kadali Phalam) Ripe: అరటిపండు (Arati pandu) Unripe: అరటికాయ (aratikaya) | Baareda Parndu | kela | KeLen | |
| नारियल Nariyal | Coconut | Cocos nucifera | নাৰিকল Narikôl | ডাব(young)/ নারিকেল (mature) Ḍab/ Narikel | Nariyel | ತೆಂಗಿನ ಕಾಯಿ (Tengina Kaayi) / Ona Kobbari | നാളികേരം, തേങ്ങ (Nalikeram / Theenga) | नारळ Nāraḷ | ନଡ଼ିଆ / ଶ୍ରୀଫଳ Nadia / Sriphala | පොල් Pol | தேங்காய் Thengai | కొబ్బరికాయ / టెంకాయ (kobbari kaaya Tenkaaya / kobberakaya) | Tārāyi / Koppara (dry coconut) | ناریل | Naarl | |
| गुंज; रत्ती Gunj; Ratti | Jequirity | Abrus precatorius | কুঁচ Kuch | Gumchi | ಗುಲಗಂಜಿ (Gula-ganji) | കുന്നിക്കുരു (Kunni-kuru) | गुंज Gunj | ନାଲି କାଇଁଚ Nali Kaincha | Kundumaniver | గురివింద గింజ Gurivindha ginja | Guruguńǰi | goonj | Gurgunjji | |||
| लीची Lichee | Litchi, lychee | Litchi chinensis | লেচু/ লিচু Lesu/ Lisu | লিচু Lichu | lichee | लिची lichee | ଲିଚୁ କୋଳି Lichu Koli | ලයිචිස් lychees | lichi | |||||||
| Cjinese | Euphoria longana | আচফল Asphôl | আঁশফল Ãshphôl | හිඹුටු Himbutu | ||||||||||||
| करोंदा Karonda | Conkerberry | Carissa carandas | করমচা/করঞ্জা Kôromcha/ Kôronja | करवंद karavanda | କ୍ଷୀର କୋଳି/ ଦୁଧ କୋଳି Kheera Koli/ Doodh Koli | karda | వాక్కాయ Vaagu Kaaya, Vaakkaaya | karaonda | KarnDa | |||||||
| बेर Ber | Indian plum, Jujube | Ziziphus mauritiana/ Ziziphus jujuba | Bogori | বরই/ কুল Kul/Bôroi | bor | Bari hannu, Yalachi hannu | बोर Bor | ବର କୋଳି/ଗୟା ବର କୋଳି Bara Koli/Gaya Bara Koli | Elantha Pazham/elanthai palam | రేగు పండు Regu/regi pandu | beri | Bor | ||||
| Carambola | Starfruit | Averrhoa carambola | কামরাঙা/কামরাঙ্গা Kamranga/ Kamrangga | ಬಿಂಬಳಿ ಹಣ್ಣು (Bimbali Hannu) | କରମଙ୍ଗା Karamanga | කාමරංකා Kamarangka | Karbonlan | |||||||||
| बिलिंबी Bilimbi | Bilimbi | Averrhoa bilimbi | বিলিম্বি Bilimbi | Bilimbi | බිලිං Biling | Bilimbi Kaayalu | bilam | Bimblan | ||||||||
| जामुन Jamun | Jambul / Jamun | Syzygium cumini | জাম Zam | জাম Jam | Jambu | ನೇರಳೆ ಹಣ್ಣು (Nerale Hannu) | जांभुळ Jāmbhuḷ | ଜାମୁ କୋଳି Jamu Koli | මාදං Maadan | naver pazham | నేరేడు పండు (Naeraedu pandu) | جا من | Jamblan | |||
| Malabar plum | Syzygium jambos | গোলাপ জাম Golap Jam | ജാമ്ബയ്ക്ക | ଜାମୁରୋଳ Jamurol | පිනි ජම්බු Pini Jambu | siru naver pazham | Jaam | |||||||||
| Syzygium samarangense | ජම්බු Jambu | |||||||||||||||
| Rose apple | জামরুল Jamrul | Jamba/ Golap Jamu | Jambuneredu Pandu (జంబునేరేడుపండు) | jaam / gulabi jaam | Jaamb | |||||||||||
| कैथा बेल Kaitha Bel / Kabeet | Wood apple/ Curd Fruit | Limonia acidissima | কৎ বেল Kôt Bel | Kothu | Belada Hannu | कवठ kavaṭh | କଇଁଥ Kaitha | දිවුල් Divul | கூவிளம் koovilam | వెలగ ప౦డు (Velaga Pandu) | gorakamli / wood apple | |||||
| बेल Bel, Bilva | Bael, Wood apple | Aegle marmelos | বেল Bêl | বেল Bel | ಬೇಲದ ಹಣ್ಣು (Belada Hannu) | കൂവളം Koovalam | बेलफळ Belaphaḷ | ବେଲ Bela | බෙලි Beli | கூவிளம் koovilam, வில்வ மரம் Vilva Maram | మారేడు ప౦డు (Maredu Pandu) | wood apple | ||||
| টেপারি Ṭepari | ||||||||||||||||
| Mircocos paniculata | Mircocos paniculata | পিছন্দি Pichhondi | Tooth Koli | |||||||||||||
| अमड़ा Amada | Hog plum | Spondias mombin | আমড়া Amṛa | बोर Bor | ଆମ୍ବଡ଼ା Ambada | ඇඹරැල්ල Amberalla | ambada | Ambade | ||||||||
| आँवला Aanvala | Indian gooseberry | Phyllanthus emblica | আমলসী Amloxi | আমলকী Amloki | ambala | ನೆಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾಯಿ/ ಗುಡ್ದದ ನೆಲ್ಲಿ (Nelli Kaayi) | nellikka (നെല്ലിക്ക) | Āwḷā आवळा | ଅଁଳା କୋଳି Aanla Koli | නෙල්ලි Nelli | nellikkai /நெல்லிக்காய் | ఉసిరికాయ Usiri/usuru kaya | nelli | aamla | AvaLe | |
| Tari | Toddy palm/ Ice-apple | Borassus flabellifer | তাল Tal | তাল Tal | ತಾಟಿನುಂಗು / ಹಣೆ ಬೆಂಡ (Thati Nungu / Hane Benda) | പന നൊന്ഗ് (Pana Nungu) | ताडगोळा Taadgoḷa | ତାଳ Tala | තල් Thal | நொங்கு Nungu/ panampalam | Ice Apples: తాటి ముంజలు (Thaati Munjalu), Palmyra Fruit: తాటికాయ | taar gola | IrrvoL | |||
| खजूर Khajoor | Date (fruit) | Phoenix dactylifera | খেজুৰ Khezur | খেজুর Khejur | khajoor | ಖರ್ಜೂರ (Kharjoora) | ഈത്തപഴം Eethapazham / Eendapazham | खजूर Khajur | ଖଜୁରି Khajuri | රට ඉඳි Rata Indi | பேரீச்சம் பழம் Pericham pazham | ఖర్జూరపండు/ఖర్జూరం/ పేరీఁత పండు Kharjuramu/ Paereetha pandu | khajoor | Kajoor | ||
| अँजीर Anjeer | Fig | Ficus carica | ডুমুর Ḍumur | Anjeer | ಅಂಜೂರ (Anjoora) | अंजीर Anjir | ଡିମିରି Dimiri | දිඹුල් Dimbul | அத்திப் பழம் (atthip palam) | అత్తి పండు (Atthi pandu) | anjeer | |||||
| अँगूर Angoor | Grape | Vitis vinifera | আঙুৰ Angur | আঙ্গুর Anggur | Dhraksh | ದ್ರಾಕ್ಷಿ (Draakshi) | മുന്തിരിങ്ങ, മുന്തിരി (Munthiringa / Munthiri) | द्राक्ष Drāksha | ଅଙ୍ଗୁର କୋଳି Anguru Koli | මිදි Midi | திராட்சை dratshai | ద్రాక్ష పండు Draksha Pandu | angoor | Drakche | ||
| जैतून Jaitoon | Olive | Olea europaea | জলপাই/ জলফাই Zôlpai/ Zôlphai | জলপাই Jôlpai | Oleev Kaya | ଅଲିଭ୍ Olive | රට වෙරළු Rata Veralu | ஆலிவ் olive | zaitoon | |||||||
| शहतूत Shahtoot | Mulberry | Shetur | तुती Tutee | මල්බෙරි Malberi | కంబళిపండు Kambalipandu | shehtoot | ||||||||||
| कोकम Kokum | Purple mangosteen | Garcinia indica | তিন্দু/তিন্দুক Tindu/ Tinduk | कोकम | କୋକୁମ Kokum | මැන්ගුස් Mangus | மங்குசுத்தான் | కోకుమ్ Kokum | Kokum | Binda | ||||||
| मोसम्बी Mosambi/ मुसम्बी Musambi | Orange, Indian green / Sweet lime | Citrus aurantifolia | নেমুটেঙা Nemutênga | লেবু Lebu | Mosambi | ಲಿಂಬೆ ಹಣ್ಣು (Limbe Hannu) | ചെറുനാരങ്ങ (Cheru Naranga / Naranga) | मोसंब Mosamba | ଲେମ୍ବୁ/କାଗେଜୀ ଲେମ୍ବୁ Lembu/ Kageji Lembu | දෙහි Dehi | எலுமிச்சை காய் elimichchai kai | బత్తాయి పండు (Baththayi pandu) | Mosami | Mosumbi | ||
| संतरा Santara | Orange | Citrus sinensis | কমলা Kômôla | কমলা Kômla | ಕಿತ್ತಳೆ ಹಣ್ಣು (Kittale Hannu) | മധുരനാരങ്ങ (Mathura Naranga) | संत्रे Santre | କମଳା ଲେମ୍ବୁ Kamala Lembu | දොඩම් Dodam | கமலா நரந்தம் பழம் narantham pazham | కమలాపండు Kamalapandu కిచ్చిలిపండు Kichchilipandu | sangtaraa | Santra | |||
| नारंगी Narangi | Tangerine | Citrus tangerina | মালটা Malṭa | નારંગી Naarangi | ಮೊಸಂಬಿ ಹಣ್ಣು (Mosambi Hannu) | Kandhia/ Karuna | නාරං Naaran | நரந்தம் பழம் narantham pazaham | నారింజపండు Naarinja pandu | naarangi | Mosumbi | |||||
| चकोतरा Chakotara | Pomelo | বাতাবি লেবু | ಚಕ್ಕೋತ ಹಣ್ಣು | பப்ளிமாஸ் (bablimaas) | ప౦పర పనస Pampara panasa | popnees | Torenj | |||||||||
| Grapefruit | জাম্বুরা Jambura | ಚಕೊತ ಹಣ್ಣು (ChakoTa Hannu) | पपनस Papanas | ବାତାପି Batapi | ජම්බෝල Jambola | దబ్బ ప౦డు Dabba pandu | sakkare kanchi | grapefruit | ||||||||
| चीकू Chikoo | Sapodilla | Manilkara zapota | সপেটা/সফেদা/সবেদা Sôpeṭa/ Sôfeda/ Sôbeda | Chiku | ಸಪೋಟ ಹಣ್ಣು / ಚಿಕ್ಕು ಹಣ್ಣು (Sapota Hannu / Chikku Hannu) | चिक्कू Chikku | ସପେଟା Sapeta | සැපතිල්ලා Saapathilla | சப்போட்டா sapota | సపోటా Sapota | cheeku | Chikku | ||||
| Pouteria campechiana | රට ලාවලු Rata Lavalu | |||||||||||||||
| Chrysophyllum roxburghii | ලාවලු Lavalu | |||||||||||||||
| नाशपाती Nashpati | Pear, Asian pear | নাচপতি Naspoti | নাশপাতি Nashpati | Naspati | नासपती | ନାସପାତି Nāspati | පෙයාස් Peyas | பேரி (baerikkai) | పేరి కాయ పండు Paerik kaya pandu | naashpati / pear | ||||||
| সান্তারা Shantara | ||||||||||||||||
| पपीता Papeeta | Papaya | Carica papaya | অমিতা Omita | পেঁপে Pẽpe | Papaiya | ಪಪ್ಪಾಯಿ ಹಣ್ಣು / ಹತ್ಯೋಡಲ ಹಣ್ಣು (Pappayi Hannu / hatyODLa haNNU) | Karamooza | पपई Papai | ଅମୃତଭଣ୍ଡା Amruta Bhanda | පැපොල් Papol | பப்பாளி | బొప్పన పండు / బొప్పాయి పండు (Boppna Pandu / Boppayi Pandu) | gandkayi | pappeeta | Popay | |
| तरबूज Tarbooj | Watermelon | তৰমুজ Tormuz | তরমুজ Tormuj | કલિંગર Kalingar | ಕಲ್ಲಂಗಡಿ ಹಣ್ಣು / ಕರಗುಂಜಿ ಹಣ್ಣು (Kallangadi Hannu / Karagunji Hannu) | വതയ്ക്ക, തണ്ണിമത്തന് (Vathakka/ Thanni Mathan) | कलिंगड Kalingaḍ | ତରଭୁଜ Tarabhuja | දිය කොමඩු Diya Komadu | தர்பூசணி Dharboos | పుచ్చకాయ Puchchakaya | bacchangayi | tarbooz | Kaling | ||
| रामफल Ramphal | Custard apple | Annona reticulata | আতা Ata | Ramaphal | ರಾಮಫಲ (Ramphala) | ആത്തചക്ക (Aatha Chakka) | रामफळ Rāmphaḷ | ରାମଫଳ Ramaphala | වැලි අනෝදා /ආතා Vali Anoda/Atha | ராமா பழம் rama pazham | రామ పండు (raamaa pandu) | ramphal | ||||
| शरीफा Shareefa/ सीताफल Sitaphal | Sugar apple / Custard apple | Annona squamosa | শরিকা Shorifa | sitafal | ಸೀತಾಫಲ (Seetaphala) | സീതപ്പഴം (Sitha Pazam) | सिताफळ Sitāphaḷ | ଆତ/ସୀତାଫଳ Ata/ Sitaphala | අනෝදා/ආතා Anoda/Atha | சீதாப்பழம் seethaa pazham | సీతా పండు (Seetha pandu) | shareefa | seetaPoL | |||
| अनार Anaar | Pomegranate | Punica granatum | ডালিম Dalim | বেদানা/ডালিম Bedana/ Ḍalim | દાડમ Dāḍam | ಡಾಳಿಂಬ್ರಿ (DaLimbri) / ದಾಳಿಂಬೆ (Daalimbe) | डाळिंब Ḍāḷimba | ଡାଳିମ୍ବ/ବେଦନା Dalimba/ Bedana | දෙළුම් Delum | மாதுளை maadulai | దానిమ్మ ప౦డు (Dhaanimma pandu) | anaar | Dalimb | |||
| सेब Seb | Apple | Malus domestica | আপেল Apel | আপেল Apel | સફરજન Safarjan | ಸೇಬಿನ ಹಣ್ಣು (Sebina Hannu) | ആപ്പിള് (AaPPil) | सफरचंद Sapharchand | ସେଓ Seo | ඇපල් Apal | குமளி / ஆப்பிள் / அரத்திப்பழம் | సీమ రేఁగు కాయ / పండు Seema regu kaya/Pandu | seb | Appal | ||
| Kharbooja | Cantaloupe, musk melon | Phuti ফুটি | Teti | Kekkarikke Hannu | टरबूज/चिबूड Ṭarbooj/Chibooḍ | කොමඩු Komadu | Keerini pazham | Karbooja Pandu (కర్బూజపండు) Kasturi Karbooja Pandu (కస్తూరికర్బూజపండు) | ||||||||
| Makkhanphal | Avocado, butter fruit | Persea americana | අලි ගැට පේර Ali Geta Pera | వెన్న ప౦డు Venna Pandu | ||||||||||||
| Aaroo | Peach | Prunus persica | ||||||||||||||
| Aloo-bukhaara | Plum | Prunus prunus | Jorda Alu জরদালু | Alu | अलूबुखार Alubukhar | Alpagoda pandu | ||||||||||
| Zard-aloo | Apricot | Prunus armeniaca | Aprika আপরিকা | जर्दाळू Jardāḷoo | jaldarupandu జల్దరుపండు | |||||||||||
| Hindi | English | Botanical name | Assamese | Bengali | Gujarati | Kannada | Malayalam | Marathi | Oriya | Punjabi | Sinhala | Tamil | Telugu | Tulu | Urdu | Konkani |
| Hindi | English | Botanical name | Assamese | Bengali | Gujarati | Kannada | Malayalam | Marathi | Oriya | Punjabi | Sinhala | Tamil | Telugu | Tulu | Urdu | Konkani |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| सिंघाडा Singhada | Water chestnut | Trapa natans | পানিফল/শিংড়া Paniphôl/ Shingṛa | Shingoda | शिंगाडा Shingāḍā | ପାଣି ସିଙ୍ଗେଡ଼ା Pani Singeda | singhara | |||||||||
| Ganna, Sharkara | Sugarcane | Saccharum barberi | Kuhiyar | Aakh আখ | Sheradi | ಖಬ್ಬು (Khabbu) | Karimbu | ऊस Oos | ଆଖୁ Aakhu | උක් Uk | கரும்பு (karumbu) | చెఱకు గడ Cheraku/Cheruku Gada | karmbu | Kobu | ||
| Hindi | English | Botanical name | Assamese | Bengali | Gujarati | Kannada | Malayalam | Marathi | Oriya | Punjabi | Sinhala | Tamil | Telugu | Tulu | Urdu | Konkani |
A cuisine is a style of cooking characterized by distinctive ingredients, techniques and dishes, and usually associated with a specific culture or geographic region. Regional food preparation techniques, customs, and ingredients combine to enable dishes unique to a region.
Vegetarian cuisine is based on food that meets vegetarian standards by not including meat and animal tissue products.
Indian cuisine consists of a variety of regional and traditional cuisines native to the Indian subcontinent. Given the diversity in soil, climate, culture, ethnic groups, and occupations, these cuisines vary substantially and use locally available spices, herbs, vegetables, and fruits.
Asian food incorporates a few significant provincial cooking styles: Central Asian, East Asian, North Asian, South Asian, Southeast Asian, and West Asian. A food is a trademark way of cooking practices and customs, usually associated with a specific culture. Asia, being the largest and most populous continent, is home to many cultures, many of which have their own characteristic cuisine. Asian cuisine are also famous about their spices.
Malaysian cuisine consists of cooking traditions and practices found in Malaysia, and reflects the multi-ethnic makeup of its population. The vast majority of Malaysia's population can roughly be divided among three major ethnic groups: Malays, Chinese and Indians. The remainder consists of the indigenous peoples of Sabah and Sarawak in East Malaysia, the Orang Asli of Peninsular Malaysia, the Peranakan and Eurasian creole communities, as well as a significant number of foreign workers and expatriates.
Latin American cuisine is the typical foods, beverages, and cooking styles common to many of the countries and cultures in Latin America. Latin America is a highly racially, ethnically, and geographically diverse with varying cuisines. Some items typical of Latin American cuisine include maize-based dishes arepas, empanadas, pupusas, tacos, tamales, tortillas and various salsas and other condiments. Sofrito, a culinary term that originally referred to a specific combination of sautéed or braised aromatics, exists in Latin American cuisine. It refers to a sauce of tomatoes, roasted bell peppers, garlic, onions and herbs. Rice, corn, pasta, bread, plantain, potato, yucca, and beans are also staples in Latin American cuisine.
Pilaf, pilav or pilau is a rice dish, or in some regions, a wheat dish, whose recipe usually involves cooking in stock or broth, adding spices, and other ingredients such as vegetables or meat, and employing some technique for achieving cooked grains that do not adhere to each other.
Sri Lankan cuisine is known for its particular combinations of herbs, spices, fish, vegetables, rices, and fruits. The cuisine is highly centered around many varieties of rice, as well as coconut which is a ubiquitous plant throughout the country. Seafood also plays a significant role in the cuisine, be it fresh fish or preserved fish. As a country that was a hub in the historic oceanic silk road, contact with foreign traders brought new food items and cultural influences in addition to the local traditions of the country's ethnic groups, all of which have helped shape Sri Lankan cuisine. Influences from Indian, Indonesian and Dutch cuisines are most evident with Sri Lankan cuisine sharing close ties to other neighbouring South and Southeast Asian cuisines.
African cuisine is a staple of the continent's culture, and its history is entwined with the story of the native people of Africa. The foods that native Africans eat have been influenced by their religions, as well as by their climates and lifestyles. The first Africans to inhabit the continent were hunter-gatherers who ate what they could find in nature. As agriculture became more common in Africa, so did agriculture-based diets.
Assamese cuisine is the cuisine of the Indian state of Assam. It is a style of cooking that is a confluence of cooking habits of the hills that favour fermentation and drying as forms of preservation and those from the plains that provide extremely wide variety of fresh vegetables and greens, and an abundance of fish and meat. Both are centred on the main ingredient — rice. It is a mixture of different indigenous styles with considerable regional variations and some external influences. The traditional way of cooking and the cuisine of Assam is very similar to South-East Asian countries such as Thailand, Burma (Myanmar) and others. The cuisine is characterized by very little use of spices, little cooking over fire, and strong flavours due mainly to the use of endemic exotic fruits and vegetables that are either fresh, dried or fermented. Fish is widely used, and birds like duck, pigeon, squab, etc. are very popular, which are often paired with a main vegetable or ingredient; beef used to be eaten before British colonialism, and some continue to do so. Preparations are rarely elaborate. The practice of bhuna, the gentle frying of spices before the addition of the main ingredients so common in Indian cooking, is absent in the cuisine of Assam. The preferred oil for cooking is the pungent mustard oil.
Rajasthani cuisine is the cuisine of the Rajasthan state in North West India. It was influenced by various factors like the warlike lifestyles of its inhabitants, the availability of ingredients in an arid region and by Hindu temple traditions of sampradayas like Pushtimarg and Ramanandi. Food that could last for several days and could be eaten without heating was preferred. Scarcity of water and fresh green vegetables have all had their effect on the cooking. Signature Rajasthani dishes include Dal Baati Churma, Panchratna Dal, Papad ro Saag, Ker Sangri, Gatte ro Saag. It is also known for its snacks like Bikaneri bhujia, Mirchi bada and Kanda kachauri. Other famous dishes include Dal Baati, malaidar special lassi (lassi) and Lashun ki chutney, Mawa lassi from Jodhpur, Alwar ka mawa, Malpauas from Pushkar and rasgulla from Bikaner, "paniya"and "gheriya" from Mewar. Originating for the Marwar region of the state is the concept Marwari Bhojnalaya, or vegetarian restaurants, today found in many parts of India, which offer vegetarian food of the Marwari people. The history also has its effect on the diet as the Rajputs preferred majorly a non-vegetarian diet while the Brahmins, Jains, Bishnois and others preferred a vegetarian diet. So, the state has a myriad of both types of delicacies.
South Asian cuisine, includes the traditional cuisines from the modern-day South Asian republics of Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, also sometimes including the kingdom of Bhutan and the emirate of Afghanistan. Also sometimes known as Desi cuisine, it has been influenced by and also has influenced other Asian cuisines beyond the Indian subcontinent.
Maharashtrian or Marathicuisine is the cuisine of the Marathi people from the Indian state of Maharashtra. It has distinctive attributes, while sharing much with other Indian cuisines. Traditionally, Maharashtrians have considered their food to be more austere than others.
Indian Chinese cuisine, Chinese Indian cuisine, Sino-Indian cuisine, Chindian cuisine, Hakka Chinese or Desi-Chinese cuisine is a distinct style of Chinese cuisine adapted to Indian tastes, combining Chinese foods with Indian flavours and spices. Though Asian cuisines have mixed throughout history throughout Asia, the most popular origin story of the fusion food resides with Chinese labourers of Calcutta, who immigrated to British Raj India looking for work. Opening restaurant businesses in the area, these early Chinese food sellers adapted their culinary styles to suit Indian tastes.
Hyderabadi cuisine, also known as Deccani cuisine, is the native cooking style developed in the kitchens of the Muslim aristocrats of the erstwhile Hyderabad State, India. The haute cuisine of Hyderabad began to develop after the foundation of the Bahmani Sultanate, and the Qutb Shahi dynasty centered in the city of Hyderabad promoted the native cuisine along with their own. Hyderabadi cuisine had become a princely legacy of the Nizams of Hyderabad as it began to further develop under their patronage.
The global cuisine or world cuisine is a cuisine that is practiced around the world. A cuisine is a characteristic style of cooking practices and traditions, often associated with a specific region, country or culture. To become a global cuisine, a local, regional or national cuisine must spread around the world, its food served worldwide. There have been significant improvements and advances during the 20th century in food preservation, storage, shipping and production, and today many countries, cities and regions have access to their traditional cuisines and many other global cuisines.
Malaysian Indian cuisine, or the cooking of the ethnic Indian communities in Malaysia, consists of adaptations of authentic dishes from India, as well as original creations inspired by the diverse food culture of Malaysia. Because the vast majority of Malaysia's Indian community are of South Indian descent, and are mostly ethnic Tamils who are descendants of immigrants from a historical region which consists of the modern Indian state of Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka's Northern Province, much of Malaysian Indian cuisine is predominantly South Indian inspired in character and taste. A typical Malaysian Indian dish is likely to be redolent with curry leaves, whole and powdered spice, and contains fresh coconut in various forms. Ghee is still widely used for cooking, although vegetable oils and refined palm oils are now commonplace in home kitchens. Before a meal it is customary to wash hands as cutlery is often not used while eating, with the exception of a serving spoon for each respective dish.
Indian cookbooks are cookbooks written in India, or about Indian cooking. Some of the oldest cookbooks were written in India Indian cooking varies regionally and has evolved over the centuries due to various influences. Vegetarianism has made a significant impact on Indian cooking. Spices play a major role in Indian cooking.
