List of tunnels in Australia

Last updated

Outbound lanes of CityLink, inside the Burnley Tunnel, Melbourne 2010 Burnley Tunnel interior.jpg
Outbound lanes of CityLink, inside the Burnley Tunnel, Melbourne 2010

This is a list of tunnels in Australia which includes any road, railway, waterway or other form of tunnel, anywhere in the country.

Contents

Australian Capital Territory

NameImageLocaleCarriesTypeLengthNotes
m ft
Acton Tunnel Acton Tunnel viewed from the west in September 2019.jpg Acton, Australian Capital Territory Carries Parkes Way under a hillRoad190623Three levels, with the upper two being used for car parking and storage by the Australian National University

New South Wales

NameImageLocaleCarriesTypeLength [1] Notes
m ft
Airport railway line Sydney Domestic Airport Station8.jpg Wolli Creek to Central East Hills railway line Rail10,00033,000
Bilson Tunnel Kosciuszko National Park Skitube Rail3,30010,800
Blue Cow Tunnel SKITUBE4.JPG Kosciuszko National ParkSkitubeRail2,6008,500
Ardglen Tunnel Upper Hunter Shire Main North Line Rail4881,601 [2]
Airport Tunnel General Holmes Drive, Sydney Airport.jpg Mascot General Holmes Drive Road5501,800Two in-line dual tunnels that carry runways for Sydney Airport [3]
Avon Tunnel Dombarton to Avon Maldon – Dombarton railway line Rail4,00013,000A planned single track tunnel. Only a few metres at each end were evacuated. 150.7372°, -34.4451° [4]
Balmain Colliery Balmain Colliery 1.jpg Below Sydney Harbour Coal mine
Belmore Tunnel Blue Mountains Main Western line RailUsed by Zig Zag tourist railway on the Lithgow Zig Zag
Bethungra Spiral Bethunra composite.jpg Bethungra Main South Line Rail205673Two tunnels
Border Tunnel Richmond Valley North Coast line Rail1,1603,810On the border between New South Wales and Queensland [5]
Box Vale tunnel Mittagong Box Vale rail lineunlined tunnel through final spur
Bullio Tunnel (Wombeyan Caves Rd Tunnel) Wombeyan Caves Road tunnel from east.JPG Nattai National Park Wombeyan Caves RoadRoad2272
Busby's Bore Busbys Bore Sydney 1857.jpg From Centennial Parklands to Hyde Park Sydney water supplyWater3,60011,800Built from 1827 to 1837 and remains in limited use [6]
Bylong Rail Tunnel Bylong Sandy Hollow to Maryvale Line, No 3 of 5Rail1,9756,480At the time of its construction, it was the longest rail tunnel[ citation needed ]
Boronia Tunnels 3801 pulls a tourist train past the abandoned Boronia No. 5 tunnel on the Cowan Bank - 18th March 2006.JPG Cowan Main North lineRail1,3134,3081-4 in use, 5 deviated; double track; longest tunnel is 602 metres (1,975 ft)
Bungendore - Queanbeyan rail Bombala line RailBrooks Bank tunnel and two Pine Range tunnels
Carcoar Tunnel Carcoar Blayney–Demondrille railway line Rail281922No longer in use
City Circle Open cut underground railway now completed, Museum Station, Sydney, New South Wales, ca. 1925 (9781167304).jpg Sydney central business district Sydney underground railwaysRail5,00016,000Estimate of tunnel length from Central to Circular Quay and return. Two tunnels
Clarence Tunnel Clarence, Blue MountainsMain Western lineRail4931,617Replaced by Ten Tunnels Deviation; used by Zig Zag tourist railway
Colinton rail tunnel Colinton Bombala line Rail161528No longer in use
Cooks River TunnelBetween Sydney Airport and Tempe M5 Motorway AUS Alphanumeric Route M5.svgRoadUnder Cooks River
Cougal Spiral Up Brisbane Mail crosses over number 5 spiral tunnel.jpg Richmond Valley North Coast lineRail3691,211Two tunnels (See also Border Tunnel)
Cross City Tunnel Cross City Tunnel Lincoln C b.jpg Sydney central business districtCross City TunnelRoad2,1006,900Two tunnels [7]
Cudgen Road Tunnel Tweed Valley Pacific Motorway AUS Alphanumeric Route M1.svgRoad134440Twin tunnels; opened in 2002 [8]
Devonshire Street Tunnel Devonshire Street tunnel (10266117563).jpg Sydney central business district Railway Square to Surry Hills Pedestrian300980 [9]
Dorrigo railway line Dorrigo Dorrigo railway line RailTwo tunnels of unknown length between Glenreagh and Timber Top
Eastern Distributor Tunnel Eastern Distributor tunnel.jpg Between Woolloomooloo and Surry Hills Eastern Distributor AUS Alphanumeric Route M1.svgRoad1,7005,600Completed in 2000; tolled on exit, northbound only; unique 'piggyback' design with three lanes, northbound, stacked on top of three lanes, southbound [10] [11]
Eastern Suburbs railway line Sydney Eastern Suburbs railway line Rail Erskineville to Bondi Junction
Epping to Chatswood railway line Sydney Metro North West & Bankstown Line Rail13,00043,000
Fernleigh Tunnel RailRail trail-cycleway
Gib tunnelbetween Mittagong & Bowral Main South lineRail5161,693Two tunnels; original single-track line now replaced; and one double-track line adjacent
Glenbrook Tunnel (1892) Glen brooktunnel.JPG Glenbrook Main Western Line (since deviated)Heritage6342,080
Glenbrook Tunnel (1913) Between Lapstone and GlenbrookMain Western lineRail283928Double-track line, in use
Glowworm Tunnel Rd Tunnel Wollemi National Park Glowworm Tunnel RoadRoad160520
Helensburgh Tunnels including the
Helensburgh Glow Worm, Lilyvale and Otford tunnels		 Helensburgh Tunnel (227543415).jpeg Illawarra escarpment Illawarra railway line Rail3,25710,686Seven disused tunnels; previous use between 1884 and 1920 [12] [13] [14]
plus
Seven in use dual line tunnels plus one single tunnel
Kings Cross Tunnel Kings Cross Road274899
Lane Cove Tunnel Lane Cove M2 Motorway AUS Alphanumeric Route M2.svgRoad3,60011,800
Long Island Hawkesbury River station Main North lineRail263863Two tunnels; one Disused single track tunnel used for storage and a Double track, in use, adjacent
Malaita Point Katoomba Railthrough post of a coal mine
Marrangaroo Lithgow Main Western lineRail9743,196Former single-track line; since deviated as double-track line, in use. Only double-track line length shown
Merewether Bluff Merewether RailDisused, Australia's first two railway tunnels, 1861 & 1862, privately operated [15]
M4 East Tunnel M4 Tunnel Sydney Entrance Concord.png Between Haberfield and Homebush M4 Motorway AUS Alphanumeric Route M4.svgRoad5,50018,000Dual tunnels [16]
M4-M5 Link (WestConnex)Between Haberfield and St Peters M4/M5 AUS Alphanumeric Route M4.svg/AUS Alphanumeric Route M5.svgRoad9,20030,200Australia's longest road tunnel [16]
M5 East Tunnel Between Beverly Hills and Arncliffe M5 Motorway AUS Alphanumeric Route M5.svgRoad
M8 Motorway Between Beverly Hills and St Peters M8 Motorway AUS Alphanumeric Route M8.svgRoad9,00030,000
Moore Park Tunnel Moore Park CBD and South East Light Rail Light railfrom Eastern Distributor to Anzac Parade
Mount Alexandra Mittagong Fitzroy Iron Works short tunnel on horse drawn tramway replacement
Mount RennieKatoombaNarrow NeckRail3951,296Disused; previous use shale transport
Mullet Creek Hawkesbury River station Main North lineRail4561,496Double track, in use, from the Hawkesbury Bridge Platform and Jct (end Hawkesbury Bridge deviation)
New Main Tunnel Picton Main South lineRail183600Double track, in use, between Picton station and Redback tunnel
Newnes Glowworm Tunnel Glow worm tunnel entry.jpg Between Newnes and Lithgow Newnes railway line Rail1,3204,330Rail use between 1907 and 1932; converted to pedestrian and tourism use [17]
NorthConnex Between Pennant Hills and Wahroonga Pacific Motorway AUS Alphanumeric Route M1.svg/Hills Motorway AUS Alphanumeric Route M2.svgRoad9,00030,000Opened 31 October 2020 [18]
Old Main TunnelPictonMain South lineRail181594Disused; previous use between 1867 and 1919
Pyrmont and Glebe Railway Tunnels Glebe tunnel.jpg Between Pyrmont and Glebe Inner West Light Rail Light rail1,5004,900Two double-track tunnels; completed in 1922; estimated length [19]
Redbank Tunnel Tahmoor Main South lineRail181594Double-track, in use; [20] deviated, filled in [21]
Red Hill Tunnels Coffs Harbour North Coast lineRail9553,133Five tunnels, opened in 1922
St Helena Tunnel St helena tunnel.png Ewingsdale, near Byron Bay, Tweed Valley Pacific Highway Road4341,424Opened 18 December 2015 [22]
StockringtonMaitland Richmond Vale railway line 3 tunnels
Sydney Harbour Tunnel Sydney Harbour Tunnel.jpg Between Woolloomooloo and North Sydney under Sydney HarbourSydney Harbour Tunnel AUS Alphanumeric Route M1.svgRoad2,8009,200 [23]
Sydney Harbour railway electricity tunnel 1231 - Railway electricity tunnel under Sydney Harbour - SHR Plan No 2848 (5012228b100).jpg Between Birchgrove and Greenwich Below Sydney Harbour Power supply5401,760Approximate distance [24] [25]
Sydney Metro Northwest Between Bella Vista and Epping stations Metro North West & Bankstown Line Rail15,50050,900Opened May 2019 [26]
Sydney Metro City & Southwest Sydney Metro Marrickville dive 20180805 01.jpg Between Chatswood and Sydenham stations in SydneyRail15,50050,900Opened in August 2024 becoming Australia's longest tunnel.
Tank Stream tunnel Tank Stream brick lining.jpg Between Hyde Park and Circular Quay;
Sydney central business district		 Tank Stream Storm water7002,300Estimate of remnants of 1860s tunnel [27]
Ten Tunnels Deviation Blue Mountains Main Western lineRail2,8229,259Replaced the Lithgow Zig Zag; ten tunnels of ranging in length from 70 to 825 metres (230 to 2,707 ft) [28]
Tickhole Tunnel Between Cardiff and Kotara stations;
Newcastle 		Main North lineRail3701,210Dual tunnels ranging in length from 165 to 205 metres (541 to 673 ft) [29] [30] [31] [32]
Tugun Bypass Tunnel Tweed Heads Gold Coast Airport Road3341,096 [33]
Upper Nepean Scheme Campbelltown WaterTwo tunnels
Woy Woy Tunnel Northern portal of Woy Woy tunnel.JPG Between Wondabyne and Woy Woy stationsMain North lineRail1,6905,544Opened 15 August 1887; double track [34]
Wynyard Walk Wynyard Station, Sydney, Australia (Unsplash).jpg Sydney central business district Wynyard Pedestrian180590 [35]

Queensland

NameImageLocaleCarriesTypeLengthNotes
m ft
Airport Link 12-07-15 Airportlink Opening - Southbound.jpg Between Bowen Hills and Toombul;
Brisbane 		Airport Link AUS Alphanumeric Route M7.svgRoad6,70022,000Australia's longest road tunnel (at the time) [36]
Boolboonda Tunnel Boolboonda Railway Tunnel western portal (2009).jpg Mount Perry
Boolboonda, Bundaberg Region 		Bundaberg to Mount Perry railway line Rail heritage192630 [37]
Border Tunnel Up Brisbane Mail crosses over number 5 spiral tunnel.jpg Richmond Gap, connecting New South Wales and Queensland NSW North Coast line Rail1,6005,200On the border between New South Wales and Queensland (see New South Wales section above)
Cherry Gully Tunnel Cherry Gully Tunnel.jpg Southern Downs Region Warwick - Stanthorpe Line Rail272892Comprises two single-track tunnels [38]
Clem Jones Tunnel NSBT construction.jpg Between Woolloongabba and Bowen Hills, BrisbaneClem Jones Tunnel AUS Alphanumeric Route M7.svgRoad4,80015,700Two parallel tubes under the Brisbane River [39]
Cross River Rail From Dutton Park rail to Boggo Road busway stations in BrisbaneRail5,90019,400Two bored tunnels under construction with one complete in 2021 but not operational [40]
Dalveen Tunnel Dalveen Tunnel on the Southern railway line, Dalveen, Queensland, 2015 03.JPG Dalveen, Southern Downs Region Warwick to Wallangarra railway line Rail140460single line rail tunnel [41]
Dularcha Railway Tunnel Dularcha Railway Tunnel from South (2009).jpg Mooloolah, Sunshine Coast Region North Coast line Rail100330Disused line [42]
Eastern Busway Eastern Busesy tunnel portal in Dutton Park, Brisbane 02.jpeg Dutton Park, Brisbane Annerley Road Road, busway 6402,100Built under Boggo Road Gaol [43]
George Bridges Tunnel Nundah, Brisbane Sandgate Road Road285935 [44]
Inner City Bypass tunnel Inner City Bypass tunnel under the Breakfast Creek Hotel, Brisbane.jpg Breakfast Creek, Brisbane Inner City Bypass AUS Alphanumeric Route M3.svgRoad3501,150 [45]
Lahey's Canungra Tramway Tunnel Laheys Canungra Tramway Tunnel, 2007.jpg Canungra, Gold Coast Pedestrians onlyRail heritage91299c. 1900 [46]
Legacy Way Legacy Way Tunnel - Lowest Point, 2015-05-31.jpg Toowong and Kelvin Grove, BrisbaneLinking the Western Freeway with the Inner City Bypass Road4,60015,100Two bored tunnels carrying two motorway grade lanes of traffic in each direction [47]
Leopard Street TunnelBrisbaneStormwaterc. 1890
Main Range tunnels Dia 0232.jpg Main Range Main Line Rail8862,907A series of nine single-track or double-track tunnels that date from c. 1866
Many Peaks - Monto loop line Boyne Valley Gladstone to Monto railway line Rail heritage7302,400Six tunnels on a disused railway line
Muntapa rail tunnel Cooyar, Toowoomba Region Cooyar railway line Rail heritage280920 [48]
Victoria Tunnel Victoria Tunnel Queensland.jpg Grandchester Main Line Rail5371,762 [49]
Yimbun Railway Tunnel Yimbun Railway Tunnel (2008).jpg Harlin, Somerset Region Brisbane Valley railway line Rail100330Completed in 1910; line closed in 1993 [50]

South Australia

NameImageLocaleCarriesTypeLengthNotes
m ft
Ambleside Tunnel Verdun Main South Line Rail172564 [51] Tunnel 9 [52]
Barossa Reservoir supply tunnel Williamstown Between South Para River and South Para Reservoir Water2,0006,600
Clarendon Weir to Happy Valley Reservoir Tunnelsouth of Adelaide city centre Water5,00016,000 [53]
Dowds Hill Tunnel East of Peterborough Crystal Brook-Broken Hill railway line under Wilmington–Ucolta Road Rail95312 [54]
Echo Tunnel Tunnel at Belair National Park.jpg Belair National Park, Belair Footpath and creek under Main South Line Pedestrian
Eden Hills Tunnels Eden Hills Belair railway line Rail156512Tunnel 3 constructed 1880s [55]
Main South Line 1565121920 [56]
Former Coromandel Tunnel Blackwood Main South Line RailTunnel 4, converted to a cutting and bridge when track duplicated 1920 [52]
Former Pinera Tunnel Belair Main South Line RailTunnel 5, converted to a cutting and bridge when track duplicated 1920 [52]
Former Sleeps Hill Tunnels Panorama Previous alignment of Main South Line Rail170560Tunnels 1 and 2, 1880s–1920 [57] [58]
3601,180
Heysen Tunnels Heysentunnel.jpg Mount Lofty Ranges South Eastern Freeway Road5001,600 [59]
Long Gully Tunnel Belair Main South Line Rail304997 [55] Tunnel 7 [52]
Murray Bridge Tunnel Murray Bridge Main South Line Rail80260 [60]
National Park Tunnel Belair Main South Line Rail193633 [55] Tunnel 6 [52]
O-Bahn Busway City access tunnel Adelaide Park Lands 6702,200Opened 2017 [61]
Sleeps Hill Tunnel Sleep's Hill Tunnel(GN02032).jpg Panorama Main South Line Rail7382,421 [55] Replaced Tunnels 1 and 2 in 1920
Tod River Reservoir works Construction of water culvert through hills - man and horse in foreground(GN03838).jpg Water
Torrens Gorge Tunnel Water
Upper Sturt Tunnel Upper Sturt Main South Line Rail199653 [51] Tunnel 8 [52]

Tasmania

NameImageLocaleCarriesTypeLengthNotes
m ft
Rhyndaston Tunnel South of Oatlands; Southern Tasmania Tasmanian Main Line (Hobart to Western Junction) Rail9553,133Completed in 1876; widened in the 1970s [62]
Argent Tunnel Emu Bay Railway Rail

Victoria

NameImageLocaleCarriesTypeLengthNotes
m ft
Big Hill Tunnel Bendigo Deniliquin railway line Rail3901,280
Bunbury Street Tunnel Footscray, MelbourneRail4201,380Both Broad Gauge and Standard Gauge entering and leaving Melbourne
Burnley Tunnel MCL 003 deluge-clear-600-2.jpg Richmond, Melbourne CityLink / Monash Freeway Road3,40011,200
City Loop Tunnels City-loop-exit-spencer-street.jpg La Trobe and Spring Streets, Melbourne Melbourne Underground Rail Loop Rail12,00039,000Comprises:
Domain Tunnel Domain Tunnel entrance.jpg Richmond, Melbourne CityLink / Monash Freeway Road1,6005,200
Elphinstone Tunnel Deniliquin railway line Rail3851,263Built double track, singled later
Geelong Tunnel Geelong Port Fairy railway line Rail4221,385Exit from Geelong to West coast railway line
Melba Tunnel Melba tunnel.jpg Mitcham, Melbourne Eastern Freeway to EastLink RingwoodRoad1,6005,200
Metro Tunnel South Yarra to

Kensington via Melbourne CBD

Cranbourne line Sunbury line Pakenham line Rail9,0005,600Once opened in 2025 the tunnel will cary the Pakenham, Cranbourne and Sunbury lines. [63]
Mullum Mullum Tunnel Mullum Mullum Tunnel Entrance.jpg Mitcham, MelbourneEastern Freeway to EastLink RingwoodRoad1,6005,200
Rosanna Tunnel Rosanna, Melbourne Hurstbridge railway line Rail65213
West Richmond Tunnel Richmond, Melbourne Hurstbridge railway line Rail115377
Jolimont Tunnel East Melbourne, Melbourne Hurstbridge railway line Rail149489
Spotswood sewer tunnel Fishermans Bend and Spotswood;
Melbourne		Under Yarra River connecting Hobsons Bay Main with
former Spotswood Sewerage Pumping Station		Sewer200660Continues in use as part of Melbourne's Sewerage system
West Gate Tunnel Spotswood and Fishermans Bend;
Melbourne		 West Gate Bridge Road3,0009,800Proposed as part of the Western Distributor, construction commenced in 2018 [64]

Western Australia

NameImageLocaleAddress/FacilityTypeLengthNotes
m ft
Airport line tunnel Bayswater, Redcliffe, Perth Airport, High Wycombe PerthRail8,00026,000Twin bored tunnels, part of the Airport line [65]
Canning Tunnel Canning Dam to Perth Darling Scarp Water supply 5,60018,400 [66]
Northbridge Tunnel GrahamFarmerFreewayTunnel 2005 SeanMcClean.jpg Northbridge PerthRoad1,6005,200
Swan View Tunnel Swan View Tunnel.jpg Swan View Perth; John Forrest National Park Rail262860Closed and now converted to a rail trail [67]
William Street Tunnel Perth railway station to Elizabeth Quay railway station PerthRail7002,300Twin bored tunnels that were built as part of the New MetroRail City Project, [68] used by Yanchep and Mandurah line services
Wungong Tunnel Wungong Dam to PerthDarling ScarpWater supply3,70012,100

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Bozier, Rolfe (ed.). "NSW Railway Tunnels". NSWRail.net. Rolfe Bozier. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  2. ↑ "Ardglen Railway Tunnel". New South Wales State Heritage Register . Department of Planning & Environment . Retrieved 11 September 2017. CC BY icon.svg Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC BY 4.0 licence .
  3. ↑ "List of tunnels in Australia" (Map). Google Maps . Retrieved 11 September 2017.
  4. ↑ "Avon Tunnel". www.nswrail.net. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  5. ↑ "Cougal To Border Loop, Railway Spiral and Landscape". New South Wales State Heritage Register . Department of Planning & Environment . Retrieved 11 September 2017. CC BY icon.svg Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC BY 4.0 licence .
  6. ↑ "Busby's Bore". New South Wales State Heritage Register . Department of Planning & Environment. H00568. Retrieved 13 October 2018. CC BY icon.svg Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC BY 4.0 licence .
  7. ↑ "Cross City Tunnel: Minister's Condition of Approval No. 288: Post Opening Report" (PDF). Roads & Traffic Authority . Government of New South Wales. June 2006. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  8. ↑ "Yelgun to Chinderah, Pacific Highway upgrade". Roads & Traffic Authority . Government of New South Wales. 22 April 2009. Archived from the original on 4 June 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
  9. ↑ "Central Railway Station & Sydney Terminal Group". New South Wales Heritage Database. Office of Environment & Heritage.
  10. ↑ Lai, Steven; Wong, Dee; Wu, Dicken (9 April 2009). "Fire and life safety designs for road tunnels in Asia" (PDF). Fire Division, Hong Kong Institution of Engineers. pp. 23–24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2016.
  11. ↑ "Eastern Distributor, Sydney". Australasian Tunnelling Society. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015.
  12. ↑ Noone, Richard; Samandar, Lema (5 June 2015). "Helensburgh tunnels: The eerie beauty of the Sutherland to Wollongong rail network". Daily Telegraph . News Corp. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  13. ↑ "Helensburgh's Railway Tunnels". Helensburgh and District Historical Society.
  14. ↑ "Otford railway tunnel (former)". New South Wales State Heritage Register . Department of Planning & Environment. H01219. Retrieved 2 June 2018. CC BY icon.svg Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC BY 4.0 licence .
  15. ↑ "Glenrock State Conservation Area, Plan of Management" (PDF). Department of Environment, Climate Change & Water, NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. New South Wales Government. September 2010. p. 28. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 March 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
  16. 1 2 "M4 East: Project Overview" (PDF). WestConnex . NSW Government and Australian Government. September 2015. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  17. ↑ Langdon, Mark; Oliver, Dean, (illustrator.); Johnson, Roger, (illustrator.); Dunn, Ian, (researcher.); Gallagher, Bob, (researcher.); Matthews, Richard, (researcher.) (2017). Shale & Shays : The Fight for Shale Oil from the Wolgan Valley. Eveleigh Press. ISBN   978-1-876568-74-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ↑ "'Absolute gamechanger': Sydney's newest toll road to open tomorrow". www.abc.net.au. 29 October 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  19. ↑ "Pyrmont and Glebe Railway Tunnels". New South Wales State Heritage Register . Department of Planning & Environment. H01225. Retrieved 13 October 2018. CC BY icon.svg Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC BY 4.0 licence .
  20. ↑ Bozier, Rolfe (ed.). "Redbank Tunnel". NSWRail.net. Rolfe Bozier. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  21. ↑ "Southern Highlands coal miner moves rail line". ABC News. 5 December 2012.
    Cox, Michael (15 January 2013). "Rail tunnel will soon be history". Wollondilly Advertiser.
  22. ↑ Stevens, Rodney (24 January 2014). "Tunnel breakthrough a major milestone for highway upgrade". Northern Star. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  23. ↑ Pratley, Juliet (1993). "Sydney Harbour Tunnel". Concrete International. 15 (7): 19–23.
  24. ↑ "Railway electricity tunnel under Sydney Harbour". New South Wales State Heritage Register . Department of Planning & Environment. H01231. Retrieved 2 June 2018. CC BY icon.svg Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC BY 4.0 licence .
  25. ↑ "Sydney Harbour (Balmain to Greenwich) Railway Electricity Tunnel". New South Wales State Heritage Register . Department of Planning & Environment . Retrieved 8 August 2020. CC BY icon.svg Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC BY 4.0 licence .
  26. ↑ North West Rail Link Project Overview (Report). NSW Transport. 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
  27. ↑ "Tank Stream". New South Wales State Heritage Register . Department of Planning & Environment. H00636. Retrieved 13 October 2018. CC BY icon.svg Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC BY 4.0 licence .
  28. ↑ "Great Zig Zag Railway deviation tunnels". New South Wales State Heritage Register . Department of Planning & Environment . Retrieved 4 September 2017. CC BY icon.svg Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC BY 4.0 licence .
  29. ↑ "The Sydney Connecting Railway". Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate . Vol. XI, no. 8425. New South Wales, Australia. 2 April 1884. p. 4. Retrieved 11 June 2016– via National Library of Australia.
  30. ↑ "NEWS OF THE DAY". Sydney Morning Herald . No. 15, 410. New South Wales, Australia. 16 August 1887. p. 7. Retrieved 11 June 2016– via National Library of Australia.
  31. ↑ "THE GOSFORD-NEWCASTLE RAILWAY". Sydney Morning Herald . No. 15, 408. New South Wales, Australia. 13 August 1887. p. 7. Retrieved 11 June 2016– via National Library of Australia.
  32. ↑ "NEWS OF THE DAY". Sydney Morning Herald . No. 15, 400. New South Wales, Australia. 4 August 1887. p. 7. Retrieved 11 June 2016– via National Library of Australia.
  33. ↑ "Tugun Bypass". Projects. Lend Lease. Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
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  35. ↑ "Wynyard Walk". Barangaroo Delivery Authority. 20 September 2016. Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  36. ↑ Hawthorne, Mark (30 January 2009). "Peering deep into a long, dark tunnel". BusinessDay. Archived from the original on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  37. ↑ Alex Brown (7 May 2003). "Gin Gin explodes out of the blocks for its 9.93 seconds of fame". Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  38. ↑ "Cherry Gully Tunnel (entry 601517)". Queensland Heritage Register . Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  39. ↑ "Brisbane's CLEM7 tunnel opening". ABC News Online . Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 22 March 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
  40. ↑ "First of Cross River Rail's twin tunnels complete". Queensland Government Media Statements. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  41. ↑ "Dalveen Tunnel". Environment, land and water. Queensland Government.
  42. ↑ "Dularcha Railway Tunnel (entry 601522)". Queensland Heritage Register . Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  43. ↑ "Boggo Road Busway Tunnel, Brisbane" (extract). Brisbane ATS Newsletter March 2008. Australian Tunnelling Society. Archived from the original on 16 February 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  44. ↑ "Nundah Bypass". Arup. Archived from the original on 10 November 2007. Retrieved 3 February 2008.
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  46. ↑ "Lahey's Canungra Tramway Tunnel (entry 602529)". Queensland Heritage Register . Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
  47. ↑ Tunnelling, Legacy Way, Transcity official website Archived 2013-04-10 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 24 April 2013)
  48. ↑ "Muntapa Tunnel (entry 602594)". Queensland Heritage Register . Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  49. ↑ Grandchester: Then & Now Archived 2008-07-22 at the Wayback Machine
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  52. 1 2 3 4 5 6 4BJ (13 March 2009). "SA railway tunnels/ bridges where are they located?". Railpage. Retrieved 8 August 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)[ self-published source? ]
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  54. ↑ "Dowds Hill Tunnel" (PDF). Bardavcol. August 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
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  56. ↑ "Appendix VI Bridges and Structures" (PDF). ARTC Code of Practice for Operations and Safeworking. 30 June 2004. pp. 8–9. Doc No. TA02 Issue 2.1. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  57. ↑ Sutton, Malcolm (9 February 2018). "Curious Adelaide: Descending into the darkness of Adelaide's stormwater network (Part Two)". ABC News. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
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