Related Research Articles
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent agency of the United States government that regulates communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable across the United States. The FCC maintains jurisdiction over the areas of broadband access, fair competition, radio frequency use, media responsibility, public safety, and homeland security.
Warner Media, LLC was an American multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate owned by AT&T. It was headquartered at the 30 Hudson Yards complex in New York City.
There are several types of mass media in the United States: television, radio, cinema, newspapers, magazines, and web sites. The U.S. also has a strong music industry. New York City, Manhattan in particular, and to a lesser extent Los Angeles, are considered the epicenters of U.S. media.
The Telecommunications Act of 1996 is a United States federal law enacted by the 104th United States Congress on January 3, 1996, and signed into law on February 8, 1996 by President Bill Clinton. It primarily amended Chapter 5 of Title 47 of the United States Code. The act was the first significant overhaul of United States telecommunications law in more than sixty years, amending the Communications Act of 1934, and represented a major change in that law, because it was the first time that the Internet was added to American regulation of broadcasting and telephony.
Concentration of media ownership, also known as media consolidation or media convergence, is a process wherein fewer individuals or organizations control shares of the mass media. Research in the 1990s and early 2000s suggested then-increasing levels of consolidation, with many media industries already highly concentrated where a few companies own much of the market. However, since the proliferation of the Internet, smaller and more diverse new media companies maintain a larger share of the overall market.
Major film studios are production and distribution companies that release a substantial number of films annually and consistently command a significant share of box office revenue in a given market. In the American and international markets, the major film studios, often known simply as the majors or the Big Five studios, are commonly regarded as the five diversified media conglomerates whose various film production and distribution subsidiaries collectively command approximately 80 to 85% of U.S. box office revenue. The term may also be applied more specifically to the primary motion picture business subsidiary of each respective conglomerate.
In North American broadcasting, a local marketing agreement (LMA), or local management agreement, is a contract in which one company agrees to operate a radio or television station owned by another party. In essence, it is a sort of lease or time-buy.
In journalism, mainstream media (MSM) is a term and abbreviation used to refer collectively to the various large mass news media that influence many people and both reflect and shape prevailing currents of thought. The term is used to contrast with alternative media.
Prometheus Radio Project v. FCC is the general title of a series of cases heard by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit from 2003 to 2019. A media activist group, Prometheus Radio Project, challenged new media ownership rules put forth by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 2002. In the first court challenge in 2004, the Third Circuit overruled an attempt by the FCC to raise the limits of media ownership within markets and relax cross-ownership prohibitions, and determined that a diversity index used by the FCC had been formulated inconsistently.
Access Industries, Inc. is a United States–based privately held multinational investment company which was founded in 1986 by businessman Leonard "Len" Blavatnik. Access Industries' focus is in seven sectors: biotechnology, entertainment, external funds, global media, strategic equity, technology ventures, and real estate. The group invests in the United States, Europe, Israel, and Latin America. It is headquartered in New York, with offices in London and Mill Valley, California.
A duopoly is a situation in television and radio broadcasting in which two or more stations in the same city or community share common ownership.
Home Box Office, Inc. (HBO) is an American multinational media and entertainment company operating as a unit of Warner Bros. Discovery. Founded by Charles Dolan and based out of WarnerMedia's former corporate headquarters at the 30 Hudson Yards complex in the West Side of Manhattan, its main properties include its namesake pay television network Home Box Office (HBO), sister service Cinemax, HBO Films, and the international HBO Go streaming service. It has also licensed or maintained ownership interests in international versions of HBO and Cinemax, most of which are managed by Home Box Office, Inc. through sister division Warner Bros. Discovery International.
Media ownership in Canada is governed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC), with regards to audiovisual media and telecom networks, as well as other agencies with more specific jurisdiction, in the case of non-broadcast media—like the Competition Bureau, with regards to competition matters and Department of Canadian Heritage regarding foreign investment in the cultural sector. The CRTC implements the policies of the Broadcasting Act and the Telecommunications Act within Canada but, because its jurisdiction is limited to these, does not regulate the ownership of newspapers or non-audiovisual Internet activity. They have taken press and non-audiovisual Internet activity into consideration in deciding on broadcasting matters. Thus far, the CRTC has undertaken very little regulation of Internet-based audiovisual programming.
The Media Access Project was a non-profit group that promoted the public's interest before Congress and the US court system. MAP grew out of a 1960s lawsuit against the United Church of Christ and was eventually formed in 1972 in order to advance the rights of the public wanting to participate in the democratic process. Some of their first cases involved two TV stations in Mississippi not catering to the African American Community, resulting in the stations almost being shut down. From that era and cases came the thought "that members of the viewing and listening public have the legal right, derived from the First Amendment, to participate in FCC proceedings." Their most common way of fighting cases was through lobbying. The group suspended operations on May 1, 2012.
Media cross-ownership is the common ownership of multiple media sources by a single person or corporate entity. Media sources include radio, broadcast television, specialty and pay television, cable, satellite, Internet Protocol television (IPTV), newspapers, magazines and periodicals, music, film, book publishing, video games, search engines, social media, internet service providers, and wired and wireless telecommunications.
Minority ownership of media outlets in the United States is the concept of having ownership of media outlets to reflect the demographic population of the area which the media serves. This is to help ensure that media addresses issues that are of concern to the needs and interests of the local population.
Dispersal of ownership is a standpoint that opposes concentration of media ownership and mergers of media conglomerates. This position generally advocates smaller and local ownership of media as a way to realize journalistic values and inclusive media public sphere in the society.
The history of AT&T dates back to the invention of the telephone. The Bell Telephone Company was established in 1877 by Alexander Graham Bell, who obtained the first US patent for the telephone, and his father-in-law, Gardiner Greene Hubbard. Bell and Hubbard also established American Telephone and Telegraph Company in 1885, which acquired the Bell Telephone Company and became the primary telephone company in the United States. This company maintained an effective monopoly on local telephone service in the United States until anti-trust regulators agreed to allow AT&T to retain Western Electric and enter general trades computer manufacture and sales in return for its offer to split the Bell System by divesting itself of ownership of the Bell Operating Companies in 1982.
Radio homogenization is the shift to stations airing the same pre-recorded program material and central-casting via Internet or satellite.
Federal Communications Commission v. Prometheus Radio Project, 592 U.S. ___ (2021), was a United States Supreme Court case dealing with media ownership rules that the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) can set under the Telecommunications Act of 1996. The case dates back to the Third Circuit rulings from 2002 that have blocked FCC decisions to relax media ownership rules related to cross-ownership of newspapers with television and radio broadcast stations. In the present case, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously in April 2021 that the FCC had not made arbitrary and capricious rulemaking decisions in the context of the Administrative Procedure Act, nor had the requirement to review minority ownership of stations under Congressional mandate as stated in the Third Circuit's ruling, reversing this last ruling and allowing the FCC to proceed to relax cross-media ownership rules.
References
- ↑ Moglen, Eben; Pertschuck, Michael; Sherman, Scott (1999). "Editorials". The Nation . Vol. 269, no. 18. p. 12. ISSN 0027-8378.
- ↑ "A distinction between Business Groups and Conglomerates:The Limited Liability Effect". SSRN Electronic Journal 01/2009; DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.134299. 1 January 2009. Archived from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
- ↑ "Critics Turn Out To Protest Media Consolidation". The Washington Post and Times-Herald. 1 November 2007. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
- 1 2 3 Stoll, Mary Lyn (June 2006). "Infotainment and the Moral Obligations of the Multimedia Conglomerate". Journal of Business Ethics. 66 (2–3): 253–260. doi:10.1007/s10551-005-5590-2. S2CID 153666046.
- ↑ Kenix, Linda Jean. "Independent Websites Not So Different from Group-Owned". Newspaper Research Journal. 35 (2).
- ↑ Shah, Anup. "Media Conglomerates, Mergers, Concentration of Ownership". Global Issues. Archived from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
- ↑ "Diversity in Media Ownership". Free Press. Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
- ↑ "The Abysmal State of Media Ownership Diversity in America". The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights. Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
- ↑ Beresteanu, Arie; Ellickson, Paul B. "Minority and Female Ownership in Media Enterprises" (PDF). docs.fcc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
- 1 2 Gamson, Joshua; Latteier, Pearl (Summer 2004). "Do media monsters devour diversity?". Contexts . 3 (3). American Sociological Association: 26–32. doi: 10.1525/ctx.2004.3.3.26 . S2CID 62715815 . Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
Studies routinely find that the individuals appearing in mass media are disproportionately white, middle-class men between the ages of 20 and 60. ... the rapid consolidation of deregulated media companies makes it even less likely that companies and stations will be minority-owned today.
- ↑ "Diversity in Media Ownership". Free Press. Archived from the original on 22 November 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
- ↑ Kochkodin, Brandon. "The World's Largest Media Companies 2024: Disney, Charter Communications And Warner Bros. Discovery All Fall". Forbes. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
- ↑ Lutz, Ashley (14 June 2012). "These 6 Corporations Control 90% of the Media in America". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 11 September 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
- ↑ "Timeline". Moyers on America. PBS. 2006. Archived from the original on 16 December 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
- ↑ "Telecommunications Act of 1986". Federal Communications Commission. FCC. 20 June 2013. Archived from the original on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
- ↑ Fisher, Marc. "Sounds Familiar for a Reason". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 19 November 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
- ↑ Hope, Wayne; Myllylahti, Merja. "Financialisation of Media Ownership in New Zealand". New Zealand Sociology. 28 (3).
- ↑ O'Reilly, Lara. "The 30 Biggest Media Companies in the World". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 1 June 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
- ↑ "Holdings by Industry". AccessIndustries.com. Access Industries. Archived from the original on 27 June 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
- ↑ Hipes, Patrick (18 April 2017). "Len Blavatnik's Access Acquires RatPac Entertainment Stake". Deadline. Archived from the original on 23 April 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
- ↑ "Amedia". Access Industries. Archived from the original on 23 December 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
- ↑ "Blavatnik Increases Stake in RGE Media Group". Haaretz. 30 April 2010. Archived from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
- ↑ Williams, Christopher (20 August 2016). "Blavatnik's Perform Group rebuffs tech investors to build 'Netflix for sport'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
- ↑ "Perform | Access Industries". Archived from the original on 27 June 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
- ↑ "Warner Bros. Discovery, Inc. Reports Fourth-Quarter 2023 Earnings Results" (PDF). Warner Bros. Discovery. 3 September 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 March 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
- ↑ "Hasbro's Competitors, Revenue, Number of Employees, Funding and Acquisitions". owler.com. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
- ↑ "Sony Pictures's Competitors, Revenue, Number of Employees, Funding and Acquisitions". owler.com. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
- ↑ "Sony/ATV's Competitors, Revenue, Number of Employees, Funding and Acquisitions". owler.com. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
- ↑ "Sony Music's Competitors, Revenue, Number of Employees, Funding and Acquisitions". owler.com. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
- ↑ "Grupo Televisa, S.A.B. (TV)". finance.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
- ↑ "The BCCL empire—towering over the competition". www.thehoot.org/. Archived from the original on 24 August 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2018.