Sumaco

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Sumaco
Sumaco.JPG
Sumaco Volcano.
Highest point
Elevation 3,990 m (13,090 ft) [1]
Coordinates 00°32′17″S77°37′33″W / 0.53806°S 77.62583°W / -0.53806; -77.62583 [1]
Geography
Equador physical map.svg
Red triangle with thick white border.svg
Sumaco
Geology
Mountain type Stratovolcano
Last eruption 1895 ± 30 years

Sumaco is a symmetrical, isolated stratovolcano, that is set off from the main Ecuador volcanic axis. Its rocks are very distinct from those from most Andean volcanoes because of its lack of andesitic composition, in favour of basanite and phonolitic rock. Sumaco is heavily forested and contains a small cone in its broad summit crater. An historical eruption occurred around 1895 (± 30 years). [1]

Ecology

Sumaco is isolated from the Cordillera Oriental by the lowland valley of the Cosanga and Quijos Rivers. [2] There are more than 6000 species of vascular plants, including more than 90 endemic species. [3] There are also a number of endemic animals, including toad Osornophryne sumacoensis only known from the eastern slopes of Sumaco, [4] [5] and robber frog Pristimantis ernesti only known from the summit of Sumaco. [6] [7]

Related Research Articles

<i>Osornophryne sumacoensis</i> Species of amphibian

Osornophryne sumacoensis is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to the Ecuador and only found in the forests surrounding a small crater lake on the eastern slopes of Sumaco, a volcano in the Napo Province.

Hyloxalus awa is a species of frog in the family Dendrobatidae. It is endemic to Ecuador and known from the western Andean slopes and the western Pacific lowlands.

Hyloxalus exasperatus is a species of frog in the family Dendrobatidae. It is endemic to Ecuador and found on the eastern slopes of the Andes in Pastaza and Morona-Santiago Provinces. However, it is suggested that specimens from Pastaza represent a different, possibly undescribed species.

Hyloxalus fallax is a species of frogs in the family Dendrobatidae. It is endemic to Ecuador and only known from the region of its type locality in the Cotopaxi Province, on the western slopes of the Andes. Common name Cotopaxi rocket frog has been coined for this species.

Hyloxalus fuliginosus is a species of frog in the family Dendrobatidae. It may be endemic to Ecuador where it is known from the Amazonian slopes of the Andes in the northern Ecuador, with some sources reporting it from Colombia and Venezuela.

Hyloxalus infraguttatus is a species of frog in the family Dendrobatidae. It is found on the Pacific slopes of Ecuadorian Andes at elevations of 70–1,500 m (230–4,920 ft) asl.

Hyloxalus maquipucuna is a species of frog in the family Dendrobatidae. It is endemic to Ecuador where it is only known from its type locality in the Maquipucuna reserve, in the Pichincha Province. Its name is a reference to this reserve.

Hyloxalus marmoreoventris is a species of frogs in the family Dendrobatidae. It is endemic to Ecuador and only known from its type locality on the eastern slope of the Andes in the Tungurahua Province. It is a little known species which possibly has not been observed after it was first described.

Hyloxalus mystax is a species of frog in the family Dendrobatidae. It is endemic to Ecuador where it is only known from its type locality on the Cordillera del Cóndor at 1,830 m (6,000 ft) asl. It is a little known species not observed since 1972.

<i>Hyloxalus whymperi</i> Species of frog

Hyloxalus whymperi, sometimes known as the Tanti rocket frog, is a species of frog in the family Dendrobatidae. It is endemic to west-central Ecuador and only known from Tanti and near San Francisco de Las Pampas, Pichincha Province. It is a poorly known species.

The marbled poison frog or marbled poison-arrow frog is a species of frog in the family Dendrobatidae found in western Colombia and northwestern Ecuador, at elevations of 10–1,500 m (33–4,921 ft) asl. It likely represents a species complex of at least two species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Imbabura tree frog</span> Species of amphibian

The Imbabura tree frog is a species of frog in the family Hylidae found in the Pacific lowlands of western Colombia and northwestern Ecuador from the sea level to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) asl.

Pristimantis balionotus is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is endemic to Ecuador and only known from its type locality on the border between the Loja and Zamora-Chinchipe Provinces, near the crest of the Ecuadorian Andes. Common name crest robber frog has been coined for it.

<i>Pristimantis curtipes</i> Species of frog

Pristimantis curtipes is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is found in the Nariño Department of southern Colombia and in the Andes of Ecuador south to Desierto de Palmira.

Pristimantis ernesti is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is endemic to the summit of Sumaco, a volcano in the Napo Province, Ecuador. Its common name is Ernest's robber frog. It is named after Dr. Ernst Williams, a friend and colleague of the scientist that described the species. It is a little studied species.

Pristimantis esmeraldas is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is found in north-eastern Ecuador in Esmeraldas and Manabí Provinces and in Valle del Cauca Department in Colombia.

Pristimantis luscombei is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is known from north-eastern Peru, adjacent Amazonian Ecuador, and from Acre state, Brazil. Some of the paratypes were later identified as belonging to another species, described in 2014 as Pristimantis miktos. At the same time, Pristimantis achuar was identified as synonym of Pristimantis luscombei.

<i>Pristimantis scolodiscus</i> Species of frog

Pristimantis scolodiscus is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is found on the Pacific slopes of the Andes in northern Ecuador and in the Colombian Massif in the Nariño Department in the adjacent south-western Colombia. Its elevational range is 1,200–1,780 m (3,940–5,840 ft) above sea level.

Pristimantis vertebralis is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is endemic to the Andes of Ecuador and occurs in the Carchi, Imbabura, Pichincha, Cotopaxi, Bolívar, and Azuay provinces. Common name vertebral robber frog has been coined for it.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sumaco Napo-Galeras National Park</span>

Sumaco Napo-Galeras National Park is a protected area in Ecuador situated in the Napo Province, Orellana Province and Sucumbíos Province. The highest point of the park is the Sumaco volcano that peaks at 3,732 m; the lowest altitude is 600 m.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Sumaco". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2012-01-09.
  2. ↑ Lee, T. E.; Burneo, S. F.; Marchán, M. R.; Roussos, S. A. & Vizcarra-Váscomez, R. S. (2008). "The mammals of the temperate forests of Volcán Sumaco, Ecuador" (PDF). Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University. 276: 1–10.
  3. ↑ "Parque nacional Sumaco". Ministerio del Ambiente. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  4. ↑ Coloma, L.A.; Ron, S.; Cisneros-Heredia, D. & Almandáriz, A. (2004). "Osornophryne sumacoensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2004: e.T54859A11203411. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T54859A11203411.en . Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  5. ↑ Coloma, L. A.; Páez-Moscoso, D.; Frenkel, C.; Félix-Novoa, C. & Quiguango-Ubillús, A. (2014). "Osornophryne sumacoensis". Ron, S. R., Guayasamin, J. M., Yanez-Muñoz, M. H., Merino-Viteri, A., Ortiz, D. A. y Nicolalde, D. A. 2014. AmphibiaWebEcuador. Version 2014.0. Museo de Zoología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (QCAZ). Archived from the original on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  6. ↑ Lynch, J.; Coloma, L.A. & Ron, S. (2004). "Pristimantis ernesti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2004: e.T56585A11488039. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T56585A11488039.en . Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  7. ↑ Frenkel, C.; Yánez-Muñoz, M. H.; Guayasamín, J. M.; Varela-Jaramillo, A. & Ron, S. R. (2013). "Pristimantis ernesti" (AmphibiaWebEcuador. Version 2014.0 ed.). Museo de Zoología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (QCAZ). Archived from the original on 2015-02-11. Retrieved 11 February 2015.


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