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T-Series | |||||||||||||||||||
Company type | Private | ||||||||||||||||||
Industry | Music and entertainment | ||||||||||||||||||
Founded | 11 July 1983 in Delhi, India [1] | ||||||||||||||||||
Founder | Gulshan Kumar | ||||||||||||||||||
Headquarters | , India | ||||||||||||||||||
Key people | Bhushan Kumar (Chairman, managing director) Krishan Kumar Neeraj Kalyan (President) [2] | ||||||||||||||||||
Services | |||||||||||||||||||
Owner |
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YouTube information | |||||||||||||||||||
Channel | |||||||||||||||||||
Years active | 2006–present | ||||||||||||||||||
Genres | |||||||||||||||||||
Subscribers | 273 million [3] | ||||||||||||||||||
Total views | 266 billion [3] | ||||||||||||||||||
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Last updated: September 15, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||
Website | TSeries.com |
Super Cassettes Industries Private Limited, doing business as T-Series, [note 1] [1] [5] is an Indian music record label and film production company founded by Gulshan Kumar on 11 July 1983. [6] It is primarily known for Hindi film soundtracks [6] and Indi-pop music. [7] As of 2014, T-Series is India's largest music record label, with up to a 35% share of the Indian music market, followed by Sony Music India and Zee Music Company. [8] As of June 2024, T-Series also owns and operates the most-viewed and the second most-subscribed YouTube channel, with over 267 million subscribers [9] and 257 billion views. [10] While best known as a music label, T-Series has also had some moderate success as a film production company.
Kumar, initially a fruit juice seller in Delhi, founded T-Series to sell pirated Hindi songs before the company eventually began producing new music. Their breakthrough came with the soundtrack for the 1988 Bollywood blockbuster Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak , composed by Anand–Milind, written by Majrooh Sultanpuri, and starring Aamir Khan and Juhi Chawla, which became one of the best-selling Indian music albums of the 1980s, with over 8 million sales. They eventually became a leading music label with the release of Aashiqui (1990), composed by Nadeem–Shravan, which sold 20 million copies and became the best-selling Indian soundtrack album of all time. [11] However, Gulshan Kumar was murdered by the Mumbai mafia syndicate D-Company on 12 August 1997. Since then, T-Series has been led by his son Bhushan Kumar and younger brother Krishan Kumar.
On YouTube, T-Series has a multi-channel network, with 30 channels (including Lahari Music) that have over 382.3 million subscribers as of 15 December 2021. The company's YouTube team consists of 13 people at the T-Series headquarters. [12] The company's main T-Series channel on YouTube primarily shows music videos as well as film trailers. It became the most-viewed YouTube channel in January 2017. [13] T-Series's channel was also the most-subscribed channel on YouTube from 14 April 2019 to 2 June 2024. The T-Series channel primarily features content in the Hindi language, and occasionally several other languages including Bhojpuri, Punjabi and English. T-Series also have other channels dedicated to content in several Indian languages including Bengali, Bhojpuri, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Gujarati, Marathi and Rajasthani.
T-Series was founded on 11 July 1983 [14] by Gulshan Kumar, [15] at the time a fruit juice seller in the Daryaganj neighbourhood of Delhi. [16] The company initially sold pirated Hindi film songs, prior to releasing original music. [17] [18] [19] Back then, the Indian audio cassette market was small-scale, with widespread piracy, but there was growing demand for cassette music. According to Rediff , while Kumar "was involved in piracy, he was passionately market- and consumer-driven." [20] The company also took advantage of loopholes in copyright law allowing for the release of cover versions of songs, which T-Series would then flood the market with. [21] Researchers Lawrence Liang and Ravi Sundaram wrote:
T-Series was a profoundly disruptive force in the Indian music market, in large part because it was a tremendously successful pirate. The company built its catalog through a variety of quasi-legal and illegal practices ... [T-Series] engaged in more straightforward copyright infringement in the form of pirate releases of popular hits, and it often illegally obtained film scores before the release of the film to ensure that its recordings were the first to hit the market. [21]
Kumar discovered that there was also a market for devotional music, and began recording and selling it. Kumar noticed that many elderly Hindu followers could not read hymns and chants because of failing eyesight, so Kumar hired singers to record the chants and sold them as cheap cassettes. Later, he filmed major Hindu pilgrimages in India and sold them on VHS and video cassette tapes. [22]
T-Series' first original film soundtrack release was for Lallu Ram in 1984, with music scored by Ravindra Jain.[ citation needed ] The company's breakthrough came when it released the soundtrack for the 1988 film Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (also known as QSQT), [23] directed by Mansoor Khan and starring Aamir Khan and Juhi Chawla. The Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak soundtrack, composed by Anand–Milind and written by Majrooh Sultanpuri, became the best-selling Indian soundtrack album of 1988 and one of the best-selling Indian soundtrack albums of the 1980s, [24] with more than 8 million units sold. [25] The biggest hit song from the album was "Papa Kehte Hain", sung by Udit Narayan and picturised on Aamir Khan. [26] [27] T-Series founder Gulshan Kumar soon played a key role in Hindi film music's cassette boom of the late 1980s with his affordable T-Series albums. [28]
T-Series later became a leading music label with the release of Aashiqui (1990), [17] directed by Mahesh Bhatt. The Aashiqui film soundtrack album, composed by the duo Nadeem–Shravan, sold 20 million units in India, [29] and is the best-selling Hindi film soundtrack album of all time. [11] A cover version of "Dheere Dheere" from Aashiqui was later sung by Yo Yo Honey Singh and released by T-Series in 2015.
T-Series was largely responsible for sparking a boom for the Indian music industry in the early 1990s. [25] Many of the best-selling Hindi music albums of the 1990s, particularly those composed by Nadeem–Shravan, were released under the T-Series label. [11] Besides music production, the company also began venturing into film production. [30] The annual earnings of T-Series grew from ₹20 crore ($16 million) in 1985 to ₹200 crore ($88 million) in 1991, [31] [32] and by 1997 had reached ₹500 crore [33] ($140 million). [34]
In 1997, T-Series founder Gulshan Kumar was murdered by the Mumbai mafia syndicate D-Company. [33] His assassination also led to T-Series losing its most prolific musicians at the time, Nadeem–Shravan, due to Nadeem Akhtar Saifi initially being accused of involvement in the murder, before later being exonerated. [35] [36] [37] After Gulshan Kumar's death in 1997, the company has since been led by his son Bhushan Kumar, [38] with the help of Gulshan's younger brother Krishan Kumar.
As a film production company, T-Series has had some moderate success. The highest-grossing T-Series film production to date is the critically acclaimed sleeper hit Hindi Medium (2017), written by Zeenat Lakhani, directed by Saket Chaudhary, and starring Irrfan Khan and Saba Qamar. [39] It grossed ₹322.4 crore ($44 million) worldwide, [40] with $34 million in China alone, [41] becoming one of the top 20 highest-grossing Indian films of all time. [42] One of the most expensive Indian films was T-Series's Saaho , [43] a sci-fi thriller with a production budget of ₹300 crore (equivalent to ₹373 croreorUS$45 million in 2023), released in 2019. [44] [45]
T-Series joined YouTube on 13 March 2006, but only started uploading videos in late 2010. The T-Series YouTube channel is run by a team of 13 people at the T-Series headquarters. [12] Under this channel, T-Series primarily shows music videos and film trailers.
By July 2013, it had crossed 1 billion views, becoming the second Indian YouTube channel to cross the milestone after Rajshri Productions. [46] In January 2017, T-Series surpassed PewDiePie to become the world's most-viewed YouTube channel, [47] [13] [48] [49] and as of November 2023 it has over 236 billion views. [50] On 10 September 2018, the channel received a Custom Ruby Play Button on reaching 50 Million subscribers. [51] It is also the second channel ever to hit 70 million subscribers. [10] On 29 May 2019, T-Series became the first channel to reach 100 million subscribers, [52] and in December 2021, became the first channel to reach 200 million subscribers. [53] Over 2 time periods T-Series was the most-subscribed YouTube channel a 5 day period in March 2019. [54] And a 1,876 day period between April 2019 and June 2024. [55]
As of 1 June 2024, T-Series has 266 million subscribers, making it the second most-subscribed YouTube channel, behind MrBeast. [56] On average, T-Series gains 66,000 subscribers daily. [57]
T-Series channel also owns a multi-channel network, with 29 channels [2] (excluding Lahari Music), which include YouTube channels such as T-Series Telugu, T-Series Tamil, [58] Bollywood Classics, [59] T-Series Kids Hut, T-Series Apna Punjab, T-Series Kannada, Shabad Gurbani, Health And Fitness, T-Series Bhakti Sagar (mainly dedicated to Hindu devotional music, and to a lesser extent Jain, Sikh, Muslim, Buddhist and Christian), Pop Chartbusters, T-Series Malayalam, T-Series Classics, T-Series Regional, hamaarbhojpuri, T-Series Gujarati, T-Series Marathi, T-Series Bhavageethegalu & Folk, Bhakti Sagar Telugu, Bhakti Sagar Tamil, Bhakti Sagar Malayalam, T-Series Bhakti Marathi, Bhakti Sagar Kannada, T-Series Islamic Music, T-Series Kids Hut-Portuguese Fairy Tales, T-Series Haryanvi, T-Series Kids Hut-Telugu Kathalu, T-Series Kids Hut-Cuentos en Español and T-Series Kids Hut Tamil.
On top of this, seven of their channels are among the top 100 most-subscribed channels in India, including T-Series, Bhakti Sagar, Apna Punjab, Pop Chartbusters, Bollywood Classics, T-Series Regional, Lahari Music. [60]
T-Series' 29 channels accumulated a total of more than 184 million YouTube subscribers as of July 2019. During January–July 2018, T-Series earned an income of ₹720 crore (equivalent to ₹895 croreorUS$110 million in 2023) from YouTube. [58] Online revenue contributes to at least 60% of the company's overall revenue. [61]
The most popular song on the T-Series channel is "Dilbar" (2018), [62] an updated version of a 1999 song from Sirf Tum originally composed by Nadeem–Shravan, reinvisioned by Tanishk Bagchi with Middle-Eastern musical influences, [63] and a music video featuring Arabic belly dancing from Moroccan-Canadian dancer Nora Fatehi. [64] It has become one of the most popular Hindi film music videos of all time, [65] with its international success inspiring an Arabic language version released by T-Series, also featuring Nora Fatehi. "Dilbar" is popular across South Asia and the Arab world, with all versions of the song having received more than 1 billion views on YouTube. [66] The most popular T-Series artist on YouTube is Punjabi language artist Guru Randhawa, whose song "Lahore" (2017) has crossed 1 billion views on YouTube. [67] "Slowly Slowly", Guru Randhawa's collaboration with American rapper Pitbull released by T-Series, received 38 million views within a day, becoming one of the most-viewed music videos in 24 hours. [68]
The growth of T-Series' YouTube channel has been attributed to India's emerging online population. A major breakthrough in India's Internet growth came in September 2016 with the advent of 4G network Reliance Jio, offering data at very low costs. [15] India has since emerged as the world's second-largest online population (behind China, where YouTube is blocked), with YouTube alone having over 225 million monthly Indian users. India's high demand for YouTube content and the lack of local content creators has contributed significantly to the rapid growth of T-Series. [69]
The growth of T-Series is also attributed to its growing audience outside of India. [15] About 40% of the channel's traffic comes from outside of India, [2] including 12% from the United States. [15] The majority of the channel's overseas viewers belong to the global South Asian diaspora. More recently, the channel's overseas viewership has increased further, as a result of attention and controversy drawn to the channel by foreign YouTubers such as PewDiePie and MrBeast. [2] On 22 February 2019 at 6:04 AM, T-Series surpassed PewDiePie for the first time to become the most-subscribed YouTube channel, with PewDiePie regaining the spot 8 minutes later. T-Series overtook PewDiePie in a similar manner many more times over the following weeks, and on 27 March, finally gained and maintained, until 1 April, the top spot by a fluctuating, but overall growing, margin. [70] [71] On 1 June 2024, MrBeast overtook T-Series and gained the top spot.
In November 2007, T-Series filed a lawsuit against YouTube for infringing on the copyright of its music by allowing users to upload videos of its music onto YouTube, which could be accessed for free, and obtained an interim order against YouTube from the Delhi High Court, which restrained YouTube from infringing on its copyrights. [72] [73] T-Series and YouTube settled out of court in January 2011. [73]
In April 2019, after PewDiePie released two diss tracks against T-Series, "Congratulations" and "Bitch Lasagna", T-Series filed a complaint with the Delhi High Court to have the songs removed from YouTube, arguing that they were "defamatory, disparaging, insulting, and offensive". Despite Kjellberg's statement that these diss tracks were "done in good fun", the court issued a temporary injunction in favour of T-Series on 8 April 2019 and access to the diss tracks on YouTube was blocked in India. [74] [75] In August 2019, it was reported that T-Series and PewDiePie had settled their legal disputes outside of court. [76]
The following notable musical artists have worked with T-Series and/or had music released under the T-Series label:
Year | Film | Actors |
---|---|---|
1989 | Lal Dupatta Malmal Ka [DTV] | Sahil Chaddha, Veverly |
Phir Lehraya Lal Dupatta Malmal Ka [DTV] | ||
Abhi To Main Jawan Hoon [DTV] | ||
Gawaahi | Zeenat Aman, Shekhar Kapur, Ranjeeta Kaur, Ashutosh Gowariker |
Year | Film | Actors |
---|---|---|
1990 | Aashiqui | Rahul Roy, Anu Aggarwal, Deepak Tijori |
Bahaar Aane Tak | Roopa Ganguly, Moon Moon Sen, Sumeet Saigal, Tariq Shah | |
1991 | Jeena Teri Gali Mein | Suraj, Kavita Kapoor |
Ayee Milan Ki Raat | Avinash Wadhavan, Shaheen | |
Naagmani | Shikha Swaroop, Sumeet Saigal | |
Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin | Aamir Khan, Pooja Bhatt, Anupam Kher, Tiku Talsania [77] | |
1992 | Jeena Marna Tere Sang | Sanjay Dutt, Raveena Tandon |
Sangeet | Madhuri Dixit, Jackie Shroff | |
Meera Ka Mohan | Ashwini Bhave, Avinash Wadhavan | |
Shiv Mahima | ||
Maina [SO] | ||
1993 | Aaja Meri Jaan | |
Kasam Teri Kasam | ||
Do Dilon Ka Sangam [SO] | ||
1994 | Shabnam | Kanchan, Sanjay Mitra, Alok Nath |
Aaja Sanam (film delayed for 2 years) | Avinash Wadhavan, Chandni, Paresh Rawal | |
Jai Maa Vaishno Devi | ||
Main Tera Aashiq [SO] | ||
Chahat [SO] | ||
1995 | Deewana Sanam [DTV] | |
Bewafa Sanam | [78] | |
Surya Putra Shani Dev [DTV] | ||
Shree Satyanarayan Vrat Katha [DTV] | ||
1996 | Jai Maa Dakshineshwar Maa | |
Chal Kanwariya Shiv Ke Dham | ||
1998 | Char Dham |
Year | Film | Actors |
---|---|---|
2000 | Papa The Great | Krishan Kumar, Nagma |
2001 | Tum Bin | Sandali Sinha, Priyanshu Chatterjee, Himanshu Malik |
2002 | Jee Aayan Nu | Harbhajan Mann, Priya Gill |
2003 | Aapko Pehle Bhi Kahin Dekha Hai | Priyanshu Chatterjee, Sakshi Shivanand, Om Puri |
2004 | Muskaan | Aftab Shivdasani, Gracy Singh |
2005 | Lucky: No Time for Love | Salman Khan, Sneha Ullal, Mithun Chakraborty |
2006 | Humko Deewana Kar Gaye | Akshay Kumar, Katrina Kaif, Bipasha Basu, Anil Kapoor |
2007 | Darling | Fardeen Khan, Esha Deol |
2007 | Bhool Bhulaiyaa | Akshay Kumar, Ameesha Patel, Vidya Balan, Shiney Ahuja |
2008 | Karzzzz | Himesh Reshammiya, Urmila Matondkar, Dino Morea, Shweta Kumar, Danny Denzongpa, Rohini Hattangadi, Smita Bansal, Gulshan Grover, Bakhtiyaar Irani, Raj Babbar, Himani Shivpuri, Tareena Patel, Asrani, Sudhir Dalvi, Imran Hasnee, Shiva Rindani |
2009 | Radio: Love on Air | Himesh Reshammiya, Sonal Sehgal, Shenaz Treasurywala, Zakir Hussain, Paresh Rawal, Megha Narkar, Urvashi Yadav, Himani Shivpuri, Megha Chatterji, Akhil Mishra |
† | Denotes films that have not yet been released |
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This is a list of soundtrack albums that were published under the T-Series label, excluding films that were also produced by T-Series (see Production filmography above). All information on the years of release of the albums has been/is being found with the help of Discogs [100] [101] and MySwar [102]
Year | Film |
---|---|
1995 | Papa Kehte Hai |
Bhairavi | |
1996 | Is Raat Ki Subah Nahin |
Aur Ek Prem Kahani | |
Gudgudee | |
Laalchee | |
Sardari Begum | |
1997 | Lav Kush |
Judge Mujrim | |
Daava | |
Mil Gayee Manzil Mujhe | |
Daadagiri | |
Gudia | |
1998 | Saaz |
Saazish | |
Zor |
Year | Film |
---|---|
1998 | Himmatwala |
1999 | Sautela |
Aaag Hi Aag |
T-Series collaborated with Lahari Music.
Year | Film |
---|---|
2010s | |
2016 | Jaguar |
Santhu Straight Forward | |
2017 | Jani |
2018 | K.G.F: Chapter 1 |
2019 | Kurukshetra |
2020s | |
2022 | K.G.F: Chapter 2 |
Vikrant Rona | |
Banaras | |
2023 | Martin |
Ghost | |
Ronny The Ruler | |
T-Series collaborated with Lahari Music.
Year | Film |
---|---|
1993 | Gandharvam |
2019 | Mamangam |
T-Series collaborated with Lahari Music, Big Music and other prominent labels.
T-Series collaborated with Lahari Music
Year | Film |
---|---|
2013 | Deewana |
Boss: Born to Rule | |
2014 | Jaatishwar |
The Royal Bengal Tiger | |
Game | |
Buno Haansh | |
Bachchan | |
Chotushkone | |
2015 | Ebar Shabor |
Black |
Year | Film |
---|---|
2008 | Slumdog Millionaire: Music from the Motion Picture |
Nadeem–Shravan are an Indian composer duo in the Bollywood film industry of India. They derive their name from the first names of Nadeem Akhtar Saifi and Shravan Kumar Rathod.
Gulshan Kumar Dua, was an Indian film and music producer and businessman who was the founder of the Super Cassettes Industries Limited (T-Series) music label in the Bollywood industry. After founding T-Series in 1983, Dua established it as a leading record label in the 1990s.
Hindi film songs, more formally known as Hindi Geet or filmi songs and informally known as Bollywood music, are songs featured in Hindi films. Derived from the song-and-dance routines common in Indian films, Bollywood songs, along with dance, are a characteristic motif of Hindi cinema which gives it enduring popular appeal, cultural value and context. Hindi film songs form a predominant component of Indian pop music, and derive their inspiration from both classical and modern sources. Hindi film songs are now firmly embedded in North India's popular culture and routinely encountered in North India in marketplaces, shops, during bus and train journeys and numerous other situations. Though Hindi films routinely contain many songs and some dance routines, they are not musicals in the Western theatrical sense; the music-song-dance aspect is an integral feature of the genre akin to plot, dialogue and other parameters.
Anuradha Paudwal is an Indian playback singer and politician who works predominantly in Hindi cinema. She has been described in media as one of the most prominent Bhajan singers and also as one of the most successful playback singers of 80s and 90s era of Bollywood. The recipient of several accolades including a National Film Award, four Filmfare Awards and two Odisha State Film Awards, she has been honoured by the Government of India with the Padma Shri, the country's fourth-highest civilian honour for her contribution in the field of arts. Her contribution in Indian devotional music and Bollywood Industry gained her the titles such as "Bhajan Queen", "Melody Queen".
Bhushan Kumar Dua is an Indian film producer and music producer. He is the chairman and managing director of Super Cassettes Industries Limited, also known as T-Series. He is known for his work in Bollywood.
Tulsi Kumar Dua, popularly known as Tulsi Kumar, is an Indian playback singer, radio jockey, musician, and actress in the Bollywood industry. She was born to businessman Gulshan Kumar, the former owner of T Series who also worked as a singer, and his wife Sudesh Kumari. She is also the sister of film producer Bhushan Kumar and actress Khushali Kumar. She also owns Kids Hut, a YouTube channel owned by record label T-Series, featuring children's content including nursery rhymes and stories.
The Indian Music Industry (IMI) is a trust that represents the recording industry distributors in India. It was founded on February 28, 1936, as Indian Phonographic Industry (IPI). It is the 2nd oldest music industry organization in the world that was involved in protecting copyrights of music producers and supporting growth of music entertainment industry. In 1994, it was renamed as Indian Music Industry (IMI) and represented India at the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI). It is also registered with the West Bengal Societies Registration Act. All major music labels in India are part of this association.
Himansh Kohli is an Indian actor from Delhi. He is best known for his role as Raghav Oberoi in the Hindi drama Humse Hai Liife. He made his Bollywood debut with Yaariyaan (2014).
Felix Arvid Ulf Kjellberg, better known as PewDiePie, is a Swedish YouTuber known for his comedic videos. Kjellberg's popularity on YouTube and extensive media coverage has made him one of the most noted online personalities and content creators. He has been portrayed in media as a figurehead for YouTube, especially in the genre of gaming.
YouTube Creator Awards, commonly known as YouTube Play Buttons or YouTube Plaques, are a series of awards from the American video platform YouTube that aim to recognize its most popular channels. They are based on a channel's subscriber count but are offered at the sole discretion of YouTube. Each channel is reviewed before an award is issued, to ensure that the channel follows the YouTube community guidelines. YouTube reserves the right to refuse to hand out a Creator Award, which it has done for channels featuring horror or extremist political content.
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Shirley Setia is a New Zealand singer and actress known for her work in the Indian film and music industries.
Gursharanjot Singh Randhawa is an Indian singer, songwriter and music composer associated with Punjabi, Bhangra, Indi-pop and Bollywood music. He is known for songs like "Lahore", "Ishare Tere", "Slowly Slowly", and "Tere Te". Guru Randhawa's debut song was "Same Girl" in collaboration with Arjun.
Bhuvan Bam is an Indian comedian, writer, singer, actor, songwriter, and YouTube personality from Delhi, India. He is known for his comedy channel on YouTube named BB Ki Vines.
"Bitch Lasagna", originally named "T-Series Diss Track", is a song by Swedish YouTuber and comedian PewDiePie in collaboration with Dutch music producer Party In Backyard. The song satirizes Indian company and music label T-Series, as a response to predictions that T-Series would surpass PewDiePie in terms of subscriber count. The song was one of the first events in the PewDiePie vs T-Series competition, in which the two channels competed for the title of the most-subscribed YouTube channel.
PewDiePie vs. T-Series was an online rivalry between two YouTube channels, PewDiePie and T-Series, for the title of the most-subscribed YouTube channel. T-Series held the title of most-subscribed YouTube channel until June 2024, and PewDiePie had been the most-subscribed YouTube channel from August 2013 to April 2019. The rivalry between the two YouTube channels began when T-Series' subscriber count began to near PewDiePie's in late 2018.
"Congratulations" is a song by YouTubers PewDiePie, Roomie and Boyinaband. The single was self-released on 31 March 2019 with an accompanying music video on YouTube as a response to T-Series surpassing PewDiePie as the most-subscribed YouTube channel. The music video is banned on YouTube in India. As of May 2023, the video has over 230 million views, making it PewDiePie's second most-viewed video, his most viewed being his previous T-Series diss track, Bitch Lasagna.
Ajey Nagar, better known as CarryMinati, is an Indian YouTuber, streamer and rapper from Faridabad, India. He is known for his roasting videos, comedic skits and reactions to various online topics on his channel CarryMinati. His other channel CarryisLive is dedicated to gaming and live streams. With over 40 million subscribers as of August 2023, he is the most-subscribed individual YouTuber in Asia.
Songs made a triumphal return to mainstream Hindi cinema with the success of the music of a low-budget Mahesh Bhatt film, Aashiqui, which was produced by T-Series, a small-time company that had begun life peddling pirated Hindi film songs.
T-Series is widely alleged to have flourished in its early years by issuing pirate releases of film music ... One T-Series employee told me: 'What people say about our activities in the early years—it's mostly true.
T Series was also involved in straightforward copyright infringement in the form of pirate releases of popular hits relying on the loose enforcement of copyright laws
Kumar, who was responsible for the audio cassette boom of the "80s with his inexpensive T-Series albums
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