Timeline of the Kingdom of Jerusalem

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Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Jerusalem Blason Royaume de Jerusalem.svg
Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Jerusalem

The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Crusader state established in 1099 by western European warriors in lands conquered from Muslim rulers (in modern-day Israel and Jordan) during the First Crusade. As its first ruler Godfrey of Bouillon did not take the title of king, his brother and successor Baldwin I was crowned the first king in 1100. By 1153, Baldwin I and his successors captured all towns on the Palestinian coast mainly with the support of Pisan, Genoese and Venetian fleets and also took control of the caravan routes between Egypt and Syria. The kings regularly administered other Crusader states Antioch, Edessa and Tripoli on behalf of their absent or underage rulers.

Contents

The polarisation of the Muslim world enabled the crusaders (known in the Levant as Franks) to consolidate their rule in Palestine. They could also appeal to the popes and the European rulers for help against their enemies. In the mid-twelfth century, Baldwin III and his successor Amalric maintained a close alliance with the Byzantine Empire, but they could not prevent the ruler of Aleppo, Nur ad-Din, from uniting the Muslim states in Syria in the 1150s. Internal strife weakened the kingdom during the reigns of the leper Baldwin IV and the unpopular Guy of Lusignan. This facilitated Nur ad-Din's former general, Saladin, to unite Egypt and Syria in the 1180s. Saladin destroyed the crusader army in the Battle of Hattin on 4 July 1187, and occupied almost the whole kingdom during the following months.

The city of Tyre was saved by the Italian crusader, Conrad of Montferrat, and the Third Crusade forced Saladin to acknowledge the restoration of the Franks' rule in most coastal towns in his 1192 truce with Richard I of England. Further lands were recovered during the reigns of Henry of Champagne and Aimery of Lusignan, and Emperor Frederick II also restored the Franks' rule in the city of Jerusalem in 1229. Frederick and his successors were absent monarchs and the kingdom was administered by regents (or bailiffs) from 1229 to 1269. Due to conflicts between the kings' representatives and the powerful barons, and the War of Saint Sabas between Genoa and Venice, the kingdom disintegrated into autonomous towns and lordships by the 1260s. The personal union of Jerusalem and Cyprus could not prevent the Mamluks of Egypt from occupying the last Frankish outposts in 1291. In addition to the Lusignan kings of Cyprus, the Angevin rulers of Naples and their successors maintained a claim to the defunct Jerusalemite kingdom for centuries.

Background

1st–2nd centuries

Rock of Calvary in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, supposedly the site of the crucifixion of Jesus Calvary stone, Holy Sepulchre 2010.jpg
Rock of Calvary in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, supposedly the site of the crucifixion of Jesus

325–431

632–661

638

c.850

1009

1040s

1055

c.1063–1070

Before 1070

1071

Battle of Manzikert (1071) 131 Bataille de Malazgirt.jpg
Battle of Manzikert (1071)

1071–1079

1074

Before 1081/82

1080s

1092

1095

A version of Pope Urban II's sermon at the Council of Clermont (1095)

Frenchmen ...; men chosen by and beloved of God...– it is to you ... that we appeal. ... Disturbing news has emerged from Jerusalem ...: that the race of Persians, ... a people rejected by God ... has overthrown the churches of God or turned them over to the rituals of their own religion. ... By now the Greek empire has been dismembered by them. So to whom should the task fall of ... wresting their conquests from them if not to you – you to whom God has given above other nations outstanding glory in arms...?

Robert the Monk, Historia Iherosolimitana [26]

1096

1097

1098

1099

First kingdom

Establishment (1099–1100)

1099

Slaughter of the townspeople in Jerusalem by the Crusaders (1099)

[The Crusaders] put to the sword great numbers of gentiles who were running about through the quarters of the city, fleeing in all directions...: they were piercing through with the sword's point women who had fled into the turreted palaces and dwellings; seizing by the soles of their feet from their mothers' laps or their cradles infants who were still suckling and dashing them against the walls or lintels of the doors and breaking their necks; they were slaughtering some with weapons, or striking them down with stones; they were sparing absolutely no gentile of any age or kind.

Albert of Aachen,Historia Hierosolymitanae expeditionis [58]
Godfrey of Bouillon receives his brother, Baldwin I of Edessa, at Jerusalem (1100) Godefroi Balduin1.jpg
Godfrey of Bouillon receives his brother, Baldwin I of Edessa, at Jerusalem (1100)

c.1100

1100

Consolidation (1101–1124)

Church of Saint Anne in Jerusalem (1100s) Jerusalem-Church-of-St-Anne-DZCA-1136.jpg
Church of Saint Anne in Jerusalem (1100s)

1101

1102

1103

1103–1106

c. 1104

1104

1105

Third Battle of Ramla (1105) Ramla1105.jpg
Third Battle of Ramla (1105)

1106

c. 1107

1107

1108

c.1109

1109

1110

1111

1112

1113

1114

1115

1115–1119

c. 1116

Baldwin I of Jerusalem repudiates his wife Adelaide del Vasto (1117). Repudiation d'Adelaide de Montferrat.png
Baldwin I of Jerusalem repudiates his wife Adelaide del Vasto (1117).

1117

1118

1119

1120

Canons 5, 8 and 13 of the Council of Nablus (1120)

The adulterer should be castrated and expelled from the country; the adulteress should suffer rhinotomy-unless her husband forgives her. If he does so, both should be expelled beyond the sea. ... Adults consenting to the sodomitic depravity should be burnt, both the active and the passive party. ... A man who rapes a female Saracen he owns should be castrated; she should be seized on behalf of the fisc.

Patriarch Warmund and King Baldwin II at the assembly of Jerusalemite prelates and barons [152]

1120s

1121

1122

1123

1123/24

1124

Heyday (1125–1144)

The Crusader states and their neighbors (1135) Map Crusader states 1135-en.svg
The Crusader states and their neighbors (1135)

1125

1126

1126–1128

1127

1127/28

1128

1129

c. 1130

1130

1131

Fulk of Anjou and Melisende of Jerusalem are crowned in the Holy Sepulchre (1130). Foulque Melsiende.jpg
Fulk of Anjou and Melisende of Jerusalem are crowned in the Holy Sepulchre (1130).

1132

1133

1134

c. 1135

Arrest of Jesus depicted in the Melisende Psalter (1134) BMEgertonMS1139Fol7b.jpg
Arrest of Jesus depicted in the Melisende Psalter (1134)

1135

1136

1137

1138

1139

1140

1141

1142

Ruins of the Castle of Kerak, built in Oultrejourdain in 1142 Karak castle in Jordan.JPG
Ruins of the Castle of Kerak, built in Oultrejourdain in 1142

1143

1144

Towards the union of Muslim Syria and Egypt (1145–1173)

1145

1146

1146–1153

1147

1148

Council of Acre (1148) Acra1148A.jpg
Council of Acre (1148)

1149

before 1150

1150

1150s

1151

1152

Baldwin III's debate with his mother, Melisende (1152) Baudouin III sermonnant Melissende.png
Baldwin III's debate with his mother, Melisende (1152)

1153

1154

c. 1155

1155

1156

1157

1158

1159

1160

1161

1163

Amalric's marriage to Agnes of Courtenay is annulled (1163) Agnes courtenay.jpg
Amalric's marriage to Agnes of Courtenay is annulled (1163)

c. 1164

1164

1167

Marriage of Amalric of Jerusalem with Maria Komnene (1167) Marie Amaury.jpg
Marriage of Amalric of Jerusalem with Maria Komnene (1167)

1168

1169

c. 1170

Amalric's heir, Baldwin, is diagnosed with leprosy (c. 1170)

[Once] when [Baldwin] was playing with some other noble boys..., they began pinching one another with their fingernails... The others evinced their pain with yells, but ... Baldwin bore the pain altogether too patiently... At first I thought that this happened because of his endurance... At last I discovered that about half of his right hand and arm were numb ... I reported all this to his father. Physicians were consulted and prescribed repeated fomentations, anointings, and even poisonous drugs to improve his condition, but in vain. For ... this was the beginning of an incurable disease.

William of Tyre,History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea [303]

1170

1171

1173

1174

Decline and fall (1174–1187)

1174

Patriarch Amalric crowns Baldwin IV king (1174). Coronation Baldwin IV.jpg
Patriarch Amalric crowns Baldwin IV king (1174).

1175

1176

1177

1178

1179

c. 1180

1180

Bohemond III of Antioch and Raymond III of Tripoli ride to Jerusalem unexpectedly (1180). Boh3 ray3.jpg
Bohemond III of Antioch and Raymond III of Tripoli ride to Jerusalem unexpectedly (1180).

1181

1182

1183

1184

1185

1186

1187

Saladin has Raynald of Châtillon executed (1187)

[Saladin] said to [Raynald] 'Here I am having asked for victory through Muhammad, and God has given me victory over you.' He offered him Islam but he refused. The sultan then drew his scimitar and struck him, severing his arm at his shoulder. Those present finished him off and God speedily sent his soul to Hell-fire.

Bahā' al-Din Ibn Shaddād,The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin [378]

Third Crusade (1187–1192)

1187

Pope Gregory VIII's grant of crusading privileges to those who depart for the Third Crusade (1187)

We promise full remission of their sins and eternal life to those who take up the labor of this journey with a contrite heart and a humble spirit and depart in penitence of their sins and with true faith. ... Their gods..., with their families, remain under the protection of the holy Roman Church... They should not face any legal challenge regarding the things they possess legally when they received the cross until their return or their death is known for certain... Also, they may not be forced to pay interest if they have a loan.

Pope Gregory VIII, Audita tremendi [385]

1188

1189

1190

The Crusader states and their neighbors (1190) Map Crusader states 1190-en.svg
The Crusader states and their neighbors (1190)
Marriage of Isabella I of Jerusalem and Conrad of Montferrat (1190) Francais 2824, fol. 173v, Mariage de Conrad de Montferrat et Isabelle de Jerusalem.jpeg
Marriage of Isabella I of Jerusalem and Conrad of Montferrat (1190)

1191

1192

Second kingdom

Recovery (1193–1229)

1193

c. 1194

1194

1196

1197

1198

1200

1202

1203

1204

1205

c.1206

1206

c. 1207

Ruins of the Carmelites' first church on Mount Carmel (c. 1207) Nahal Siah Ancient Church 1.JPG
Ruins of the Carmelites' first church on Mount Carmel (c. 1207)

1208

1209

1210

1211

1212

1213

1214

1215

1217

1218

Siege of Damietta during the Fifth Crusade (1218-1221) Battle-Damietta.jpg
Siege of Damietta during the Fifth Crusade (1218–1221)

1219

1220

1221

1222

1223

1224

1225

1227

1228

1229

Meeting of Emperor Frederick II and Sultan Al-Kamil (1229) Friedrich II. mit Sultan al-Kamil.jpg
Meeting of Emperor Frederick II and Sultan Al-Kamil (1229)

Absent kings (1229–1268)

1229

1230

1231

1232

1233

1234

1235

1236

1237

1238

1239

1240

1241

The Crusader states and their neighbors (c. 1241) Map Crusader states 1240-eng.png
The Crusader states and their neighbors (c. 1241)

1242

1244

Battle of La Forbie (1244) La Forbie.jpg
Battle of La Forbie (1244)

1245

1246

c. 1247

1247

1248

1249

c. 1250

1250

1251

Louis IX at a rebuilt fortress and at Nazareth (1250-1252) Louis9+Nazareth.jpg
Louis IX at a rebuilt fortress and at Nazareth (1250–1252)

1252

1253

1254

1255

1256

1257

1258

1259

1260

1261

1262

1263

1264

c. 1265

1265

1266

Ruins of the fortress at Safed, captured in 1266 by Baibars Safed-38.jpg
Ruins of the fortress at Safed, captured in 1266 by Baibars

1267

1268

Conradin is executed in Naples (1268). Enthauptung Konradins.jpg
Conradin is executed in Naples (1268).

Final years (1269–1291)

1269

1270

1271

Seal of John of Montfort, Lord of Tyre: he concludes a truce with Baibars in 1271. JohnMontfort.jpg
Seal of John of Montfort, Lord of Tyre: he concludes a truce with Baibars in 1271.

1272

1274

1276

1277

Golden coin with an inscription mentioning Charles I of Anjou as king of Jerusalem and Sicily (1277) Saluto d'oro 1285 722372.jpg
Golden coin with an inscription mentioning Charles I of Anjou as king of Jerusalem and Sicily (1277)

1279

1281

1282

1283

1284

1285

1286

1287

1289

1290

1291

Siege of Acre (1291) Akra1291.jpg
Siege of Acre (1291)

Aftermath

1290s

1295

1299

1309–1311

1335

See also

Notes

  1. The resurrection of Jesus has been celebrated by the lighting of candles by fire descending from above (an event regarded as a miracle by the faithful), but in 1101, the Holy Fire did not appear. [88]
  2. Magna Mahumeria has developed around a fortified manor house and consisted of small and narrow—4 m × 10 m (13 ft × 33 ft)—houses with wide rubble and ashlar walls. Documents refer to smiths, carpenters, builders, gardeners and shoemakers living in the village. The villagers collect water on the roofs to feed cisterns through pipes and channels. [258]
  3. Many historians write that these events happened in 1243, because Conrad reached the age of majority at fifteen, according to the laws of Jerusalem. However, evidence conclusively proves that these events actually took place in 1242 (the year when he reached the age of majority, according to Sicilian laws). [535]

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