2024 Israeli invasion of Syria

Last updated

2024 Israeli invasion of Syria
Operation Bashan Arrow
Part of the Syrian civil war, Middle Eastern crisis, spillover of the Israel–Hamas war in Syria and Arab–Israeli conflict
Date8 December 2024 – present
(5 days)
Location
Syria
Status

Ongoing

Belligerents
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel
Flag of Syria and the Syrian revolution.svg Syria [6]
Commanders and leaders
Flag of the Prime Minister of Israel.svg Benjamin Netanyahu
Flag of Israel Minister of Defence.svg Israel Katz
Flag of IDF Northern Command.svg Ori Gordin 		Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg Mohammed al-Bashir (December 9–present)
Units involved

Flag of the Israel Defense Forces.svg  Israel Defense Forces

Syrian revolution flag.svg Syrian transitional government [5]

Flag of the Syrian Arab Armed Forces.svg  Syrian Armed Forces [b]
Strength
2 brigades (6,000 – 10,000 troops) [9] Unknown
Casualties and losses
None No human casualties
Material losses: Multiple military sites destroyed as well as ground, air and naval assets. [10]
6 Syrian civilians killed [11] [12]
A number of Syrian civilians arrested [11] [13]

On 8 December 2024, following the fall of the Assad regime, Israel's armored units entered the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) buffer zone in between Syria and the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, targeting the central countryside of the Quneitra Governorate with artillery fire. [14] [15] The operation marked the first time in over 50 years that Israeli forces had occupied the area, following ceasefire agreements on 31 May 1974 in the aftermath of the Yom Kippur War. [16]

Contents

After the fall of Damascus, Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu stated that since the Syrian Arab Army had abandoned its positions, the 1974 border agreement with Syria had collapsed, and that to prevent any possible threat, he ordered the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) to temporarily take over the Purple Line, from which the IDF had withdrawn in 1974, until an agreement was reached with the new government in Syria. [17] [18] The Israeli Air Force and Navy concurrently began extensive strikes on military targets across Syria in an operation named Operation Bashan Arrow (Hebrew : מבצע חץ הבשן, romanized: Mivtza Hetz HaBashan). [19] [20]

Specific military objectives were given to the IDF by Defense Minister Israel Katz on 9 December, which included a complete takeover of the buffer zone and nearby positions, the creation of a security zone extending beyond the buffer zone free of heavy weaponry and military infrastructure, and the prevention of Iranian arms smuggling routes to Lebanon through Syria. [21]

Background

Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Israel has occupied most of the Golan Heights region of Syria. After the Yom Kippur War in 1973, Israel and Syria agreed on a Disengagement which left a No man's land between them, which was occupied by the UNDOF. In 1981, Israel unilaterally annexed the Heights, a move that has been condemned by the United Nations as illegal under international law and is unrecognized by every country in the world except for the United States, which recognized the Heights as part of Israel in 2019. [22] Israeli officials lobbied for the United States to recognize Israeli sovereignty over the territory. [23] During its occupation, Israel has actively promoted Israeli settlement in the Heights. [24]

In November 2024, the United Nations accused Israel of violating the 1974 Disengagement Agreement in November with engineering work and battle tanks inside the demilitarized zone. [25] UNDOF stated it had "repeatedly engaged with the IDF to protest the construction." [25] Israel responded that it was “working to establish a barrier on Israeli territory exclusively in order to thwart a possible terrorist invasion and protect the security of Israel’s borders,” and noted that “Israeli and IDF officials maintain close contact with UN officials who are familiar with the threats in the region.” [25]

In December 2024, the Syrian opposition launched a major offensive against the Syrian regime led by Bashar al-Assad. Following the fall of the Assad regime, Israeli Minister of Diaspora Affairs and Combating Antisemitism Amichai Chikli expressed apprehension at the opposition forces' political upheaval of the Syrian government, claiming that: "Most of Syria is now under the control of al-Qaeda and Daesh." [26] He implored Israel to re-fortify its defensive line at Mount Hermon in Israeli-occupied Golan Heights based on 1974 borders in order to prevent potential attacks by the new regime. [16]

Events

Ground offensive

Following the advance of the Syrian opposition in the south, Israel reinforced Division 210 and deployed additional troops to the Golan Heights to prevent any possible threats. [27] When Syrian opposition forces first occupied the southern town of Hader, it was reported that the IDF had advanced further into the Golan Heights to repel an attack on a United Nations post in the area. [28] [29] Additionally, the IDF significantly reinforced its presence within the established buffer zone. [15] [7]

On 8 December 2024, Israeli Army Radio reported that Israeli armored units, including main battle tanks, crossed the established border fence in the Golan Heights during early morning operations. Israeli Army Radio stated that the IDF and Northern Command initiated the operation in order to strengthen its "border" with Syria. [7] [30]

The military advance extended into the Quneitra Governorate, with substantial forces entering the town of Khan Arnabah. Syrian media reported that Israeli forces had advanced into the city center of al-Baath. [30] Following the advance into the Quneitra Governorate and the Syrian-controlled side of Mount Hermon by the Israeli Special Forces Shaldag Unit (Unit 5101), [31] Netanyahu issued a statement saying that the 1974 ceasefire agreement had collapsed when Syrian soldiers abandoned their posts in the Golan Heights, and that the area was to be temporarily occupied to "ensure that no hostile force embeds itself next to the border of Israel." [32] During the takeover, IDF spokesman Avichay Adraee announced a curfew in five Syrian villages, including Quneitra, ordering locals of the border towns to remain inside "until further notice." [33] [34] On 8 December 2024, Al Arabiya reported that Israel had taken control of Tell al-Hara. [35] On 10 December correspondents for Al Jazeera and Enab Baladi reported Israeli tanks in several Syrian villages such as Beer Ajam. [36] [37] Although Israeli tanks were also reported as far as Qatana, 26 kilometres (16 mi) from Damascus [38] an IDF spokesman insisted that "IDF forces are not advancing towards Damascus. This is not something we are doing or pursuing in any way" while acknowledging that, beyond the buffer zone, "a few additional points" had been seized. The Israeli Defense Minister also stated that Israel aims to establish a "sterile defence zone" in southern Syria to “prevent the establishment and organisation of terror in Syria”. [39]

On 12 December, Syrian residents of Hader, Hamidiya, and Umm Batna in Quneitra Governorate were displaced from their homes after Israeli military forces entered with military vehicles, with Israeli troops subsequently probing Umm Batna in its entirety. [40]

Mount Hermon, viewed from Mount Bental in the Golan Heights Hermonsnow.jpg
Mount Hermon, viewed from Mount Bental in the Golan Heights

Airstrikes

On 8 December 2024, the Israeli Air Force conducted targeted operations against weapons storage facilities, which Israel considered strategic threats, across southern Syria to prevent them from falling into the hands of opposition forces. [14] [15] Israeli officials claimed that the targets included small stockpiles of chemical weapons, mainly mustard gas and VX gas, radar-equipped batteries, vehicles of Russian-made air defense missiles, and stockpiles of Scud missiles. [34] The White Helmets reported that: "there was no evidence of unusual toxic fumes during the extinguishing of the fire, and no cases of suffocation were observed among civilians" [41] Israel also reportedly launched airstrikes on Syrian intelligence and customs headquarters, with explosions reported at their locations in Damascus. [33] [42] Later, Israel also heavily shelled Mezzeh Air Base. [43]

In the early hours of 9 December 2024, Israel conducted several airstrikes across the Daraa and Suwayda Governorates in southern Syria. Six airstrikes were reported at an airbase north of Suwayda, while multiple others targeted ammo depots in Nawa and the Daraa countryside. [44] By evening, the Israeli air Force and Navy had struck naval assets in the Port of Latakia, [45] [10] and an alleged chemical weapons production center in Barzeh, [46] and Qamishli Airport in northern Syria. [6] These roughly 200 [38] airstrikes, including strikes on Damascus, Daraa, Latakia, and Hama, [47] destroyed dozens of fighter jets and helicopters in the first phase and the entire Syrian naval fleet in the second. [48] An Israeli senior official said airstrikes "would persist in the coming days". [49] [50]

In the morning of 10 December, photographs revealed sunken Osa-class missile boats in the Port of Latakia after overnight Israeli strikes. [48] The IDF announced that its air force and navy conducted over 480 strikes in Syria in the span of 48 hours, 350 of which targeted airfields, anti-aircraft batteries, missiles, drones, fighter jets, tanks, and weapon production sites, [1] destroying between 70% and 80% of Syria's strategic weapons. It added that 15 naval vessels were destroyed in strikes on Minet el-Beida and Latakia. [2] [1] A senior Israeli security source described it as the "largest air operation carried out by its air force in its history". [39] A former rebel commander claimed that they will "need decades to rebuild a national Syrian army”. [5]

Israeli plan

On 9 December, Israeli Defense Minister Israel Katz authorized concrete and comprehensive military objectives in southern Syria. The IDF received four primary strategic objectives from Defense Minister Katz to conduct "in the immediate term": [21]

  1. To secure complete control over the buffer zone and other nearby strategic positions in Syria.
  2. To establish a security zone extending beyond the buffer zone, focusing on removing all heavy weaponry and terrorist infrastructure that could post a threat to Israel, while establishing contact with local Druze communities and other regional communities.
  3. To immediately prevent the reestablishment of Iranian arms smuggling routes to Lebanon through Syrian territory and border crossings.
  4. To continue destroying strategic heavy weapons systems throughout Syria, including air defense networks, missile systems, and coastal defense installations.

Reactions

Involved parties

International

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Villages Israel has invaded along the border were under the control of the Southern Operations Room (SOR)
  2. ↑ Israeli incursion limited to abandoned Syrian Arab Army (SAA) posts on the border. However, Israeli airstrikes targeting SAA facilities have killed opposition personnel that had moved into the facilities following the collapse of the Ba'athist government
  3. ↑ Repeated occupation and withdrawal, withdrew from Taba in 1989.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quneitra</span> Place in Syria

Quneitra is the largely destroyed and abandoned capital of the Quneitra Governorate in south-western Syria. It is situated in a high valley in the Golan Heights at 1,010 metres (3,313 feet) above sea level. Since 1974, pursuant to United Nations Security Council Resolution 350 and the Agreement on Disengagement between Israel and Syria, the city is inside the UN-patrolled buffer zone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Purple Line (ceasefire line)</span> De facto border between Israel and Syria since the 1967 Six-Day War

The Purple Line was the ceasefire line between Israel and Syria after the 1967 Six-Day War which serves as the de facto border between the two countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Disengagement Observer Force</span> Peacekeeping mission overseeing Israeli–Syrian ceasefire

The United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) is a United Nations peacekeeping mission tasked with maintaining the ceasefire between Israel and Syria in the aftermath of the 1973 Yom Kippur War. The mission was established by United Nations Security Council Resolution 350 on 31 May 1974, to implement Resolution 338 (1973) which called for an immediate ceasefire and implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 242.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quneitra Governorate</span> Governorate of Syria

Quneitra Governorate is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. It is situated in southern Syria, notable for the location of the Golan Heights. The governorate borders the countries of Lebanon, Jordan and Israel, and the Syrian governorates of Daraa and Rif Dimashq. Its area varies, according to different sources, from 685 km2 to 1,861 km2. The governorate had a population of 87,000 at the 2010 estimate. The nominal capital is the now abandoned city of Quneitra, destroyed by Israel before their withdrawal in June 1974 in the aftermath of the Yom Kippur War; since 1986, the de facto capital is Ba'ath City.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Israel–Syria relations</span> Bilateral relations

Israel–Syria relations refer to the bilateral ties between the State of Israel and the Syrian Arab Republic. The two countries have been locked in a perpetual war since the establishment of Israel in 1948, with their most significant and direct armed engagements being in the First Arab–Israeli War in 1948–1949, the Third Arab–Israeli War in 1967, and the Fourth Arab–Israeli War in 1973. Additionally, Israeli and Syrian forces also saw relatively extensive combat against each other during the Lebanese Civil War, the 1982 Lebanon War, as well as the War of Attrition. Both states have at times signed and held armistice agreements, although all efforts to achieve complete peace have been without success. Syria has never recognized Israel as a legitimate state and does not accept Israeli passports as legally valid for entry into Syrian territory; Israel likewise regards Syria as a hostile state and generally prohibits its citizens from travelling there, with some exceptions and special accommodations being made by both countries for Druze people residing in Syria and the Golan Heights. Israel and Syria have never established formal diplomatic relations since the inception of both countries in the mid-20th century.

The 2012–2014 Quneitra Governorate clashes began in early November 2012, when the Syrian Army began engaging with rebels in several towns and villages of the Quneitra Governorate. The clashes quickly intensified and spilled into the UN-supervised neutral demilitarized zone between Syrian controlled territory and the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agreement on Disengagement between Israel and Syria</span> Israeli–Syrian ceasefire after the Yom Kippur War

The Agreement on Disengagement between Israel and Syria, which was signed on May 31, 1974, officially ended the Yom Kippur War and the subsequent attrition period on the Syrian front. Following the fall of the Assad regime, Israel "considered the agreement void until order is restored in Syria", leading to the 2024 Israeli invasion of Syria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war</span> Incidents at the Israel–Syria ceasefire line since 2011

Several incidents have taken place on the Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line during the Syrian Civil War, straining the relations between the countries. The incidents are considered a spillover of the Quneitra Governorate clashes since 2012 and later incidents between Syrian Army and the rebels, ongoing on the Syrian-controlled side of the Golan and the Golan Neutral Zone and the Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian Civil War. Through the incidents, which began in late 2012, as of mid-2014, one Israeli civilian was killed and at least 4 soldiers wounded; on the Syrian-controlled side, it is estimated that at least ten soldiers were killed, as well as two unidentified militants, who were identified near Ein Zivan on Golan Heights.

The following is a timeline of the Syrian civil war from August to December 2014. Information about aggregated casualty counts is found at Casualties of the Syrian Civil War.

Since the beginning of the Syrian civil war in March 2011, the official position of Israel has been that of strict neutrality. However, due to the Iranian intervention in the conflict, which began in 2013, it has become involved both politically and militarily in attempts to prevent the growing influence and entrenchment of Iranian troops and proxies throughout Syria. Dubbed Operation Chess, Israeli military activity in Syria has primarily been limited to aerial and missile strikes targeting facilities used by Iran and its proxy forces, especially Hezbollah, which entered Syria from Lebanon shortly after the outbreak of the conflict. Before 2017, Israel did not officially acknowledge any of its operations within Syria, many of which have consisted of airstrikes to disrupt weapons shipments to Hezbollah personnel. By August 2022, the British investigative non-profit organization Airwars estimated that 17 to 45 civilians were killed and another 42 to 101 civilians were wounded by Israeli airstrikes in Syria since 2013; Syrian reports place these figures much lower than other foreign actors in the conflict. Between 2013 and September 2018, Israel also provided humanitarian aid to victims of the Syrian civil war, especially following the launching of Operation Good Neighbour in June 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2015 Southern Syria offensive</span> Military operation

The 2015 Southern Syria offensive, code-named "Operation Martyrs of Quneitra", was an offensive launched in southern Syria during the Syrian Civil War by the Syrian Arab Army, Hezbollah and Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps forces. Government forces also include Iranian sponsored Afghani Shi'ite volunteer militias. The name "Operation Martyrs of Quneitra" refers to the January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident, in which several high level Hezbollah and IRGC members were killed in an Israeli strike.

The following is a timeline of the Syrian Civil War from January to April 2017. Information about aggregated casualty counts is found at Casualties of the Syrian Civil War.

The Quneitra offensive , code-named "Road to Damascus", was a military operation launched by rebel forces against the Syrian Arab Army at the town of Madinat al-Baath, in the Quneitra Governorate, during the Syrian Civil War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2018 Southern Syria offensive</span>

The 2018 Southern Syria offensive, code-named Operation Basalt, was a military operation launched by the Syrian Arab Army (SAA) and its allies against the rebels and ISIL in Southern Syria. The fighting began with a surprise attack on rebel-held areas in the eastern part of the Daraa Governorate in an attempt to fracture rebel-held lines and weaken morale, ahead of their offensive in the greater Southern Syria region.

The Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war refers to the Iranian–Israeli standoff in and around Syria during the Syrian conflict. With increasing Iranian involvement in Syria from 2011 onwards, the conflict shifted from a proxy war into a direct confrontation by early 2018.

The strikes were conducted by the Israeli Air Force late at night on 25 August 2019.

Events in the year 2024 in Syria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spillover of the Israel–Hamas war in Syria</span> Ongoing military conflict in Syria

The spillover of the Israel–Hamas war in Syria is the impact and military engagements in Syria which are caused by the spillover of the Israel–Hamas war, and constitute a part of the ongoing Middle Eastern crisis. The conflict, originating in the Gaza Strip, has triggered regional tensions and violence, drawing Syria in through direct and indirect confrontations involving Israeli forces, Syrian state actors, and armed groups operating in Syrian territory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern Syria offensive (2024)</span> Syrian civil war military operation

Beginning on 29 November 2024, southern Syrian opposition groups began assaults on Daraa Governorate and As-Suwayda Governorate in Southern Syria, along the nation's border with Jordan. The offensive was publicly announced as a coordinated effort with the Northwestern Syria offensive to implement a multi-front advance toward Damascus. The Syrian Armed Forces withdrew from their positions around the city of Daraa to reinforce Damascus.

The following is a timeline of the Syrian civil war from November 2024. Information about aggregated casualty counts is found in casualties of the Syrian civil war.

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