Chronology of the Crusades after 1400

Last updated

The chronology of the Crusades after 1400 provides a detailed timeline of the Crusades and considers the Crusades of the 15th century. This continues the chronology of the later Crusades through 1400. In the Middle East, the threats to the Christian West were from the Mamluks, the Timurids and the Ottomans. The latter would also threaten Eastern Europe and would emerge as the primary Islamic dynasty opposing the West. The Byzantine Empire would no longer exist, but the Reconquista was working well and would be resolved by the end of the 15th century. [1] The works of Norman Housley, in particular, describe the Crusading movement in this timeframe, [2] the impact of the fall of Constantinople in 1453, [3] and the manifestation of Crusading propaganda. [4]

Contents

Chronologies of the Crusades in print

Numerous chronologies of the Crusades have been published and include the following.

Incumbent rulers in 1400

At the start of the 15th century, the rulers of the relevant countries, orders and dynasties were as follows.

Western Europe and Byzantium

Muslim World

Events from the late 14th century

A number of events from the late 14th century are key to the later timelines, including the following.

15th century

1400

1402

1404

1405

1406

1408

1409

1410

1411

1412

1413

1414

1415

1416

1417

1418

1419

1420

1421

1422

1423

1424

1425

1426

1427

1428

1429

1430

1431

1432

1433

1434

1435

1436

1437

1438

1439

1440

1441

1442

1443

1444

1445

1446

1447

1448

1449

1450

1451

1452

1453

1454

1455

1456

1457

1458

1459

1460

1461

1462

1463

1464

1465

1466

1467

1468

1469

1470

1471

1472

1473

1474

1475

1476

1478

1479

1480

1481

1482

1483

1484

1485

1486

1487

1488

1489

1490

1491

1492

1493

1494

1495

1496

1497

1498

1499

16th century

1500

1501

1502

1503

1504

1505

1506

1507

1508

1509

1510

1511

1512

1513

1514

1515

1516

1517

1518

1519

1520

1521

1522

1523

1526

1527

1528

1529

1530

1531

1532

1533

1534

1535

1536

1537

1538

1540

1541

1542

1543

1545

1546

1547

1548

1549

1550

1551

1552

1553

1554

1555

1559

1560

1561

1565

1566

1568

1569

1570

1571

1572

1573

1574

1577

1578

1580

1590

1592

1593

1594

1595

1596

17th century

1603

1648

1683

Related Research Articles

The 1420s decade ran from January 1, 1420, to December 31, 1429.

Year 1423 (MCDXXIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First Crusade</span> 1096–1099 Christian re-conquest of the Holy Land

The First Crusade (1096–1099) was the first of a series of religious wars, or Crusades, initiated, supported and at times directed by the Latin Church in the Middle Ages. The objective was the recovery of the Holy Land from Islamic rule. While Jerusalem had been under Muslim rule for hundreds of years, by the 11th century the Seljuk takeover of the region threatened local Christian populations, pilgrimages from the West, and the Byzantine Empire itself. The earliest initiative for the First Crusade began in 1095 when Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos requested military support from the Council of Piacenza in the empire's conflict with the Seljuk-led Turks. This was followed later in the year by the Council of Clermont, during which Pope Urban II supported the Byzantine request for military assistance and also urged faithful Christians to undertake an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eighth Crusade</span> Crusade against Ifriqiya in 1270

The Eighth Crusade was the second Crusade launched by Louis IX of France, this one against the Hafsid dynasty in Tunisia in 1270. It is also known as the Crusade of Louis IX Against Tunis or the Second Crusade of Louis. The Crusade did not see any significant fighting as Louis died of dysentery shortly after arriving on the shores of Tunisia. The Treaty of Tunis was negotiated between the Crusaders and the Hafsids. No changes in territory occurred, though there were commercial and some political rights granted to the Christians. The Crusaders withdrew back to Europe soon after.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seventh Crusade</span> Religious crusade in Egypt, 1248 to 1254

The Seventh Crusade (1248–1254) was the first of the two Crusades led by Louis IX of France. Also known as the Crusade of Louis IX to the Holy Land, it aimed to reclaim the Holy Land by attacking Egypt, the main seat of Muslim power in the Near East. The Crusade was conducted in response to setbacks in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, beginning with the loss of the Holy City in 1244, and was preached by Innocent IV in conjunction with a crusade against emperor Frederick II, Baltic rebellions and Mongol incursions. After initial success, the crusade ended in defeat, with most of the army – including the king – captured by the Muslims.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crusades</span> Religious wars of the High Middle Ages

The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period. The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land between 1095 and 1291 that had the objective of reconquering Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Muslim rule after the region had been conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate centuries earlier. Beginning with the First Crusade, which resulted in the conquest of Jerusalem in 1099, dozens of military campaigns were organised, providing a focal point of European history for centuries. Crusading declined rapidly after the 15th century with the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Byzantine–Seljuk wars</span> Series of conflicts in the Middle Ages

The Byzantine–Seljuk wars were a series of conflicts in the Middle Ages between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Empire. They shifted the balance of power in Asia Minor and Syria from the Byzantines to the Seljuk dynasty. Riding from the steppes of Central Asia, the Seljuks replicated tactics practiced by the Huns hundreds of years earlier against a similar Roman opponent but now combining it with new-found Islamic zeal. In many ways, the Seljuk resumed the conquests of the Muslims in the Byzantine–Arab Wars initiated by the Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates in the Levant, North Africa and Asia Minor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nicolas Lorgne</span>

Nicolas Lorgne was the twenty-first Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, serving first from 1277 until 1285 and was the successor to Hugues de Revel. He was succeeded by Jean de Villiers, with Jacques de Taxi acting as Grand Master ad interim while de Villiers was en route to the Holy Land.

The chronology of the later Crusades through 1400 provides a detailed timeline of the Crusades from after the Eighth Crusade, the last of the major expeditions to the Holy Land through the end of the 14th century. This includes the events from 1270 on that led to the Fall of Outremer in 1291 and the Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crusades after the fall of Acre, 1291–1399</span> Latter period of the Crusades

The Crusades after the fall of Acre, 1291–1399 represent the later Crusades that were called for by papal authorities in the century following the fall of Acre and subsequent loss of the Holy Land by the West in 1302. These include further plans and efforts for the recovery of the Holy Land, the later popular Crusades, Crusades against Christians, political Crusades, the latter parts of the Reconquista, and the Northern Crusades. Crusades were to continue well into the fifteenth century and would include those against the Ottoman Empire.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guillaume Caoursin</span> Vice-chancellor of the Knights Hospitaller

Guillaume Caoursin, also called Gulielmus Caoursin, was vice-chancellor of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, or Knights Hospitaller. He was an eye-witness to the siege of Rhodes in 1480, an unsuccessful attack on the Hospitaller garrison led by Pierre d'Aubusson by an Ottoman fleet of 160 ships and an army of 70,000 men under the command of admiral Mesih Pasha.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fall of Outremer</span> History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem from 1272 until 1302.

The fall of Outremer describes the history of the Kingdom of Jerusalem from the end of the last European Crusade to the Holy Land in 1272 until the final loss in 1302. The kingdom was the center of Outremer—the four Crusader states—which formed after the First Crusade in 1099 and reached its peak in 1187. The loss of Jerusalem in that year began the century-long decline. The years 1272–1302 were fraught with many conflicts throughout the Levant as well as the Mediterranean and Western European regions, and many Crusades were proposed to free the Holy Land from Mamluk control. The major players fighting the Muslims included the kings of England and France, the kingdoms of Cyprus and Sicily, the three Military Orders and Mongol Ilkhanate. Traditionally, the end of Western European presence in the Holy Land is identified as their defeat at the Siege of Acre in 1291, but the Christian forces managed to hold on to the small island fortress of Ruad until 1302.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crusades of the 15th century</span>

Crusades of the 15th century are those Crusades that follow the Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399, throughout the next hundred years. In this time period, the threat from the Ottoman Empire dominated the Christian world, but also included threats from the Mamluks, Moors, and heretics. The Ottomans gained significant territory in all theaters, but did not defeat Hospitaller Rhodes nor advance past the Balkans. In addition, the Reconquista was completed and heretics continued to be suppressed.

Chronology of the <i>Reconquista</i>

This chronology presents the timeline of the Reconquista, a series of military and political actions taken following the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula that began in 711. These Crusades began a decade later with dated to the Battle of Covadonga and its culmination came in 1492 with the Fall of Granada to Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon. The evolution of the various Iberian kingdoms to the unified kingdoms of Spain and Portugal was key to the conquest of al-Andalus from the Moors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chronology of the Crusades, 1187–1291</span>

This chronology presents the timeline of the Crusades from the beginning of the Third Crusade, first called for, in 1187 to the fall of Acre in 1291. This is keyed towards the major events of the Crusades to the Holy Land, but also includes those of the Reconquista, the Popular Crusades and the Northern Crusades.

This chronology presents the timeline of the Crusades from the beginning of the First Crusade in 1095 to the fall of Jerusalem in 1187. This is keyed towards the major events of the Crusades to the Holy Land, but also includes those of the Reconquista and Northern Crusades as well as the Byzantine-Seljuk wars.

This chronology presents the timeline of the Northern Crusades beginning with the 10th century establishment of Christian churches in northern Europe. These were primarily Christianization campaigns undertaken by the Christian kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden together with the Teutonic Knights, primarily against the pagan Baltic, Finnic and West Slavic peoples around the southern and eastern shores of the Baltic Sea.

References

  1. ↑ Housley 1992, The Later Crusades, 1274-1580.
  2. ↑ Housley 2004, Crusading in the Fifteenth Century: Message and Impact.
  3. ↑ Housley 2016, The Crusade in the Fifteenth Century: Converging and Competing Cultures.
  4. ↑ Housley 2017, Reconfiguring the Fifteenth-Century Crusade.
  5. ↑ Venning 2015, pp. 413–537, The Crusades after the loss of the Holy Land, 1292–1456.
  6. ↑ Riley-Smith 2001, pp. 392–400, Chronology.
  7. ↑ Lock 2006, pp. 1–136, A Chronological Outline of the Crusades.
  8. ↑ Lock 2006, pp. 137–224, A Narrative Outline of the Crusades.
  9. ↑ Jonathan Phillips (2006). "The Crusades: Names and Numbers. Chronology". In: The Crusades - An Encyclopedia, Alan V. Murray, editor.
  10. ↑ Hazard, H. W. (1975). A History of the Crusades, Volume III. "The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries". Important Dates and Events.
  11. ↑ Timeline: Byzantine Empire, 330 – c. 1480. Oxford Reference (2012).
  12. ↑ Timeline: Ottoman Empire, c. 1285 – 1923. Oxford Reference (2012).
  13. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Charles VI (King of France). Encyclopædia Britannica. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 919–920.
  14. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). John I of Portugal. Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 443–444.
  15. 1 2 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Sigismund. Encyclopædia Britannica. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 66–67.
  16. ↑ Thomas Oestreich (1907). "Pope Boniface IX". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  17. ↑ Henry III, King of Castile. Britannica (2023)
  18. ↑ Çelik 2021, pp. 173–212, Besieged.
  19. ↑ Ernest Barker (1911). "Teutonic Order". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 676–679.
  20. ↑ Martin, king of Aragon and Sicily. Britannica (2023).
  21. ↑ Luttrell 1975, pp. 308–312, Naillac.
  22. ↑ Charles Lethbridge Kingsford (1911). "Henry IV of England". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 293–284.
  23. ↑ Thomas Frederick Tout. Henry IV. In: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 26, pgs. 31–43.
  24. ↑ Frederic John Goldsmid (1911). "Timūr". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 994–995.
  25. ↑ Halil İnalcık (2012). “Bāyazīd”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Ed. P. Bearman, et al.
  26. ↑ Bishko 1975, pp. 432–434, Emirate of Granada.
  27. ↑ M. Shatzmiller (2012). “Marīnids”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Ed. P. Bearman, et al.
  28. ↑ J. Wansbrough (2012). “Farad̲j̲”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Ed. P. Bearman, et al.
  29. ↑ Fine 1994, pp. 409–413, Battle of Kosovo.
  30. ↑ Thomas Emmert (1991). "The Battle of Kosovo: Early Reports of Victory and Defeat". University of Minnesota Press
  31. ↑ Elizabeth A. Zachariadou (1980) “Manuel II Palaeologos on the Strife between Bāyezīd I and Ḳāḍī Burhān Al-Dīn Aḥmad.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies43(3), pgs. 471–481.
  32. ↑ Charles Moeller (1907). "Military Order of Alcántara". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, pgs. 271–272.
  33. ↑ O'Callaghan 2014, pp. 39–40, Crusade of 1394.
  34. ↑ Brackob 2020, p. 134, Second Battle of Rovine.
  35. ↑ Atiya 1934, The Crusade of Nicopolis.
  36. ↑ R. Rosetti (1937). Notes on the Battle of Nicopolis (1396). The Slavonic and East European Review, 15(45), 629–638.
  37. ↑ Adam Knobler (1995). The Rise of Tīmūr and Western Diplomatic Response, 1390–1405. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society,5(3), pgs. 341–349.
  38. 1 2 Bertold Spuler (2000). “Central Asia in the Mongol and Timurid Periods,” Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. V, Fasc. 2, pgs. 172–176.
  39. ↑ Craig Simon (2002). Battle of Ankara: Collision of empires. Military History Vol.19 (3), pg. 58
  40. ↑ Kastritsis 2007, pp. 1–188, The Ottoman Civil War of 1402–1413.
  41. ↑ Dionysios Bernincolas-Hatzopoulos (1983). "The First Siege of Constantinople by the Ottomans (1394-1402)." Études Byzantines. 10(1): 39–51.
  42. ↑ Luttrell 1975, p. 308, Siege of Smyrna.
  43. ↑ Michael Ott (1910). "Pope Innocent VII". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  44. ↑ Beatrice F. Manz, et al. (2012). “Tīmūrids”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Ed. P. Bearman, et al.
  45. ↑ Joseph Wilhelm (1910). "Hussites". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  46. ↑ Michael Ott (1910). "Pope Gregory XII". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  47. ↑ Atiya 1938, p. 256, Timur and Spain.
  48. 1 2 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). John II of Castile. Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 441.
  49. ↑ Fine 1994, pp. 465–483, The Balkans in the Early Fifteenth Century.
  50. ↑ Ester Marti (2015). The Battle of Sanluri in the process of recreating Sardinian identity. In: Identities in Conflict. Flocel Sabaté, editor.
  51. ↑ Housley 1992, pp. 355–372, The Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War.
  52. ↑ Bernard Miall (1936). The Capture of Ceuta by the Portuguese (1415). In Conquests and Discoveries of Henry the Navigator.
  53. ↑ Kastritsis 2007, pp. 149–153, Battle of Kosmidion.
  54. ↑ Paul W. Knoll (1983). In Search of the Battle of Grunwald. The Polish Review, Vol. 28, No. 3, pgs. 67–76.
  55. ↑ Turnbull 2005, pp. 73–76, Siege of Marienburg.
  56. ↑ Manuel García Fernández (2011). "La toma de Antequera y el infante don Fernando". Andalucía en la Historia. 33: 40–41
  57. 1 2 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Álvaro de Luna. Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 123.
  58. ↑ Turnbull 2005, pp. 68–78, Peace of Thorn.
  59. ↑ Kastritsis 2007, pp. 172–178, Treaty of Selymbria.
  60. ↑ Sayer 1865, pp. 30–54, Sixth Siege of Gibraltar.
  61. ↑ Kastritsis 2007, pp. 179–180, Battle of İnceğiz.
  62. ↑ Ziyādaẗ 1975, pp. 490–491, Beginning of the Burji Dynasty.
  63. ↑ Charles Lethbridge Kingsford (1911). "Henry V of England". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 284–285.
  64. ↑ Charles Lethbridge Kingsford. Henry V. In: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 26, pgs. 43–56.
  65. ↑ Kastritsis 2007, pp. 188–196, Battle of Çamurlu.
  66. ↑ Halil İnalcık (2012). “Meḥemmed I”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Ed. P. Bearman, et al.
  67. ↑ Urban 1999, pp. 199–205, The Hunger War.
  68. ↑ Thomas Joseph Shahan (1908). "Council of Constance". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  69. ↑ Francis Fortescue Urquhart (1912). "John Wyclif". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  70. ↑ Carlton Huntley Hayes (1911). "Gregory XII". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 574–575.
  71. ↑ Joseph Wilhelm (1910). "Jan Hus". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  72. ↑ H. V. Livermore (1965). “On the Conquest of Ceuta.” Luso-Brazilian Review, vol. 2, no. 1, pgs. 3–13.
  73. ↑ John Melville-Jones (2018). “The Battle of Gallipoli 1416: A Detail Rescued from a Chronicle.” The Medieval Chronicle, Vol. 11, pgs. 213–219.
  74. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Jerome of Prague. Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 328–329.
  75. ↑ Michael Ott (1910). "Pope Martin V". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  76. ↑ Lock 2006, pp. 198–199, The Great Schism and the Crusades.
  77. ↑ Brackob 2020, Mircea cel Bătrân, grandfather of Dracula.
  78. ↑ Halil İnalcık (2012). “Dobrud̲j̲a”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Ed. P. Bearman, et al.
  79. ↑ Burton 2007, p. 197, Martin V and Slavery.
  80. ↑ Heymann 1975, pp. 586–647, The Hussite Crusades.
  81. ↑ Housley 1992, pp. 276–287, Siege of Ceuta.
  82. 1 2 Battles of Vítkov Hill and Vyšehrad (2023). Bellum: Famous Battles in Czech History.
  83. ↑ Fabris, Antonio (1992). "From Adrianople to Constantinople: Venetian- Ottoman diplomatic missions, 1360–1453". Mediterranean Historical Review. 7 (2): 154–200. doi:10.1080/09518969208569639.
  84. ↑ Charles Moeller (1908). "Order of the Knights of Christ". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  85. ↑ Heymann 1975, pp. 597–598, Tábor.
  86. ↑ Setton 1976a, pp. 39–46, Martin V.
  87. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Murad II. Encyclopædia Britannica.19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 14–15.
  88. ↑ D. Hardy (2016). An Alsatian Nobleman's Account of the Second Crusade against the Hussites in 1421. Crusades. 15: 199–221.
  89. ↑ Heymann 1975, pp. 604–605, Battle of Kutná Hora.
  90. ↑ Heymann 1975, pp. 605–606, Battle of Německý Brod.
  91. ↑ "January 1422: The Hussites led by Jan Žižka defeat the Second Crusade at Německý Brod". Czech Radio. 2022-01-09.
  92. ↑ Heymann 1975, pp. 606–610, Third Hussite Crusade.
  93. ↑ Leonor Fernandes (2013). “Barsbāy, al-Malik al-Ashraf”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Ed. Kate Fleet, et al.
  94. ↑ Imber 2002, pp. 94–95, Siege of Constantinople.
  95. ↑ Suraiya Faroqhi (2012). “Selānīk”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Ed. P. Bearman, et al.
  96. 1 2 İnalcık 1989a, pp. 256–264, Siege of Thessalonica.
  97. 1 2 Urban 2003, pp. 279–281, Gollub War.
  98. ↑ Charles Lethbridge Kingsford (1911). "Henry VI of England". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 285–286.
  99. 1 2 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Charles VII (King of France). Encyclopædia Britannica. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 920–921.
  100. ↑ Thomas A. Fudge; Helen J. Nicholson (2002). The Crusade Against Heretics in Bohemia, 1418-1437. Ashgate. ISBN   9780754608011.
  101. ↑ Drees 2000, p. 443, Francesco Sforza.
  102. ↑ Luke 1975, pp. 371–376, Mamluk conquest of Cyprus.
  103. 1 2 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Prokop. Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  104. ↑ Alvise Loredan. Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 65 (2005)
  105. ↑ Heymann 1975, p. 611, Battle of Usti.
  106. ↑ Heymann 1975, pp. 610–627, Fourth Hussite Crusade.
  107. ↑ Alexios G. C. Savvides (2015). Battle of Khirokitia (1426). WorldHistory.
  108. ↑ Housley 1992, pp. 195–196, Janus and the loss of Cyprus.
  109. ↑ Aleš Nováček (2011). Battle of Tachov, 3rd–4th August 1427. Bellum.
  110. ↑ Setton 1976a, pp. 18–19, Battle of the Echinades.
  111. ↑ René Poupardin (1911). "Philip the Good". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 387–388.
  112. ↑ Venning 2015, p. 515, Burgundy/Bohemia, 1428.
  113. 1 2 James Thomson Shotwell and Hugh Chisholm (1911). "Joan of Arc". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 420–421.
  114. ↑ The 1429 Siege of Malta. The Times of Malta (2004).
  115. ↑ Cecil Weatherly (1911). "Knighthood and Chivalry". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 851–867
  116. ↑ Joan of Arc's Letter to the Hussites, 23 March 1430. Archive (2010).
  117. ↑ Heymann 1975, p. 626, Battle of Trnava.
  118. ↑ Topping 1975, pp. 160–162, Principality of Achaea.
  119. ↑ James Francis Loughlin (1909). "Pope Eugene IV". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  120. ↑ Kiaupa 2000, pp. 206–207, Treaty of Christmemel.
  121. ↑ O'Callaghan 2014, p. 214, Battle of La Higueruela.
  122. ↑ Heymann 1975, pp. 627–648, Fifth Hussite Crusade.
  123. ↑ Aleš Nováček (2011). Battle of Domažlice, 14th August 1431. Bellum.
  124. 1 2 Constantin Rezachevici (1999) "From the Order of the Dragon to Dracula". Journal of Dracula Studies. Vol. 1, Article 1.
  125. ↑ Thomas Frederick Tout. Henry VI. In: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 26, pgs. 56–69.
  126. 1 2 Housley 1992, pp. 363–368, Polish-Teutonic War.
  127. 1 2 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Niccolò Piccinino. Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  128. ↑ Kiaupa 2000, pp. 205–211, Lithuanian Civil War.
  129. 1 2 3 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Scanderbeg. Encyclopædia Britannica. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 287.
  130. ↑ Kingsley Garland Jayne and Edgar Prestage (1911). "Portugal". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 142.
  131. ↑ Aleš Nováček (2011). Battle of Lipany, 30th May 1434. Bellum.
  132. ↑ Carlton J. Hayes (1911). "Visconti". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 128–129.
  133. ↑ Alfonso V of Aragon. The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (2010). R. Bjork, ed.
  134. ↑ Housley 1992, p. 363, Battle of Wiłkomierz.
  135. ↑ František Lützow (1911). "Hussites". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 7–9.
  136. ↑ Sayer 1865, pp. 55–61, Seventh Siege of Gibraltar.
  137. ↑ Beazley 1923, pp. 100–101, Tangiers.
  138. ↑ F. Sümer (2012). “Ḳarā-Ḳoyunlu”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Ed. P. Bearman, et al.
  139. ↑ Bosworth 2004, pp. 77–80, al-Malik al-Zāhir Chaqmaq.
  140. ↑ David McDowall Hannay (1911). "Alphonso". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 734.
  141. ↑ Robert Nisbet Bain (1911). "Wladislaus III". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 766.
  142. ↑ Ronald Delval (2012). “The Road to the Thirteen Years War: The Teutonic Order.” Medieval Warfare, Vol. 2, No. 2, pgs. 6–10.
  143. ↑ Jefferson 2012, pp. 235–246, Siege of Belgrade.
  144. ↑ Jefferson 2012, p. 165, Siege of Novo Brdo.
  145. ↑ Battle of Anghiari. Anghiari, A Corner of Tuscany.
  146. ↑ Robert Nisbet Bain (1911). "János Hunyadi". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica,13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 955–956.
  147. ↑ Jefferson 2012, pp. 282–285, Battle of Sibiu.
  148. ↑ Jefferson 2012, pp. 288–291, Basarab II.
  149. ↑ Chasin 1989, pp. 276–310, Crusade of Varna.
  150. ↑ Henry Matthias Brock (1907). "Bl. Ferdinand". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  151. ↑ Chasin 1989, pp. 201–292, Battle of Niš.
  152. ↑ Chasin 1989, pp. 292, Battle of Zlatitsa.
  153. ↑ Chasin 1989, pp. 293, Battle of Kunovica.
  154. ↑ James David Bourchier (1911). "Albania (Balkans)". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 481–487.
  155. ↑ Nicolle 2005b, p. 91, Murad II.
  156. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Moore 1850, Scanderbeg, King of Albania.
  157. ↑ Halil İnalcık (2012). “Meḥemmed II”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Ed. P. Bearman, et al.
  158. ↑ Rossi 1975, pp. 320–322, Siege of Rhodes.
  159. ↑ Sugar 1977, p. 29, Treaty of Szeged.
  160. ↑ Jefferson 2012, pp. 437–438, Battle of Varna.
  161. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). John II of Aragon. Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 440.
  162. ↑ J. H. Kramers (2012). “Murād II”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Ed. P. Bearman, et al.
  163. ↑ Setton 1976a, pp. 96–97, Morea.
  164. ↑ Thomas Bartholomew Scannell (1911). "Pope Nicholas V". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  165. 1 2 3 Hodgkinson 1999, pp. 83–88, Albanian-Venetian War.
  166. ↑ Emanuel C. Antoche (2017). "Hunyadi's campaign of 1448 and the second battle of Kosovo polje (17-20 October)". In: Reconfiguring the Fifteenth-Century Crusade, Ed. Norman Housley.
  167. ↑ Matei Cazacu (1991). "The reign of Dracula in 1448". In Treptow, Kurt W. (ed.). Dracula: Essays on the Life and Times of Vlad Țepeș . pgs. 53–61.
  168. ↑ Alice-Mary Talbot (2005). Constantine XI Palaiologos. In:  Kazhdan, A. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium.
  169. ↑ Hodgkinson 1999, pp. 95–100, Siege of Sfetigrad.
  170. ↑ Drees 2000, p. 15, Battle of Alfarrobeira.
  171. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Sforza. Encyclopædia Britannica. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 756.
  172. 1 2 Bosworth 2004, pp. 270–272, The Timūrids.
  173. ↑ Imber 2002, pp. 27–43, The Ottoman Empire: Conquest and Consolidation, 1451–1512.
  174. ↑ V. Caillard and E. Gibb (1911). "Turkey/History. Mahomed II. the Conquerer, 1451–1481." In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 446.
  175. ↑ Noli 1947, pp. 49–50, Treaty of Gaeta.
  176. 1 2 Halil Inalcik (1960). “Mehmed the Conqueror (1432-1481) and His Time.” Speculum, Vol. 35, No. 3, pgs. 408–427.
  177. ↑ Devaney, Thomas (2015). Enemies in the Plaza: Urban Spectacle and the End of Spanish Frontier Culture, 1460-1492. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 158. ISBN   9780812291346.
  178. ↑ Jules Viard (1911). "Frederick III, Roman Emperor". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 49–50.
  179. ↑ V. Minorsky and C. E. Bosworth (2012). “Uzun Ḥasan”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Ed. P. Bearman, et al.
  180. ↑ Bosworth 2004, pp. 78–80, al-Malik al-Mansur 'Uthmān.
  181. ↑ Bosworth 2004, pp. 78–80, al-Malik al-Ashraf Ināl.
  182. ↑ Noli 1947, pp. 65, Battle of Polog.
  183. ↑ Runciman 1965, The Fall of Constantinople, 1453.
  184. ↑ Nicolle 2005b, Constantinople 1453: The Fall of Byzantium.
  185. ↑ "Ladislaus V. Postumus". Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, (1883), 1, S. 504–506
  186. 1 2 Frost 2015, pp. 222–230, Thirteen Years' War.
  187. ↑ Robert Nisbet Bain (1911). "Casimir IV". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 447–448.
  188. ↑ Lazzarini, Isabella (2018). "Peace ofLodi (1454) and theItalianLeague (1455)". The Encyclopedia of Diplomacy. pp. 1–5. doi:10.1002/9781118885154.dipl0282. ISBN   978-1-118-88791-2.
  189. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Henry IV of Castile. Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 290.
  190. ↑ Romanus Pontifex (2017). Papal Encyclicals Online.
  191. ↑ James MacCaffrey (1908). "Pope Callistus III". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  192. 1 2 3 4 Constantin Rezachevici (1991). "Vlad Țepeș – Chronology and historical bibliography". In Treptow, Kurt W. (ed.). Dracula: Essays on the Life and Times of Vlad Țepeș . pgs. 253–294.
  193. ↑ Hodgkinson 1999, Battle of Oranik.
  194. ↑ Tom R. Kovach (1996). "The 1456 Siege of Belgrade". Military History. 13 (3): 34.
  195. ↑ Hodgkinson 1999, pp. 146–151, Battle of Ujëbardha.
  196. ↑ Robert Nisbet Bain (1911). "Matthias I Hunyadi". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 900–901.
  197. ↑ Nicholas Aloysius Weber (1911). "Pope Pius II". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  198. ↑ Steven Isaac (2010). Ştefan cel Mare. In: The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, Ed. Clifford J. Rogers,
  199. ↑ Diffie 1977, pp. 109–110, Capture of Alcácer-Ceguer.
  200. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Pius. Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 683–684.
  201. ↑ Fine 1994, pp. 573–578, Siege of Smederevo.
  202. ↑ F. Babinger (2012). “Mīk̲h̲āl-Og̲h̲lu”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Ed. P. Bearman, et al.
  203. ↑ Bosworth 2004, pp. 78–80, al-Malik al-Mu'ayyad Ahmad III.
  204. ↑ Kristof D'hulster (2020). “Khushqadam, al-Malik al-Ẓāhir”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Ed. Kate Fleet, et al.
  205. ↑ Kingsley Garland Jayne (1911). "Bosnia and Herzegovina". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 279–286.
  206. ↑ James Thomson Shotwell (1911). "Louis XI of France". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 38–41.
  207. ↑ Topping 1975, pp. 166, Fall of the Morea.
  208. ↑ Florescu 2009, pp. 129–148, Night Attack at Târgoviște.
  209. ↑ Miller 1921, pp. 313–353, The Gattilusj of Lesbos (1355–1462).
  210. ↑ Beata Możejko (2019). Peter von Danzig: The Story of a Great Caravel, 1462-1475. BRILL. p. 55. ISBN   9789004408449.
  211. ↑ Sayer 1865, pp. 62–70, Eighth Siege of Gibraltar.
  212. ↑ First Ottoman–Venetian War. HistoryMaps (2023).
  213. ↑ Pinson, Mark (1993). The Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina, the Historic Development from Middle Ages to the Dissolution of Yugoslavia. Harvard CMES. p. 11. ISBN   978-0-932885-12-8.
  214. ↑ Stone 2001, pp. 29–30, Thirteen Years' War.
  215. ↑ Imber 1990, p. 168, First Siege of Jajce.
  216. ↑ Setton 1976a, p. 261, Ezechielis prophetae.
  217. ↑ Imber 1990, p. 190, Second Siege of Jajce.
  218. ↑ Runciman 1954, pp. 466–468, Pius II, the Last Crusader, 1464.
  219. ↑ Nicholas Aloysius Weber (1911). "Pope Paul II". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  220. ↑ Hodgkinson 1999, pp. 190–193, Battle of Ohrid.
  221. ↑ Mercedes García-Arenal (1978). “The Revolution of Fās in 869/1465 and the Death of Sultan ’Abd al-Ḥaqq al-Marīnī.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 41, No. 1, pgs. 43–66.
  222. ↑ Daniel Stone (2001). Jagiełło's Successors, In: The Polish-Lithuanian State 1386-1795, pg. 30
  223. ↑ Sayer 1865, pp. 71–119, Ninth Siege of Gibraltar.
  224. 1 2 Babinger 1978, pp. 359–362, The Sieges of Krujë and Shkodra.
  225. ↑ Lardner 1833, pp. 176–258, Volume 2, United Crowns of Castile and Leon, 1230-1516.
  226. ↑ Natho 2009, pp. 218–220, Bilbay and Timurbugha.
  227. ↑ V. Minorsky (1955). The Qara-Qoyunlu and the Qutb-Shahs. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 17(1), 50-73.
  228. ↑ Bichicean, Gheorghe (2022). "Aspects Concerning the Battle of Baia (1467) and the Wound of King Matthias Corvin. On the Controversy in the Chronicles of the Times and on a Less Known Surgical Intervention". Acta Marisiensis. Seria Historia. 4: 13–26. doi: 10.2478/amsh-2022-0018 .
  229. 1 2 3 Petry 1993, pp. 24–118, Qaitbay.
  230. ↑ Luigi Villari (1911). "Caterina Cornaro". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 162–163.
  231. ↑ Fernando Pessanha (2018). A conquista e destruição de Anafé (Casablanca) pelo Infante D. Fernando (1468). In: Revista de História de Sociedade e Cultura, pgs. 97–117.
  232. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Isabella of Castile. Encyclopædia Britannica. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 859.
  233. ↑ Timothy E. Gregory and Nancy Patterson Ševčenko (2005). Euboea. In:  Kazhdan, A. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium.
  234. ↑ Setton 1989, p. 327, Siege of Negroponte.
  235. ↑ Pierre MacKay (2011). Map of Siege of Negropont, 1470.
  236. ↑ Virgil Cândea (2004). "Saint Stephen the Great in his Contemporary Europe". Études balkaniques (4): 140–144
  237. ↑ Michael C. Paul (2007). "Secular Power and the Archbishops of Novgorod Before the Muscovite Conquest," Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 8, No. 2: pgs. 262–263.
  238. ↑ Richard Urban Butler (1912). "Pope Sixtus IV". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  239. ↑ Diffie 1977, p. 145, Conquest of Asilah.
  240. ↑ Beazley 1923, pp. 177–187, Tangiers.
  241. ↑ Mureşan, Dan Ioan (2017). "Bessarion's Orations against the Turks and Crusade Propaganda at the Große Christentag of Regensburg (1471)". Reconfiguring the Fifteenth-Century Crusade. pp. 207–243. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-46281-7_7. ISBN   978-1-137-46280-0.
  242. ↑ Meserve, Margaret (2003). "Patronage and Propaganda at the First Paris Press: Guillaume Fichet and the First Edition of Bessarion's "Orations against the Turks"". The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America. 97 (4): 521–588. doi:10.1086/pbsa.97.4.24295683.
  243. ↑ Bosworth 2004, pp. 48–49, The Wattāsids.
  244. ↑ Reza Langaroodi, Farzin Negahban, translator (2015). “Āq-qūyūnlū”, in: Encyclopaedia Islamica, Ed. Farhad Daftary.
  245. ↑ Prescott 1844, pp. 134–137, Death of Henry IV of Castile.
  246. ↑ Nervo 1897, pp. 73–74, Commencement of the War of Succession.
  247. ↑ Babinger 1978, pp. 340–341, Battle of Vaslui.
  248. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Janissaries. Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 151–152.
  249. ↑ Nicolle 1983, pp. 9–10, Janissaries and Sipahi.
  250. ↑ Prescott 1844, p. 156, Siege of Burgos.
  251. ↑ Omeljan Pritsak (2005). Dory. In:  Kazhdan, A. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium.
  252. ↑ Vasiliev 1936, pp. 150–217, Principality of Theodoro.
  253. ↑ Battle of Toro (2010). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Edited by: Clifford J. Rogers.
  254. ↑ Babinger 1978, p. 357, Battle of Răsboieni.
  255. ↑ Barleti 2012, The Siege of Shkodra.
  256. ↑ Joseph Blötzer (1910). "The Inquisition in Spain". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia.8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  257. ↑ Ferdinand II, King of Spain. Britannica (2023).
  258. ↑ Diana G. Wright and Pierre A. MacKay (2007). When the Serenissima and the Gran Turco made Love: the Peace Treaty of 1478. Studi Veneziani, Vol. LIII, pgs. 261–277.
  259. ↑ Treaty of Alcaçovas (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance. Ed. Gordon Campbell
  260. ↑ Gábor Szántai (2023). The Battle of Kenyérmező (Breadfield), 13 October 1479. The Hungarian–Ottoman Wars.
  261. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Pierre d'Aubusson". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 892.
  262. ↑ Halil İnalcık (2012). “Mesīḥ Pas̲h̲a”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Ed. P. Bearman, et al.
  263. ↑ Taaffe 1852, pp. 53–67, Siege of Rhodes, 1480.
  264. ↑ Housley 1992, pp. 111–112, Crusade to recover Otranto.
  265. ↑ Setton 1976a, pp. 314–345, Sixtus IV and the Turkish occupation of Otranto.
  266. ↑ Gibbon 1870, pp. 133–160, The Siege of Rhodes.
  267. ↑ Setton 1976a, pp. 364–380, Sixtus IV and the recovery of Otranto.
  268. ↑ Parry, V.J., “Bāyazīd II”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Ed. P. Bearman, et al.
  269. ↑ Rhodes, 1481. NCEI Hazard Earthquake Information. NOAA., 2023.
  270. ↑ F. Davenport and C. Paullin (1917). European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and its Dependencies. Carnegie Institution of Washington. pgs. 49–55.
  271. ↑ Edgar Prestage (1911). "Portugal". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  272. ↑ İnalcık 1989b, pp. 330–331, The Recapture of Otranto.
  273. 1 2 Jonathan Harris (1995). "A Worthless Prince? Andreas Palaeologus in Rome, 1465–1502". Orientalia Christiana Periodica. 61: 537–554.
  274. ↑ Lee, Sidney (1886). "John Caius (fl. 1480)". In Dictionary of National Biography. 8. London. pg. 221.
  275. ↑ Hillgarth 1978, pp. 370–376, Capture of Alhama de Granada.
  276. ↑ Osman G. Özgüdenli (2012). “Jem Soltān,” Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. XIV, Fasc. 6, pgs. 623–624.
  277. 1 2 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Boabdil (Muhammad XII of Granada). Encyclopædia Britannica. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 94.
  278. ↑ Duffy 2006, p. 196, Cem Sultan.
  279. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Charles VIII (King of France). Encyclopædia Britannica. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 921.
  280. ↑ Liviu Pilat (2010). "The 1487 Crusade: a Turning Point in the Moldavian–Polish Relations". Medieval and Early Modern Studies for Central and Eastern Europe. II: 123–136.
  281. ↑ Borislav Grgin (2002). The Ottoman influences on Croatia in the second half of the fifteenth century. Historical Contributions. Croatian Institute of History. 21 (23): 87–102.
  282. ↑ V. J. Parry (1976). "The reigns of Bāyezīd II and Selīm I, 1481–1520". In Cook, M. A. (ed.). A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730 . pgs. 54–78.
  283. ↑ Nicholas Aloysius Weber (1910). "Pope Innocent VIII". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  284. 1 2 Alexander Ganse. "Austro-Hungarian War, 1479–1491". World History at Korean Minjok Leadership Academy (KMLA).
  285. ↑ Herbert Thurston (1912). "Witchcraft". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  286. ↑ James Gairdner (1911). "Henry VII of England". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 286–287.
  287. ↑ Finkel 2006, pp. 65–92, First Ottoman-Mamluk War.
  288. 1 2 3 Arthur William Holland (1911). "Maximilian I (emperor)". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 922–923.
  289. ↑ Gabriel Audisio (1999). The Waldensian Dissent: Persecution and Survival c. 1170 – c. 1570. Cambridge University Press. pgs. 14–22.
  290. ↑ Bishko 1975, p. 452, Siege of Málaga.
  291. ↑ Adam André (1969). Histoire de Casablanca '(des origines à 1914). Ophrys.
  292. ↑ C. Barrouquère-Claret (1919). Settat, centre historique de la Chaouïa: monographie . Paris: E. Larose.
  293. ↑ Har-El 1995, pp. 163–191, Battle of Aga-Cayiri.
  294. ↑ A Brief History of Cyprus: Venetian Period (1489–1571). Whatson-Northcyprus (2023).
  295. ↑ Hillgarth 1978, pp. 383–384, Siege of Baza.
  296. ↑ Ferreras, J. de. (1775). Synopsis historica chronologica de España. Madrid: Imprenta de Don Antonio Perez de Soto. Vol. 11, pgs. 388–389.
  297. ↑ Shirogorov 2021, p. 297, Meñli I Giray.
  298. ↑ Hillgarth 1978, pp. 373–386, Battle of Granada.
  299. ↑ Dyer 1861, p. 200, Treaty of Pressburg.
  300. ↑ Jon Cowans (2003). Surrender Treaty of the Kingdom of Granada. In: Early Modern Spain: A Documentary History. University of Pennsylvania Press, pgs. 15–19 .
  301. 1 2 John R. Oreskovich (2019). The History of Lika, Croatia: Land of War and Warriors. Merriam Press. pg. 38.
  302. ↑ Har-El 1995, Ottoman-Mamluk War.
  303. ↑ Nash, Elizabeth (2005). Seville, Cordoba, and Granada: A Cultural History. Oxford University Press. p. 219. ISBN   978-0-19-972537-3.
  304. ↑ "La conquista de Granada por los Reyes Católicos". National Geographic. 2012.
  305. ↑ Edward Peters (trans). The Edict of Expulsion of the Jews – 1492 Spain". Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture.
  306. ↑ "Turkey Virtual Jewish History Tour". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
  307. ↑ G. Signorotto and M. Visceglia (2002). Court and Politics in Papal Rome, 1492–1700. Cambridge University Press, pgs. 8–25.
  308. ↑ James Francis Loughlin (1907). "Pope Alexander VI". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  309. ↑ Charles Raymond Beazley (1911). "Christopher Columbus". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 741–746.
  310. ↑ Tadeusz Grabarczyk (2010). The Battle of Cosmin Forest. In: The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, Ed. Clifford J. Rogers,
  311. ↑ F. Davenport and C. Paullin (1917). European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and its Dependencies.Carnegie Institution of Washington. pgs. 71–83.
  312. ↑ Fine 1994, p. 593, Battle of Krbava Field.
  313. ↑ Borislav Grgin (2002). "The Ottoman influences on Croatia in the second half of the fifteenth century". Historical Contributions. Croatian Institute of History. 21 (23): 87–102.
  314. ↑ Setton 1976a, pp. 448–482, Alexander VI, Charles VIII and Ferrante I.
  315. ↑ Nicholas Vatin (2011). “Cem”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three, Ed. Kate Fleet, et al.
  316. ↑ Antonio Bravo Nieto (1990). "La ocupación de Melilla en 1497 y las relaciones entre los Reyes Católicos y el duque de Medina Sidonia". Aldaba. Melilla: Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia: 15–38.
  317. ↑ Pilat 2017, pp. 242–285, The Crusade Against the Ottomans.
  318. ↑ Jules Isaac (1911). "Louis XII of France". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 41.
  319. ↑ Sydney M. Fisher (1948). War with Venice, 1499–1503. In: The Foreign Relations of Turkey, 1481–1512.
  320. 1 2 Harvey 2005, pp. 40–65, Rebellion of the Alpujarras.
  321. ↑ Housley, Norman (2004a). Crusading in the Fifteenth Century: Message and Impact. Springer. p. 138. ISBN   9780230523357.
  322. ↑ Bosworth 2004, pp. 78–80, al-Malik al-Ashraf Janbalāt.
  323. ↑ İdris Bostan (2021). “Kemal Reis”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three, Ed. Kate Fleet, et al.
  324. ↑ John E. Dodson (2001). Foundations of Venetian Naval Strategy from Pietro II Orseoto to the Battle of Zoncho, 1000-1500. Medieval and Renaissance Studies Vol. 32.
  325. ↑ Muir 1896, pp. 187–201, Kansowa al-Ghuri.
  326. ↑ Roger M. Savory and Ahmet T. Karamustafa (2012) “Esmā'īl I Safawī,” Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 6, pgs. 628-636
  327. ↑ Harvey 2005, pp. 21–22, The Conversion of Muslims in the Crown of Castile.
  328. ↑ Sarwar, Ghulam (1939). History of Shah Isma'il Safawi. p. 45.
  329. ↑ Pálosfalvi, Tamás (2018). From Nicopolis to Mohács: A History of Ottoman-Hungarian Warfare, 1389-1526. Brill. p. 321.
  330. ↑ James Francis Loughlin (1911). "Pope Pius III". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  331. ↑ Michael Ott (1910). "Pope Julius II". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  332. ↑ Davies 2007, pp. 26–27, Polish–Ottoman Alliances.
  333. ↑ Istoria administrației publice din Moldova. Academia de Administrare Publică pe lîngă Guvernul Republicii Moldova. 1999. p. 94.
  334. ↑ Brummett 1993, pp. 34, Mamluk Expedition Against the Portuguese.
  335. ↑ Dariusz Kolodziejczyk (2011). The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania. A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents, pgs. 30–31.
  336. ↑ Setton 1976b, p. 50, Henry VII of England.
  337. ↑ Maria Szuppe (2012). “Herat,” Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. XII, Fasc. 2, pgs. 206-211.
  338. ↑ Mallett 2014, pp. 75–116, War of the League of Cambrai.
  339. ↑ Diffie 1977, pp. 236–238, The Showdown Fights.
  340. ↑ Diffie 1977, pp. 240–242, The Great Victory at Diu.
  341. ↑ Albert Frederick Pollard (1911). "Henry VIII of England". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 287–290.
  342. ↑ Mallett 2014, pp. 89–91, Battle of Agnadello.
  343. ↑ Nicholas Ambraseys (2001). "The Earthquake of 1509 in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey, Revisited". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 91 (6): 1397–1416.
  344. ↑ Alderson 1956, pp. 62–64, Succession of Bayezid.
  345. ↑ Mallett 2014, pp. 96–97, The Campaign against Venice in 1510.
  346. ↑ Mallett 2014, pp. 101–103, The Campaign in the Veneto.
  347. ↑ Fariba Zarinebaf-Shahr (1997). "Qızılbash "Heresy" and Rebellion in Ottoman Anatolia During the Sixteenth Century". Anatolia Moderna. Yeni Anadolu. 7 (1): 1–15
  348. ↑ Mallett 2014, pp. 106–108, The Battle of Ravenna.
  349. 1 2 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Selim. Encyclopædia Britannica.24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 606–607.
  350. 1 2 Klemens Löffler (1907). "Pope Leo X". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  351. ↑ Halil İnalcık (2012). “Selīm I”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Ed. P. Bearman, et al.
  352. ↑ Mallett 2014, pp. 120–122, The French Invasion of Milan.
  353. ↑ Prpic 1972, p. 12, Battle of Dubica.
  354. 1 2 3 Rudi Matthee (2008) “Safavid Dynasty,” Encyclopædia Iranica, (online edition).
  355. ↑ Marek Plewczyński (2016). "The Battle of Orsha, 8 September 1514". In Polish battles and campaigns in 13th–19th centuries, pg. 41
  356. ↑ Jules Isaac (1911). "Francis I of France". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 934–935.
  357. ↑ Margaret L. Venzke, Margaret (2017). “Dulkadir”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three, Ed. Kate Fleet, et al.
  358. 1 2 Y. Firdaus, et al. (2020). "Rise and Fall of Mamluk Sultanate: The Struggle Against Mongols and Crusaders in Holy War." Al-Adyan: Journal of Religious Studies1, No. 1, pgs. 14-28.
  359. ↑ Muḥammad ʻAdnān Bakhīt (1982). The Ottoman Province of Damascus in the Sixteenth Century. Librairie du Liban.
  360. 1 2 3 4 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Barbarossa. Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 382.
  361. ↑ Muir 1896, pp. 202–209, Tumanbeg.
  362. 1 2 3 Svat Soucek (1994). “Piri Reis and Ottoman Discovery of the Great Discoveries.” Studia Islamica, No. 79, pgs. 121–142.
  363. ↑ Muir 1896, pp. 204–205, Battle of Ridaniya.
  364. ↑ Clot 2012, Ten Sultans Born for Conquest.
  365. ↑ C. E. Bosworth (2011). “'Abbasid Caliphate,” Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 1, pgs. 89-95.
  366. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Abbasids. Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 10.
  367. ↑ Minnich, Nelson H. (2018). The Decrees of the Fifth Lateran Council. Routledge. ISBN   9781351891738.
  368. ↑ Giancarlo Casale (2010). The Ottoman Age of Exploration, Oxford University Press, pg. 32.
  369. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Thomas Wolsey. Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 779–780.
  370. ↑ Edward Armstrong (1911). "Charles V (Roman Emperor)". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 899–905.
  371. ↑ Walcot Gibson, Frank R. Cana and Arthur Girault (1911). "Algeria". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 650.
  372. ↑ Noah Tesch. Jelālī Revolts. Britannica (2023).
  373. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Suleiman I. Encyclopædia Britannica.26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 53.
  374. ↑ İnalcık 1989b, p. 353, Suleiman the Law-Giver.
  375. ↑ Pitcher, Donald (1972). An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire: From Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century. Brill Archive. p. 113.
  376. ↑ Ozgen 2002, History of the Ottomans, 1500–1600.
  377. ↑ Marko Popović (2018). Belgrade 1521-1867. Institute of History Belgrade, pgs. 5–26.
  378. ↑ James Francis Loughlin (1907). "Pope Adrian VI". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  379. ↑ Brockman 1969, The Second Siege of Rhodes.
  380. ↑ Rossi 1975, pp. 338–339, Rhodes falls to the Ottomans.
  381. ↑ Phillips, Walter Alison (1911). "St John of Jerusalem, Knights of the Order of the Hospital of". In Encyclopædia Britannica. 24. (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 12–19.
  382. 1 2 3 Ebru Turan (2009). "The Marriage of Ibrahim Pasha." Turcica, pgs. 6–9
  383. ↑ Herbert Thurston (1908). "Pope Clement VII". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  384. ↑ Géza 1989, Mohács, 1526.
  385. ↑ Robert Nisbet Bain (1911). "Louis II of Hungary". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 49–50.
  386. ↑ Andre Chastel (1983). The Sack of Rome, 1527. Princeton University Press.
  387. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Ferdinand I (emperor). Encyclopædia Britannica. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 261–262.
  388. ↑ Luigi Villari (1911). "Andrea Doria". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 425.
  389. ↑ Turnbull 2003, pp. 49–51, Siege of Vienna.
  390. ↑ Charles Moeller (1910). "Knights of Malta". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  391. ↑ Danvers 1894, p. 402, First Siege of Diu.
  392. ↑ Turnbull 2003, pp. 49–51, Siege of Közseg.
  393. ↑ Lesaffer 2004, pp. 338–364, Peace Treaties of the Ottoman Empire with European Christian Powers.
  394. ↑ Yermolenko, Galina (2005). "Roxolana: "The Greatest Empresse of the East"". The Muslim World. 95 (2): 231–248. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2005.00088.x.
  395. ↑ Peirce 1993, p. 58, The Age of the Favorite, 1520–1566.
  396. ↑ Charles A. Frazee. Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453–1923. Cambridge University Press. pg. 27.
  397. ↑ James Francis Loughlin (1911). "Pope Paul III". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  398. ↑ Henry Creswicke Rawlinson (1911). "Baghdad (city)". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 198.
  399. ↑ Rubén González Cuerva (2020). Infidel Friends: Charles V, Mulay Hassan and the Theater of Majesty. Mediterranea Ricerche Storiche, Anno XVII
  400. ↑ Building inscription commemorating the rebuilding of the walls of Jerusalem. Israel Antiquities Authority (2023).
  401. ↑ Shaw, Stanford Jay (1976). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. p. 97.
  402. ↑ Setton 1976b, pp. 431–432, Siege of Corfu.
  403. ↑ Dyer 1861, p. 574, Siege of Corfu.
  404. ↑ Setton 1976b, p. 434, Treaty of Nagyvárad.
  405. ↑ Hayward Keniston (1958). “Peace Negotiations between Charles V and Francis I (1537-1538).” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 102, No. 2, pgs. 142–147.
  406. ↑ Danvers 1894, p. 435, Second Siege of Diu.
  407. ↑ Drinkwater, J. (1839). A history of the siege of Gibraltar. Edinburgh: T. Nelson. pg. 9.
  408. ↑ Merriman 2008, p. 335, Battle of Alborán.
  409. 1 2 A. C. S. Peacock (2018). The Ottoman Empire and the Indian Ocean. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History.
  410. ↑ Géza 1989, Buda, 1541.
  411. 1 2 Timeline of the Ottoman Empire, 1541–1547. HistoryWorld (2012).
  412. ↑ Ward, A.W. (1904). The Cambridge Modern History. The MacMillan Company. p. 76.
  413. ↑ Price, Randall (2021). Rose Guide to the Temple. Rose Publishing.
  414. ↑ Yann Bouvier (2007). "Antoine Escalin des Aimars". Recherches Régionales: 82.
  415. ↑ Anett Puskár (2007). "Noble Strategies for Maintaining Power: Reflections on the Life of a Hungarian Aristocrat", in Power and Culture: Identity, Ideology, Representation. pg. 20.
  416. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Joachim II. Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 919–920.
  417. 1 2 Bartl, Július (2002). "1543". Slovak History: Chronology and Lexicon. p. 59. Retrieved 2013-02-11.
  418. ↑ R. J. Knecht (1984). Francis I. Cambridge University Press. pg. 405.
  419. ↑ Zahit Atçıl (2015). State and Government in the Mid-Sixteenth Century Ottoman Empire: The Grand Vizierates of Rustem Pasha (1544-1561). University of Chicago.
  420. ↑ Danvers 1894, p. 469, Third Siege of Diu.
  421. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Henry II of France. Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 291.
  422. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Aden. Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 190.
  423. ↑ James Tracy (2015). Foreign Correspondence: European Accounts of Sultan Süleyman I's Persian Campaigns, 1548 and 1554. Turkish Historical Review.
  424. ↑ Frederic J. Baumgartner (1985). “Henry II and the Papal Conclave of 1549.” The Sixteenth Century Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3, pgs. 301–314.
  425. ↑ Michael Ott (1910). "Pope Julius III". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  426. 1 2 M. Talbi (2012). “al-Mahdiyya”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Ed. P. Bearman, et al.
  427. ↑ Badger, George Percy (1838). Description of Malta and Gozo. M. Weiss. p.  292.
  428. ↑ Danvers 1894, p. 492, Siege of Qatif.
  429. ↑ Fernand Braudel (1995). The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean world in the age of Philip II. University of California Press, pg. 920.
  430. ↑ Gilles Veinstein (2012). “Soḳollu Meḥmed Pas̲h̲a”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Ed. P. Bearman, et al.
  431. ↑ Hori Lal Saxena (1961). The Hungarian Story. New Literature, pg. 291.
  432. ↑ M. Cavid Baysun (2012). “ Ḳara Aḥmad Pas̲h̲a”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Ed. P. Bearman, et al.
  433. ↑ Pius Malekandathil (2020). Maritime India: Trade, Religion and Polity In the Indian Ocean. Primus Books, pg. 117
  434. ↑ Setton 1976c, p. 585, Siege of Ever.
  435. ↑ Turgut, Ali Ç.; Turgut, Yaşar B.; Turgut, Mehmet (2016). "Murder of Şehzade Mustafa as an ordinary but very painful event in terms of the Ottoman history". Child's Nervous System. 32 (8): 1345–1348. doi:10.1007/s00381-015-2882-4.
  436. 1 2 Setton 1976c, pp. 565–625, The Turks on Land and Sea.
  437. ↑ Saturnino Monteiro (2011) Portuguese Sea Battles - Volume III. A Cura Dell'autore, Volume III, pg. 169
  438. ↑ Mahfoud Kaddache (1998). L'Algérie Durant la Période Ottomane. Office des publications universitaires.
  439. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Maximilian II (emperor). Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 923–924.
  440. ↑ James Francis Loughlin (1911). "Pope Paul IV". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  441. ↑ M. Köhbach (2011). “Peace of Amasya,” Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 9, pg. 928.
  442. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Francis II of France. Encyclopædia Britannica. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 935–936.
  443. ↑ Saturnino Monteiro (2011) Portuguese Sea Battles - Volume III. A Cura Dell'autore, Volume III, pgs. 218–224.
  444. ↑ James Francis Loughlin (1911). "Pope Pius IV". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  445. ↑ Hervé Coutau-Bégarie (2013). "Seapower in the Mediterranean from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century". In John B. Hattendorf (ed.). Naval Strategy and Power in the Mediterranean: Past, Present and Future. Routledge. p. 32.
  446. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Charles IX (King of France). Encyclopædia Britannica. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 921.
  447. ↑ Giancarlo Casale (2008). Ottoman Guerre de Course and the Indian Ocean Spice Trade: The Career of Sefer Reis. Itinerario, 32(1), pgs. 59–79.
  448. ↑ Colin P. Mitchel (2009). “Tahmāsp I,” Encyclopædia Iranica (online only).
  449. ↑ Patrick Kinross (1977). The Ottoman centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. Morrow, pg. 236.
  450. ↑ Allen 2015, pp. 169–222, Honor Bought with Blood.
  451. ↑ Rumelia. Britannica (2023)
  452. ↑ Joseph Lataste (1911). "Pope Pius V". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  453. ↑ Vlastos M. Alexandros and A. P. Ralli (1913). A History of the Island of Chios, A.D. 70-1822. J. Davy and Sons. pgs. 57–58.
  454. ↑ Agoston & Masters 2010, p. 541, Süleyman I.
  455. ↑ Setton 1976c, p. 890, Siege of Szigetvár.
  456. ↑ Elizabeth S. Cohen (1998). “Seen and Known: Prostitutes in the Cityscape of Late-Sixteenth-Century Rome.” Renaissance Studies, Vol. 12, No. 3, 1998, pgs. 392–409.
  457. ↑ Eric Dursteler (2001). "The bailo in Constantinople: Crisis and Career in Venice's Early Modern Diplomatic corps". Mediterranean Historical Review. 16 (2): 1–30.
  458. ↑ Setton 1976c, pp. 921–922, Treaty of Adrianople.
  459. 1 2 Harvey 2005, p. 204, Rebellion of the Alpujarras.
  460. ↑ Minna Rozen (2005). Great Fire in the Metropolis: The Case of the Istanbul Conflagration of 1569 and its Description by Marcantonio Barbara. In Mamluk and Ottoman societies, Routledge, pgs. 134–163.
  461. ↑ Shaw, Stanford Jay (1976). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey . p. 177.
  462. 1 2 Setton 1976c, pp. 976–977, Expedition of 1570.
  463. ↑ Luke 1921, pp. Turkish Rule in Cyprus.
  464. ↑ Setton 1976c, pp. 985, Nicosia.
  465. 1 2 Turnbull 2003, pp. 58–59, Siege of Famagusta.
  466. ↑ Henri Troyat (1988). Ivan the Terrible. Dorset Press. p. 173.
  467. ↑ Robert Wilde (2001). Holy Leagues Of The 16th Century.
  468. ↑ Islamic Studies. Islamic Research Institute. 1993. p. 451.
  469. 1 2 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Henry IV of France. Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 292–293.
  470. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Henry III of France. Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 291.
  471. ↑ Agoston & Masters 2010, p. 513, Selim II.
  472. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Murad III. Encyclopædia Britannica.19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg/ 15.
  473. 1 2 Stanko Guldescu (2014). The Croatian-Slavonian Kingdom: 1526–1792. De Gruyte.
  474. ↑ Hess, Andrew C. (2010). The Forgotten Frontier: A History of the Sixteenth-century Ibero-African Frontier. University of Chicago Press. pg. 96.
  475. 1 2 3 Rudolph Matthee (2014). The Ottoman-Safavid War of 986-998/1578-90: Motives and Causes. International Journal of Turkish Studies 20:1-2
  476. ↑ Michael Ott (1912). "Pope Sixtus V". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  477. ↑ James Francis Loughlin (1908). "Pope Clement VIII". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  478. ↑ Kenneth Setton (1991). Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century. The American Philosophical Society. pg. 6.
  479. ↑ Mortimer Epstein (1908). The Early History of the Levant Company. London: G. Routledge & Sons, Limited.
  480. ↑ Oto Luthar (2008). The Land Between: A History of Slovenia. Peter Lang. pg. 216.
  481. ↑ Setton 1991, The Long Turkish War.
  482. ↑ Setton 1991, pp. 1–29, The Long War.
  483. ↑ Skilliter, S. A., “Meḥemmed III”, In: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Ed. P. Bearman, et al.
  484. ↑ Setton 1991, Battle of Keresztes.
  485. ↑ Mohammad–Ebrahim Parizi (2012). “Ganj-'Ali Khan,” Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. X, Fasc. 3, pgs. 284-285.
  486. ↑ Agoston & Masters 2010, p. 22, Ahmed I.
  487. ↑ Agoston & Masters 2010, p. 370, Mehmed IV.
  488. ↑ Walter Leitsch (1983). "1683: The Siege of Vienna". History Today. 33 (7).

Bibliography

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.