Davallia

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Davallia
Davallia canariensis cult0.jpg
Davallia canariensis in cultivation
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Division: Polypodiophyta
Class: Polypodiopsida
Order: Polypodiales
Suborder: Polypodiineae
Family: Davalliaceae
M.R.Schomb.
Genus: Davallia
(L.) Sm.
Species

See text

Synonyms [1]
  • AraiostegiaCopel.
  • AraiostegiellaM.Kato & Tsutsumi
  • Davallodes(Copel.) Copel.
  • HumataCav.
  • ScyphulariaFée
  • WibeliaBernh.
"Hare's Foot" on sandstone, Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, Australia Hares foot on sandstone.jpg
"Hare's Foot" on sandstone, Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, Australia
Davallia canariensis showing the rhizomes Davallia canariensis cult1.jpg
Davallia canariensis showing the rhizomes

Davallia (deersfoot fern, hare's foot fern, shinobu fern, rabbit foot fern, ball fern)[ citation needed ] is a genus of about 40 species of fern. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), it is the only genus in the family Davalliaceae, which is placed in the suborder Polypodiineae, order Polypodiales. [1] Alternatively, the family may be placed in a very broadly defined family Polypodiaceae sensu lato as the subfamily Davallioideae. [2]

Contents

The family is sister to the largest family of ferns, Polypodiaceae, [1] and shares some morphological characters with it. [3] Species are epiphytic ferns, with fronds arising from long aerial rhizomes which grow on and over thick bark on trees or on rock crevices.

Description

Usually epiphytic or epipetric. Rhizomes dictyostelic, dorsiventral, densely scaly. Stipes articulate at base. Phyllopodia short. veins free. Sporangium stalk 3-rowed. Annulus vertical. Spores monolete.[ citation needed ]

Taxonomy

Gymnogrammitis and Leucostegia were once included in Davalliaceae, but these are now known to belong elsewhere. Gymnogrammitis is in a clade with Selliguea and others in the family Polypodiaceae. [4] Leucostegia is in the family Hypodematiaceae, [5] which consists of Hypodematium and Leucostegia, [6] and possibly Didymochlaena as well. [7]

In 2008, a molecular phylogenetic study of Davalliaceae showed that none of the polyspecific genera recognized at that time were monophyletic. [8] In that same year, a revision of the family divided it into five genera. [5] One of these, Araiostegiella, was newly described. The genus Davallia was divided into two sections, named Davallia and Trogostolon. Based on molecular phylogenetic studies, the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) accepts only one genus in the family, Davallia, sinking the other genera into synonymy. [1] The study on which the PPG I circumscription is based divides the genus into seven sections. [9]

Phylogeny

The following cladogram for the suborder Polypodiineae (eupolypods I), based on the consensus cladogram in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), [1] shows a likely phylogenetic relationship between Davalliaceae and the other families of the clade.

Polypodiineae  (eupolypods I)

Didymochlaenaceae

Hypodematiaceae

Dryopteridaceae

Nephrolepidaceae

Lomariopsidaceae

Tectariaceae

Oleandraceae

Davalliaceae

Polypodiaceae

Selected species

Many of the species of Davallia are closely related and hard to distinguish from each other. In 1990, a treatment of Davalliaceae estimated the number of species at 110. [3] A 2008 paper listed all of the species, recognizing only 63. [5] A new species, Davallia napoensis was described in 2011. [10] The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) suggests there are about 65 species. [1]

Distribution and habitat

Davalliaceae is native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Pacific, Australia, Asia, and Africa. [11] Plants are usually epiphytic, sometimes lithophytic or terrestrial.

Davallia as house plants

Many species of Davallia are in cultivation, [12] with Davallia tyermanii , Davallia fejeensis , and Davallia solida being perhaps the most well-known. [13] A key to the cultivated species of Davallia is available. [14] D. polypodiaceae, D. canariensis and D. trichomanoides are also grown as ornamental plants. [15] D. fejeensis is the most common Davallia species in commerce, and D. canariensis is widely grown as a house plant. [15]

The plants have furry rhizomes which cover the surface of the potting mixture as well as root down into it. The fronds are triangular in shape and about 1½ feet long by 1 foot wide. They divide into three to four pinnae which subdivide into many pinnules. Davallia are often used in hanging baskets because the rhizomes split into sections and the surface is covered quickly. Unlike other ferns, Davallia tolerate low levels of humidity. [16]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dryopteridaceae</span> Family of ferns

The Dryopteridaceae are a family of leptosporangiate ferns in the order Polypodiales. They are known colloquially as the wood ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family is placed in the suborder Polypodiineae. Alternatively, it may be treated as the subfamily Dryopteridoideae of a very broadly defined family Polypodiaceae sensu lato.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polypodiales</span> Order of ferns

The order Polypodiales encompasses the major lineages of polypod ferns, which comprise more than 80% of today's fern species. They are found in many parts of the world including tropical, semitropical and temperate areas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polypodiaceae</span> Family of ferns

Polypodiaceae is a family of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016, the family includes around 65 genera and an estimated 1,650 species and is placed in the order Polypodiales, suborder Polypodiineae. A broader circumscription has also been used, in which the family includes other families kept separate in PPG I. Nearly all species are epiphytes, but some are terrestrial.

<i>Oleandra</i> Genus of ferns

Oleandra is a genus of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016, it is the only genus in the family Oleandraceae, which is placed in suborder Polypodiineae, order Polypodiales. Alternatively, the family may be placed in a very broadly defined family Polypodiaceae sensu lato as the subfamily Oleandroideae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pteridaceae</span> Family of ferns

Pteridaceae is a family of ferns in the order Polypodiales, including some 1150 known species in ca 45 genera, divided over five subfamilies. The family includes four groups of genera that are sometimes recognized as separate families: the adiantoid, cheilanthoid, pteridoid, and hemionitidoid ferns. Relationships among these groups remain unclear, and although some recent genetic analyses of the Pteridales suggest that neither the family Pteridaceae nor the major groups within it are all monophyletic, as yet these analyses are insufficiently comprehensive and robust to provide good support for a revision of the order at the family level.

<i>Microsorum</i> Genus of ferns

Microsorum is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Microsoroideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). The species are tropical. Like most ferns, they grow from rhizomes, rather than roots. The genus name is often misspelled "Microsorium" or "Microsoreum". It includes some species that are lithophytic rheophytes.

<i>Nephrolepis</i> Genus of ferns

Nephrolepis is a genus of about 30 species of ferns. It is the only genus in the family Nephrolepidaceae, placed in the suborder Aspleniineae of the order Polypodiales in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016. The genus is commonly referred to as macho ferns or Boston ferns. The fronds are long and narrow, and once-pinnate, in the case of one Bornean species reaching thirty feet in length.

<i>Phlebodium</i> Genus of ferns

Phlebodium is a small genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Polypodioideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). It is native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. Its species were formerly included in Polypodium.

<i>Microgramma</i> (plant) Genus of ferns

Microgramma is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Polypodioideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). They are commonly known as vine ferns or snakeferns.

<i>Lecanopteris</i> Genus of ferns

Lecanopteris is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Microsoroideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). They have swollen hollow rhizomes that provide homes for symbiotic ants. All are epiphytic plants that naturally occur from Southeast Asia to New Guinea. Several species are in commerce, being grown as houseplants and greenhouse curiosities.

<i>Diplazium</i> Genus of ferns

Diplazium is a genus of ferns that specifically includes the approximately 400 known species of twinsorus ferns. The Greek root is diplazein meaning double: the indusia in this genus lie on both sides of the vein. These ferns were earlier considered part of either the Athyriaceae, Dryopteridaceae, Aspleniaceae, or Polypodiaceae families or recognized as belonging to their own taxonomic family. The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 places the genus in the Athyriaceae. The taxonomy of the genus is difficult and poorly known, and by 2009 has never been the subject of a complete monographic study. Their distribution is pantropical, with a few species extending into temperate areas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypodematiaceae</span> Family of ferns

Hypodematiaceae is a family of ferns in the order Polypodiales. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family is placed in the suborder Polypodiineae. Alternatively, it may be treated as the subfamily Hypodematioideae of a very broadly defined family Polypodiaceae sensu lato. The family consists of two, or in some versions three, small genera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tectariaceae</span> Family of ferns

Tectariaceae is a family of leptosporangiate ferns in the order Polypodiales. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family is placed in the suborder Polypodiineae. Alternatively, it may be treated as the subfamily Tectarioideae of a very broadly defined family Polypodiaceae sensu lato. The family comprises seven genera, of which Tectaria is by far the largest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Microsoroideae</span> Subfamily of ferns

Microsoroideae is a subfamily in the fern family Polypodiaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). The subfamily is also treated as the tribe Microsoreae within a very broadly defined family Polypodiaceae sensu lato. In either treatment, it includes the previously separated tribe Lepisoreae.

<i>Lellingeria</i> Genus of ferns

Lellingeria is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polypodioideae</span> Subfamily of ferns

Polypodioideae is a subfamily belonging to the fern family Polypodiaceae, which is a member of the suborder Polypodiineae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Alternatively, the subfamily may be treated as the tribe Polypodieae within a very broadly defined family Polypodiaceae sensu lato.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polypodiineae</span> Suborder of ferns

Polypodiineae is a suborder of ferns in the order Polypodiales. It is equivalent to the clade eupolypods I in earlier systems, and to the very broadly defined family Polypodiaceae in the classification of Christenhusz & Chase (2014). It probably diverged from the suborder Aspleniineae during the mid-Cretaceous. The divergence is supported by both molecular data and an often overlooked morphological characteristic which lies in the vasculature of the petiole. Most species that make up the suborder have three vascular bundles. The only exceptions are the grammitid ferns which have one, and the genus Hypodematium which has two. This differs from eupolypods II which mostly have two vascular bundles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vittarioideae</span> Subfamily of ferns

Vittarioideae is a subfamily of the fern family Pteridaceae, in the order Polypodiales. The subfamily includes the previous families Adiantaceae and Vittariaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cheilanthoideae</span> Subfamily of ferns

Cheilanthoideae is one of the five subfamilies of the fern family Pteridaceae. The subfamily is thought to be monophyletic, but some of the genera into which it has been divided are not, and the taxonomic status of many of its genera and species remains uncertain, with radically different approaches in use as of December 2019.

Gymnogrammitis is a genus of ferns in the subfamily Drynarioideae of the family Polypodiaceae according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), with a single species Gymnogrammitis dareiformis.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 PPG I (2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (6): 563–603. doi: 10.1111/jse.12229 . S2CID   39980610.
  2. ↑ Christenhusz, Maarten J.M. & Chase, Mark W. (2014). "Trends and concepts in fern classification". Annals of Botany. 113 (9): 571–594. doi:10.1093/aob/mct299. PMC   3936591 . PMID   24532607.
  3. 1 2 Karl U. Kramer. 1990. "Davalliaceae". pages 74-80. In: Klaus Kubitzki (general editor); Karl U. Kramer and Peter S. Green (volume editors) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume I. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN   978-0-387-51794-0
  4. ↑ Harald Schneider, Alan R. Smith, Raymond Cranfill, Christopher H. Haufler, Tom A. Ranker, and Terri J. Hildebrand. 2002. "Gymnogrammitis dareiformis is a polygrammoid fern (Polypodiacee) - Resolving an apparent conflict between morphological and molecular data". Plant Systematics and Evolution234(1-4):121-136. doi : 10.1007/s00606-002-0207-z
  5. 1 2 3 Masahiro Kato and Chie Tsutsumi. 2008. "Generic Classification of Davalliaceae". Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica59(1):1-14.
  6. ↑ Hong-Mei Liu, Xian-Chun Zhang, Wei Wang, Yin-Long Qiu, and Zhi-Duan Chen. 2007. "Molecular Phylogeny of the Fern Family Dryopteridaceae inferred from Chloroplast rbcL and atpB Genes". International Journal of Plant Sciences168(9):1311-1323. doi : 10.1086/521710
  7. ↑ Eric Schuettpelz and Kathleen M. Pryer. 2007. "Fern phylogeny inferred from 400 leptosporangiate species and 3 plastid genes". Taxon56(4):1037-1050.
  8. ↑ Chie Tsutsumi, Xian-Chun Zhang, and Masahiro Kato. 2008. "Molecular Phylogeny of Davalliaceae and Implications for Generic Classification". Systematic Botany33(1):44-48.
  9. ↑ Tsutsumi, Chie; Chen, Cheng-Wei; Larsson, Anders; Hirayama, Yumiko & Kato, Masahiro (2016-12-01). "Phylogeny and classification of Davalliaceae on the basis of chloroplast and nuclear markers". Taxon. 65 (6): 1236–1248. doi:10.12705/656.2 . Retrieved 2019-08-12.
  10. ↑ Fa-Guo Wang, Hong-Feng Chen, and Fu-Wu Xing. 2011. "Davallia napoensis, a New Species of Davalliaceae from Guangxi, China". Novon21(3):380-384. doi : 10.3417/2009093
  11. ↑ Alan R. Smith, Kathleen M. Pryer, Eric Schuettpelz, Petra Korall, Harald Schneider, and Paul G. Wolf. 2008. "Davalliaceae". pages 443-444. In: "Fern Classification". pages 417-467. In: Tom A. Ranker and Christopher H. Haufler (editors). Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-87411-3
  12. ↑ Anthony Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. ISBN   978-0-333-47494-5 (set).
  13. ↑ George W. Staples and Derral R. Herbst. 2005. "A Tropical Garden Flora" Bishop Museum Press: Honolulu, HI, USA. ISBN   978-1-58178-039-0
  14. ↑ Barbara Joe Hoshizaki. 1981. "The fern genus Davallia in cultivation". Baileya21(1):1-42.
  15. 1 2 Perry, Leonard, Davillia, http://pss.uvm.edu/pss123/ferndav.html
  16. ↑ Reader's Digest. Success with House Plants. The Reader's Digest Association, Inc. 1979:173
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