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Beijing education starts in preschool, where children learn intellectual and motor skills through fun activities and games. The second 'level' of education is primary school, where students attend from ages 6 to 12. In Beijing secondary schools, students either follow an academic path or a vocational path. If students choose the academic path, they usually stay in secondary school for 3 years from the ages of 13 to 16, while students who choose the vocational programme will stay in secondary school for 3 to 4 years from the ages of 13 to 16/17.
Just prior to the 1949 founding of the People's Republic of China, Beijing had 13 institutions of higher education, 76 secondary schools, 358 primary schools including those public and private, and 21 nurseries and kindergartens. Of the secondary schools, 80% were private. At the time, 47% of all primary school-aged children in Beijing attended school. Dong Jianhong and Chen Tiying, the authors of "Urban Education in Beijing: An International Perspective," wrote that there were few schools located in poor neighborhoods.[2] Dong Jianhong and Chen Tiying wrote that "education in Beijing lagged far behind" that of the rest of the country prior to the founding of the People's Republic.[2]
Dong Jianhong and Chen Tiying wrote that education in Beijing "developed rapidly" after the 1949 founding.[2] The municipal government established additional higher education facilities, acquired and reorganized schools, established new schools in lower class and working class areas, lowered age limits in the school admission policies, and decreased cutoff scores on achievement tests for working class children during the years 1949 through 1957. Departments of education were established for the Beijing municipality and each of the Beijing districts in 1954.[2]
Dong Jianhong and Chen Tiying wrote that in the Great Leap Forward period school activities were not focused on education and instead were "mostly devoted to political movements and productive labor" which produced a low educational quality.[2] During the period many schools established school-operated factories that their students worked in, and the Beijing educational authorities established part-work part-study experimental schools and work-study programs.[2]
The authorities opened many senior secondary schools and closed many part-study, part-time, and vocational schools during the Cultural Revolution.[2]
In 1986 the starting age for primary education for urban children was changed from 7 to 6.[3]
Demographics
As of 2011, about 30,000 senior high school students resident in Beijing did not have Beijing hukou and attended senior high schools in the cities and towns where their hukou was registered instead of Beijing.[4]
Beijing is home to the largest international students population in China and one of the major destinations for foreign students in the Asia-Pacific region. Many international students from Japan, Korea, North America, Europe, Southeast Asia, and elsewhere come to Beijing to study every year.[26]
As of 2011, according to the Beijing Educational Committee, 700,000 students attend universities based in Beijing. Of those students, according to the committee, 15-20% come from families classified as being in poverty. As of 2011 the municipal government had pledged 50 million yuan ($7.3 million U.S.) as an addition to its funds for assisting university students in poverty.
The first university dedicated for ethnic minority students in Beijing is the Minzu University of China, or the Central University of Nationalities (CUN), established in 1951.
"Moral education" at the university level is integrated into other subjects.[3] Ethnic minorities in Beijing have a higher than average educational attainment at the tertiary level compared to the national average for ethnic minorities. As of 2011 10.8% of ethnic minorities in Beijing have obtained university degrees compared to 0.9% nationally.
Beijing is also home to several religious institutions, Some of them are listed as follows:
China Islamic Institute (中国伊斯兰教经学院)
Beijing Islamic Institute (北京伊斯蘭教經學院)
The Buddhist Academy of China (中国佛学院)
High-level Tibetan Buddhism College of China (中国藏语系高级佛学院)
The Beijing municipal government has made efforts to provide a nine-year compulsory education. Several experts, including the Beijing Normal University education specialist Binxian Zhang, have argued that Beijing should make twelve years of education compulsory.
As of June 2010 the Beijing government allowed 75 local public and private schools to teach foreign students. The Beijing Education Commission began accrediting these schools as such in 2003. Foreign students must not make up over 10% of the student body and they must receive instruction in classes with Chinese students. Schools are eligible to receive foreigner students if they were in existence for 10 or more years, had an English-speaking staff member managing foreign student issues, and have training in teaching Chinese as a foreign language.[27]
Beijing's compulsory education system is among the best in the world: in 2018, 15-year-old students from Beijing (together with Shanghai, Zhejiang and Jiangsu) outperformed all of the other 78 participating countries in all categories (math, reading, and science) in the Program for International Student Assessment, a worldwide study of academic performance conducted by the OECD.[28]
Statistics on schools
As of 2003 Beijing had 1,430 kindergartens, 1,652 primary schools, 730 secondary schools - including 263 combined lower and upper secondary (junior and senior high), 401 lower secondary, and 66 upper secondary - , 97 vocational secondary schools, 62 secondary specialty schools, and 74 institutions of higher education. That year there were 199,390 kindergarten students, 546,530 primary school students, 453,446 lower secondary students, 250,959 senior secondary students, 84,262 vocational students, 116,725 secondary specialty students, and 450,789 higher education students.[29]
In 1989 Beijing had 3,703 primary schools, including 695 urban primary schools. Out of the total number of primary schools in urban and rural areas, 38 were designated for ethnic minorities; 23 of the minority schools were located in urban areas. As of 1989, the schools had 934,696 students, including 448,167 students enrolled in urban primary schools. As of 1989, the schools had 49,022 teachers, including 24,641 full-time teachers at the urban schools.[3]
Curriculum
The curriculum of Beijing primary and secondary schools is a mirror of the national curriculum, because under the Education Law of mainland China, the Ministry of Education coordinates, governs, and plans the curriculum of schools. The Beijing authorities are tasked with implementing the curriculum, because under the Education Act administrative organs at county, township, and administrative village levels implement the curriculum.
Since 1993 schools have divided subjects between those locally arranged and those that are state-arranged. All public schools in Beijing, including those catering to minorities, give instruction in Mandarin Chinese. The standard curriculum includes "moral education" that may be a standalone course or integrated into other courses. Moral education takes up one hour weekly in the primary level, while secondary students have more time per week in moral education. The standard curriculum does not include religion courses.[3] In 2009 the educational authorities inserted components about volunteerism in the curricula of Beijing primary and secondary schools.[30] Secondary schools in Beijing have also implemented citizenship education.[31]
School year
The school year in Beijing primary and secondary schools is divided into two semesters and schools have five-day-per-week class schedules.
In primary schools there are 38 weeks were classes held, and 13 weeks are allotted to student vacations. The primary schools have one week in reserve. Junior secondary schools have 39 weeks for classes with 12 weeks allotted for student vacations. At the junior secondary level, one week is held in reserve. Senior secondary schools have classes held during 39 weeks with vacation being held on 10 or 11 of these weeks. At the senior secondary level, one or two weeks may be held in reserve.
Teacher hiring and payment
By 2011 the Municipal Education Committee made efforts to equalize the pay rates of primary and secondary teachers to those of government employees as a way of improving teacher retention. As of 2011, each year there is an oversupply of applications for teaching positions at Beijing primary and secondary schools, and most of the applicants had recently graduated from universities in Beijing.
Educational attainment and performance
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In 1989, within Beijing primary schools, the drop out rate was 0.4% and the enrollment rate was 99.5%.[3]
Ethnic minorities in Beijing have higher levels of educational attainment than ethnic minorities overall. Within Beijing, 15.8% of ethnic minorities finish their education at the primary level while nationally 45% of ethnic minorities finish at the primary level. The odds ratios, meaning the odds of educational attainment in Beijing are 0.12 at the primary level, 1.35 at the junior secondary level, and 11.35 at the senior secondary level.
Key secondary schools
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Some secondary schools are designated as key secondary schools. Beijing had 63 such schools in 1981.[32]
Vocational secondary schools
In Beijing graduates of junior secondary schools may enter vocational secondary schools. These schools utilize a competitive admissions process. Students may complete specific specialties or courses in three or four years. In 1990 there were 131 vocational secondary schools in urban areas, with a total enrollment of 45,204 students, employing 7,084 teachers and serving 45,204 students. At that time, the schools offered 232 specialties.[32]
The Beijing government established vocational high schools in 1980. That year, there were 52 of these schools serving 4,400 students. At that time they provided 22 professional courses. In one ten-year period, 64,000 people graduated from vocational schools.[32]
The Experimental Primary School Attached to Beijing Normal University (北京师范大学附属实验小学)
Preschools and kindergartens
Beijing had 3,824 nurseries and kindergartens, including 35 nurseries and kindergartens designated for ethnic minorities and one kindergarten focusing on gymnastics, by 1990. By that year, 41,314 working staff members worked at the schools, which educated around 400,000 students. The enrollment in the nurseries and kindergartens made up 84.5% of urban children above 3 within the designated age group in Beijing.[3]
International schools
Several international schools opened in Beijing in years prior to 1995. The Beijing Education Commission began monitoring international schools in 1995 and began recognizing them in 1996. In 2010 the BEC listed 19 international schools which accept foreigners. Schools designated as "schools for foreign personnel" may not accept mainland Chinese students.[27] In 2019 the median yearly tuition overall was about 219,000 renminbi, the most expensive in the world.[33]
Schools for children of foreign residents include:[34]
Chaoyang District is an urban district of Beijing. It borders the districts of Shunyi to the northeast, Tongzhou to the east and southeast, Daxing to the south, Fengtai to the southwest, Dongcheng, Xicheng, and Haidian to the west, and Changping to the northwest.
Tsinghua University High School (清华大学附属中学) is a public secondary school in Haidian, Beijing, China. The school is supervised by the Beijing City Haidian District Education Committee.
High School Attached to Beijing University of Technology is a high school located in Chuiyangliu Middle Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China. It is one of the beacon high schools accredited by Beijing municipal Government.
TheAffiliated High School of Peking University is a public secondary school in Haidian, Beijing, China. The school was originally founded 1960 based on the public Beijing City 104 Secondary School. The school currently offers 7th to 12th grade education.
The Experimental High School Attached to Beijing Normal University (北京师范大学附属实验中学) is a public secondary school in Xicheng, Beijing, China. The school is supervised by the Beijing City Xicheng District Education Committee.
References
Dong, Jianhong and Chen Tiying. "Urban Education in Beijing: An international perspective." (Chapter 11) In: Coulby, David, Crispin Jones, and Duncan Harris. Urban Education (World Yearbook of Education Series). Routledge, 2005. ISBN978-0-415-39307-2, 9780415393072.
Pan, Suyan. "Multileveled Citizenship Education in Beijing: Liberation with Limitation" (Chapter 8). In: Kennedy, Kerry J., Gregory Fairbrother, and Zhenzhou Zhao (editors). Citizenship Education in China: Preparing Citizens for the "Chinese Century" (Volume 4 of Routledge Series on Schools and Schooling in Asia). Routledge, October 15, 2013. ISBN978-1-136-02208-1, 9781136022081. Chapter start page 128. Chapter includes section "Implemented Citizenship Education in Beijing Secondary Schools" (start page 135)
Notes
↑ "Beijing Municipal Commission of EducationArchived January 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine ." eBeijing/Beijing International (organized by the Beijing Municipal Commission of Economy and Information Technology and the Foreign Affairs Office of the People's Government, authorized by the Beijing Municipal Government). Retrieved on 10 January 2014.
↑ Liu Jinsong (刘金松). "Beijing To Pupils: "Get A Hukou!"" ([ Archive]). Nation (经济观察网) at The Economic Observer. September 6, 2011. Translated into English by Zhu Na. Retrieved on June 23, 2015. Original Chinese: "开学季 分别季" - Date of original: August 29, 2011.
↑ Johnston, Charles S., Xin Chen and Jing Tian, "Beijing's 'People's Olympics': From Slogan to Sustainability" - In: Events, Society and Sustainability: Critical and Contemporary Approaches. In: Pernecky, Tomas and Michael Lück. Events, Society and Sustainability: Critical and Contemporary Approaches. Routledge, 2012. ISBN978-0-415-80993-1, 9780415809931. p. 54.
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