GWR 3031 Class

Last updated

Achilles Class
GWR Dean single 4-2-2 3050 Royal Sovereign (Howden, Boys' Book of Locomotives, 1907).jpg
3050 Royal Sovereignc.1895–1907
Type and origin
Power typeSteam
Designer William Dean
Builder GWR Swindon Works
Order numberLots 94, 95, 110
Serial number1391–1420, 1612–1631
Build date1894–1899
Total produced50 (new)
Number rebuilt30 (from 3001 class)
Specifications
Configuration:
   Whyte 4-2-2
   UIC 2A1 n2
Gauge 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Leading dia. 4 ft 1+12 in (1.257 m)
Driver dia.7 ft 8+12 in (2.350 m)
Trailing dia. 4 ft 7+12 in (1.410 m)
Wheelbase 18 ft 8+12 in (5.702 m)
Cylinder size 19 in × 24 in (483 mm × 610 mm)
Career
DispositionAll scrapped, one non-working replica was built in the early 1980s

The Dean Single, 3031 Class, or Achilles Class was a type of steam locomotive built by the British Great Western Railway between 1891 and 1899. They were designed by William Dean for passenger work. The first 30 members of the class were built as 2-2-2s of the 3001 Class.

Contents

The first eight members of the class (numbers 3021-3028, built April–August 1891) were built as convertible 7 ft 14 in (2,140 mm) broad gauge 2-2-2 locomotives, being converted to standard gauge in mid-1892, at the end of broad gauge running on the Great Western Railway. A further 22 were built in late 1891 and early 1892, this time as standard gauge engines.

Although the 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) 3001 class were fitted with larger boilers than earlier GWR 2-2-2 classes, the diameter of the boiler was constrained by its position between the 7 ft 8+12 in (2.350 m) driving wheels. Thus boiler capacity could only be increased by making the boiler longer, not wider, bringing the smokebox and cylinders in front of the leading axle. [1] The extra weight of the larger boilers was borne by the leading wheels, making the locomotives unstable, particularly at speed. On 16 September 1893 No. 3021 Wigmore Castle, hauling an express train, was derailed in Box Tunnel when the front axle broke. The cause of the accident was thought to be excessive weight being carried on the front axle, so it was decided to replace the leading pair of wheels in the 3001 class with a bogie. [2] [3]

In the 3001 class the steam chest was located underneath the cylinders, and contained two slide valves. The inverted placement of the valves allowed them to drop away from the face of the steam ports when steam was shut off, thus reducing wear. [4] The steam chest and valves lay above the front carrying axle, and there was sufficient clearance to allow the steam chest cover to be removed over the axle for maintenance.

Replacing the axle with a bogie of conventional design would have obstructed access to the port faces. Dean instead used a suspension bogie, in which the weight of the locomotive was transferred upwards to the bogie by four bolts mounted on the inside frames. The centre pin of the bogie rotated in a spring-centred block mounted beneath the steam chest on cross beams. This setup gave sufficient clearance so that, when the bolts were undone, the front end of the locomotive raised, and the bogie was run out from underneath, the steam chest cover could be removed without hindrance. [2]

No. 3021 was rebuilt as a 4-2-2 in March 1894. Between June and December 1894 the 28 remaining locomotives of the 3001 class were rebuilt. [5] The first of a further 50 new bogie singles was also built in March 1894, the last of the class being outshopped in March 1899. [6] These new locomotives differed from the rebuilds in having their cylinder diameter reduced from 20 to 19 inches (508 to 483 mm), and the springs for the trailing wheels located above the footplate and outside the cab, necessitating a reduced width for the latter. [7] The rebuilds subsequently had their cylinders lined down to 19 inches (483 mm). [8] The entire class, as they required it, had their driving wheels fitted with thicker tyres from 1898 onwards, increasing the wheel diameter by one-half inch (12.7 mm) to 7 ft 8+12 in (2.350 m). [8]

In 1900, George Jackson Churchward replaced the boiler on number 3027 Worcester with a parallel Standard 2 boiler. Twelve further engines were similarly converted in 1905 and 1906.

Despite the locomotives' speed, the 4-2-2 design was soon found to be outdated and unsuitable for more modern operation. A proposal to improve their performance by fitting them with long-travel valves was found to be impracticable; the existing valves were directly driven from eccentrics mounted on the driving axle, and there was insufficient clearance to fit larger eccentrics. [9] Churchward considered rebuilding the class as Armstrong Class 4-4-0s with 7 ft 2 in (2.184 m) coupled wheels. The cylinder centre line would then be 3.5 in (89 mm) above the driving centre, due to the 7 in (178 mm) difference in driving wheel diameter. This scheme was not carried through because the connecting rods would not clear the lower slide bar, and the valve gear would be out of alignment. An alternative proposal to drop the locomotive 3.5 in (89 mm), and raise the buffer beam and dragbox, was also rejected on the grounds of cost. The class were gradually withdrawn between 1908 and 1915, with the last survivor, no. 3074 Princess Helena, being withdrawn in December 1916. [9] All of the originals were scrapped, but a non-working replica was built in the early 1980s. [10] [11]

Notable members of the class

3065 Duke of Connaught made a record-breaking run with the Ocean Mail on 9 May 1904 (having taken over the train from City of Truro at Bristol), covering the distance from Bristol (Pylle Hill) to Paddington in 99 minutes 46 seconds [12] as part of a run from Plymouth to Paddington in 227 minutes.

3041 The Queen, originally named James Mason, was an example of this class allocated to Royal Train duties.

Number 3046 Lord of the Isles has enjoyed a certain amount of celebrity, having been chosen as the prototype for a Tri-ang model locomotive. Since then the engine has also been modelled by Brio and Matchbox. In 2006, Hornby also produced a limited edition of the same model, this time bearing the name Lorna Doone . Hornby also produced Royal Sovereign, Great Western, Duke of Edinburgh and Achilles in 2008, 2010, 2009 and 2020 respectively.

Replica

The replica No. 3041 in 1982 GWR 3031 Class replica 3041.jpg
The replica No. 3041 in 1982

None of the original class survive, but a static replica of The Queen was commissioned by Tussauds for the Railways and Royalty exhibition at Windsor and Eton Central railway station. The replica loco was completed in December 1982 and displayed outside Steamtown in January 1983 (where it was constructed), before being transported by road to Windsor on 12 January 1983 and arriving on 14 January. The main frames, footplate, 'boiler', smokebox, cab and splashers were fabricated by Babcock's of Tipton. The tender was modified from an LBSCR C2x tender. Parts from a GWR tender, that came from the Dumbleton Hall Preservation Society, were used to provide the wheels for the front bogie and the rear wheels. The top halves of the driving wheels do not exist, while the bottom halves were cast from 2 quarters, being bolted together to make a half. The driving wheels also don't sit on the rail so the loco could be wheeled into position on its front bogie and rear wheels. Some boiler fittings were obtained from the Great Western Society and sandblasted, and the dome and safety valve bonnet were made by Newcastle Metal Spinners. Tussaud's fitted smoke and steam generators, so steam was emitted from the cab, whistles, safety valves and smoke from the chimney. A sound unit was also fitted. [13]

The engine remains there, but the tender was scrapped to make more space for the shopping centre occupying that station building. The Bluebell Railway Atlantic Group purchased the axleboxes, springs and the complete wheel sets from the tender for use in their newbuild Atlantic project. [14]

Numbering

NumberNameBuilt4-2-2 rebuildWithdrawnDetails and information
3001Amazon01/189210/189406/1908Previously the name of a Rover Class locomotive withdrawn in 1892; named after a nation of female warriors in Greek mythology.
3002Atalanta01/189206/189409/1908Named after a character in Greek mythology
3003Avalanche02/189205/189406/1909Previously the name of a Banking Class locomotive withdrawn in 1865
3004Black Prince02/189211/189410/1911Named after the eldest son of Edward III
3005Britannia02/189211/189402/1908The Roman name for Britain
3006Courier03/189206/189402/1914Previously the name of a Rover Class locomotive withdrawn in 1892
3007Dragon03/189208/189403/1912Previously the name of a Rover Class locomotive withdrawn in 1892
3008Emperor03/189210/189408/1912Previously the name of a Rover Class locomotive withdrawn in 1892
3009Flying Dutchman03/189211/189408/1912Named after the winner of the Epsom Derby in 1849 [15]
3010Fire King03/189209/189409/1908Previously the name of a Banking Class locomotive withdrawn in 1875
3011Greyhound03/189201/189409/1911Named after the breed of racing dog
3012Great Western03/189206/189405/1909Previously the name of a Rover Class locomotive withdrawn in 1892
3013Great Britain03/189211/189402/1914Previously the name of a Rover Class locomotive withdrawn in 1892
3014Iron Duke04/189210/189406/1908Previously the name of the Iron Duke Class and a locomotive of that class; in this case it was reused from a locomotive of the Rover Class withdrawn in 1892. One of two locomotives of the class named after the Duke of Wellington. [16]
3015Kennet04/189208/189406/1908Named after the River Kennet. The locomotive was involved in the Slough rail accident of 1900.
3016Lightning04/189211/189403/1911Previously the name of a Rover Class locomotive withdrawn in 1892
3017Prometheus04/189209/189409/1908Originally named Nelson, for Horatio Nelson; renamed May 1895; previously the name of a Rover Class locomotive withdrawn in 1892. Prometheus is a Titan in Greek mythology. [17]
3018Glenside04/189208/189406/1913Built as Racer (a term for fast trains from the mid-19th century); renamed September 1911
3019Rover04/189205/189409/1908Previously the name of the Rover class of locomotives, and of an Iron Duke Class locomotive withdrawn in 1871
3020Sultan04/189209/189402/1908Previously the name of a Rover Class locomotive withdrawn in 1892
3021Wigmore Castle04/189203/189405/1909Built to broad gauge. Involved in an accident in Box Tunnel in 1893. Named after a ruined castle in Herefordshire
3022Bessemer05/189207/189402/1909Built to broad gauge and originally named Rougemont (previously the name of an Iron Duke Class locomotive withdrawn in 1879). Renamed in 1898, after Henry Bessemer, who invented the first process for mass-producing steel.
3023Swallow07/189109/189409/1912Built to broad gauge; previously the name of an Iron Duke Class locomotive withdrawn in 1871
3024Storm King07/189112/189402/1909Built to broad gauge.
3025Quicksilver08/189110/189409/1908Built to broad gauge and named St. George . Renamed May 1907, after the element mercury; previously the name of a Saint Class locomotive, which was itself renamed The Abbott 03/1907.
3026Tornado08/189106/189402/1909Built to broad gauge; previously the name of a Rover Class locomotive withdrawn in 1892.
3027Worcester08/189111/189407/1914Built to broad gauge and originally named Thames; renamed December 1895. [18]
3028Wellington08/189107/189402/1909Built to broad gauge. Previously the name of an Ariadne Class locomotive withdrawn in 1873. One of two locomotives in the class named after Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington.
3029White Horse11/189107/189405/1909During the first half of the 19th Century the West Country saw several hill figures carved by garrisoned troops, often in the form of a white horse; these were inspired by the original Uffington White Horse in the Vale of the White Horse, in Berkshire (Oxfordshire since 1974).
3030Westward Ho12/189110/189405/1909Named after a brand of tobacco produced by W.D. & H.O. Wills. The workers on the gauge conversion in 1892 were issued with 2 ounces (57 g) each. [19]
3031Achilles03/189407/1912Namesake of its class of locomotives; previously the name of a Firefly Class locomotive withdrawn in 1867.
3032Agamemnon07/189410/1913 Agamemnon was a character in Greek mythology; HMS Agamemnon served in both the American Revolutionary War and Napoleonic Wars, and was Nelson's favourite battleship.
3033Albatross07/189407/1911
3034Behemoth07/189410/1908Previously the name of a Pyracmon Class locomotive withdrawn in 1873
3035Beaufort07/189405/1909Originally named Bellerophon (previously the name of a Premier Class locomotive withdrawn in 1870); renamed December 1895.
3036Crusader09/189403/1911
3037Corsair09/189410/1908Previously the name of a Bogie Class locomotive withdrawn in 1873; named after the North African pirates. [20]
3038Devonia09/189410/1908Named for Devon
3039Dreadnought09/189407/1915An allusion to the power of a steam locomotive. [21]
3040Empress of India09/189403/1912A title of Queen Victoria
3041James Mason10/189411/1912Originally Emlyn ; renamed The Queen 1897 (previously the name of a Prince Class locomotive, withdrawn 1870); renamed James Mason June 1910.
3042Frederick Saunders10/189401/1912
3043Hercules01/189512/1913Previously the name of a Hercules Class locomotive withdrawn in 1870
3044Hurricane01/189510/1908Named after the horse that won the 1,000 Guineas in 1862 [22]
3045Hirondelle01/189505/1914Previously the name of a Rover Class locomotive withdrawn in 1891; French for 'swallow'.
3046Lord of the Isles01/189510/1908Previously the name of an Iron Duke Class locomotive withdrawn in 1884. Lord of the Isles is a Scottish title of nobility.
3047Lorna Doone02/189511/1912 A novel by Richard Doddridge Blackmore set in 17th Century Devon, within the GWR region
3048Majestic02/189506/1913Named after HMS Majestic, a battleship launched the month prior to the locomotive's delivery [23]
3049Nelson02/189507/1913Originally named Prometheus ; renamed May 1895. Previously the name of an Ariadne Class locomotive withdrawn in 1873.
3050Royal Sovereign02/189512/1915Royal Sovereign was a contemporary term for Queen Victoria. [24] This name was temporarily transferred to Atbara Class locomotive no. 3373 when it hauled the Royal Funeral Train from Paddington on 2 February, 1901. [25]
3051Stormy Petrel02/189511/1912Named for the storm-petrel
3052Sir Walter Raleigh03/189509/1913Named after the Elizabethan nobleman and explorer who was involved in the English settlement of Virginia, and popularized tobacco smoking in Europe
3053Sir Francis Drake03/189509/1911Named after the Elizabethan sea captain, navigator and slave-trader, famous for the defeat of the Spanish Armada and the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe
3054Sir Richard Grenville03/189510/1911Named after the Elizabethan privateer and explorer, involved with Raleigh in the settlement of North America, and with Drake's action against the Spanish Armada
3055Lambert03/189502/1914Built as Trafalgar (previously the name of an Ariadne Class locomotive withdrawn in 1871); renamed July 1901. Henry Lambert was a captain of the English navy during the Napoleonic Wars.
3056Wilkinson03/189510/1914Built as Timour (previously the name of a Rover Class locomotive withdrawn in 1892); renamed July 1901.
3057Walter Robinson04/189509/1912Built as Tartar (previously the name of a Rover Class locomotive withdrawn in 1892); renamed July 1901.
3058Grierson04/189502/1912Built as Ulysses (previously the name of an Ariadne Class locomotive withdrawn in 1872); renamed May 1895. James Grierson was chief engineer of the GWR; his son William was also a civil engineer on the railway.
3059John W. Wilson04/189506/1913Named after John William Wilson, a Worcestershire Liberal Unionist politician.
3060John G. Griffiths04/189503/1915Built as Warlock (previously the name of a Rover Class locomotive withdrawn 1892); renamed 03/1908, after a director of the GWR 1908–22; [16] name removed 03/1914.
3061George A. Wills05/189712/1912Built as Alexandra ; [26] name removed 11/1910; renamed 10/1911 after George Alfred Wills, a GWR director and chairman of Imperial Tobacco. [27]
3062Albert Edward05/189704/1915Named after the first son of Queen Victoria, the Prince of Wales and future King Edward VII
3063Duke of York06/189701/1912Named after George Frederick, the grandson of Queen Victoria who would later become King George V.
3064Duke of Edinburgh06/189709/1911Named after Alfred, Queen Victoria's second son.
3065Duke of Connaught07/189710/1914Named after Arthur, Queen Victoria's third son.
3066Duchess of Albany12/189710/1913Named after Helena, the wife of Queen Victoria's youngest son Leopold.
3067Duchess of Teck12/189712/1914Named after Queen Victoria's cousin, Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge (mother of Mary of Teck, who became Queen Mary as wife of King George V)
3068Duke of Cambridge01/189811/1912Named after Queen Victoria's cousin, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge, who was commander-in-chief of the British Army until 1895
3069Earl of Chester01/189806/1912A title given to Albert Edward when he became Prince of Wales.
3070Earl of Warwick02/189810/1914Named after Francis Greville, a Conservative politician who served in the House of Commons 1879–92 and the House of Lords until his death in 1924.
3071Emlyn02/189810/1914Named after the Emlyn area of South Wales, served by the GWR
3072Bulkeley06/189808/1912Built as North Star (previously the name of a Star Class locomotive withdrawn 1871); name removed early 1906; renamed 09/1906 (previously the name of a Sir Watkin Class locomotive withdrawn 1872).
3073Princess Royal06/189810/1912Title of Queen Victoria's eldest daughter
3074Princess Helena06/189812/1915Named after Queen Victoria's third daughter
3075Princess Louise07/189806/1912Named after the eldest daughter of Albert Edward and granddaughter of Queen Victoria
3076Princess Beatrice02/189907/1912Named after Queen Victoria's fifth daughter
3077Princess May02/189911/1912Named after George Frederick's wife Mary of Teck
3078Eupatoria02/189911/1911Previously the name of a Rover Class locomotive withdrawn 1892; the Battle of Eupatoria was fought in the Crimean War
3079Thunderbolt02/189909/1911
3080Windsor Castle03/189910/1913Named after the residence of the Royal Family, in Berkshire [28]

Models

Hornby Railways manufacture a model of the 3031 Class in OO gauge.

A model of the "Duke of Connaught" was produced by Lesney Products as Y-14 in the Models of Yesteryear range from 1959 to 1963.

Civic heraldry

Borough of Swindon arms on 1905 'JaJa' postcard Borough of Swindon arms on 1905 'JaJa' postcard.jpg
Borough of Swindon arms on 1905 'JaJa' postcard

The coat of arms of the old Borough of Swindon (190074) includes an image of 3029 White Horse on the shield. [29] The coat of arms was displayed on the splashers of the last Castle Class built (No. 7037 Swindon). STEAM Museum of the Great Western Railway at Swindon acquired one of the splashers in 2012. [30]

Notes

  1. Fryer 1993, p. 73.
  2. 1 2 Holcroft 1971, p. 63.
  3. Fryer 1993, pp. 75–76.
  4. Holcroft 1971, p. 62.
  5. Russell 1999, p. 42.
  6. Fryer 1993, p. 76.
  7. Fryer 1993, pp. 77–78.
  8. 1 2 Fryer 1993, p. 78.
  9. 1 2 Holcroft 1971, p. 117.
  10. Daniel, John. "3001 'Dean Single' class introduction". The Great Western Archive. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
  11. "3041 GWR Dean 3031 Achillies Class 4-2-2". Preserved British Steam Locomotives. 15 July 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
  12. Nock 1954, p. 32.
  13. Hinchcliffe 1983, pp. 91, 92.
  14. Jones, David. "Bluebell Railway Atlantic Group". Bluebell Railway. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
  15. Davies 1993, p. P121.
  16. 1 2 Davies 1993, p. P127.
  17. Davies 1993, p. P141.
  18. Davies 1993, p. P156.
  19. Davies 1993, p. P154.
  20. Davies 1993, p. P114.
  21. Davies 1993, p. P117.
  22. Davies 1993, p. P126.
  23. Davies 1993, p. P133.
  24. Davies 1993, p. P143.
  25. le Fleming 1954, pp. G36, G37.
  26. Davies 1993, p. P105.
  27. Davies 1993, p. P122.
  28. Davies 1993, p. P155.
  29. Bryan, Salter & Smith 2008, p. 24.
  30. BBC News 2012.

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References