Giuseppe Salvatore Pianell

See also: Sicilian revolution of 1848

On March 15, 1846, Pianell was appointed major and commander of the 1st Riflemen Battalion. When the Sicilian Independence Revolution of 1848 broke out, he participated with his unit in the expedition commanded by Guglielmo De Sauget to Palermo. During the fighting, on January 16, 1848, he was wounded while leading his battalion that was preparing to attack the insurgents. ^[5]

In the spring of the same 1848 while a revolt was imminent in Naples, from Cosenza Pianell demonstrated for the first time officially an independent critical judgment on the situation in the Kingdom. ^[6] From June to August 1848 he was part of the Calabrian expedition with the column commanded by General Ferdinando Lanza that successfully forced the passage of the Crati (or San Martino) valley occupied by the insurgents. On this occasion Pianell distinguished himself, and Lanza reported this to his superiors (July 1848). ^[5]

In September 1848, following the events of the revolution, Pianell was again in Sicily where his 1st Riflemen Battalion participated in the reconquest of Messina. ^[7] For this action the unit obtained a "promotion of grace" for every soldier of every rank from 1st sergeant to 1st lieutenant. Pianell himself, for the events of Palermo and Messina, was decorated with the Cross of Knight of the Royal Order of St. Ferdinand and of Merit (Nov. 24, 1848). ^[8]

As the revolutionary uprisings in Sicily continued, in April 1849 Pianell, who in the meantime had been promoted to lieutenant-colonel, found himself part of the expedition that moved from Messina with great success to reconquer Taormina and Catania. ^[9] He was rewarded with the First Class Gold Medal and, the following year, decorated with the Officer's Cross of the Military Order of St. George of the Reunion of the Two Sicilies (August 1850). ^[5]

Colonel and general at Gaeta (1850-1859)

Ferdinand II of Bourbon. In 1855 he forced Pianell into a forced retreat to Gaeta that lasted until Francis II ascended the throne in 1859.

In March 1850, when he was 32 years old, Pianell was promoted to colonel and assigned to the 1st Line Regiment. ^[5] In 1855 an episode unexpectedly interrupted his string of acclaim: King Ferdinand II of Bourbon, during an inspection of the barracks at San Potito, Naples, commanded by Pianell, gave credence to some of the soldiers' grievances, who complained about the food and superiors. Before them, Ferdinand ordered that Pianell be locked up for 15 days at Castel Sant'Elmo.

It was probably a precautionary measure the sovereign took against the liberal ideas and autonomy of judgment of the colonel who, with his regiment, was then transferred to Gaeta. He remained there until the death of Ferdinand, who for years repeated, "That young gentleman thinks too much... it is better to keep him away." ^[10]

Despite this, Pianell in December 1855 was promoted to general commander of the Gaeta brigade, and in July 1856, thanks to his future father-in-law, Count Costantino Ludolf, he received the news that he would become count by marrying the latter's daughter, Eleonora, to whom he was already engaged: ^[11] the wedding was celebrated On August 6, 1856. ^[12]

Pianell's consort, Eleonora Ludolf, belonged to a family of diplomats ^[13] who moved to Naples from Erfurt, Thuringia during the time of Charles of Bourbon. The Pianell couple lived peacefully through the years in Gaeta, during which the general devoted himself to service and to the military studies he would never again abandon. ^[14]

Lieutenant in Abruzzo (1859-1860)

On May 20, 1859, Ferdinand II died in Caserta; he was succeeded to the throne by Francis II, who immediately had to deal with the important news of the time: the Duchy of Parma, the Duchy of Modena and Reggio and Romagna passed into the Piedmontese sphere of influence, while a Garibaldian army threatened the papal frontier.

Francis II decided to recall Pianell from the Gaeta retreat and appointed him, on July 1, 1859, commander of the Nocera brigade that was garrisoned in Naples, at the Granili. As the political situation worsened, on September 21 he reconvened him at the Royal Palace of Portici and entrusted him with an army of twelve thousand soldiers to protect the northeastern borders of the Kingdom against the feared Garibaldi invasion. He also gave him full powers as Territorial Commander of the three Abruzzo provinces.

On that occasion Pianell expressed to Francis II the need to grant free institutions that would satisfy the honest wishes of his people. ^[15] On September 28, 1859 he left for Sulmona where he arrived the next day.

The work of defense and reorganization in Abruzzo proved to be very demanding. ^[16] The threat of invasion from the north, however, seemed averted as early as November, when the Piedmontese realized that raising a question in Europe about an attack on papal territory would have been politically foolish. ^[17] Pianell, however, continued his work, reorganizing government and municipal offices, reforming justice and police personnel, plotting and commissioning public works for which he had both local personnel and soldiers work; and when he was recalled to Naples in July 1860, the people of Chieti and Ortona elected him an honorary citizen. ^{[18] [19]}

Filangieri's resignation

General Carlo Filangieri, in early 1860, resigned as Prime Minister and Minister of War. Pianell, who admired his former commander, also shared his political views. Both hoped for an alliance of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies with Piedmont and the proclamation of the Constitution. Filangieri resigned over disagreements with Francis II, and Pianell welcomed the news as "the gravest misfortune for the country, for the army and for me." ^[20]

On February 15, 1860 Pianell complained of slander he had suffered; ^[21] he was convinced, however, that something had to change. In March he wrote to his wife, "One cannot remain eternally stationary. The world walks, and one must walk with it. A legitimate outlet must be given to the vital forces of society, under pain that they do not react covertly and, in the end, overflow." ^[22] On April 19 of that same 1860, General Pianell was promoted to Field Marshal.

Advice to Francis II

In support of the Sicilian uprisings, Garibaldi landed at Marsala on May 11, 1860, and entered Palermo on the 30th. On June 25 Francis II finally granted the Constitution reactivating the one of 1848, announced an amnesty for political offenses and the formation of a new government headed by liberal Antonio Spinelli who, like Pianell, hoped for an alliance with Piedmont.

After many difficulties, the Prime Minister formed his cabinet, assigning Giosuè Ritucci the Ministry of War, after Roberto de Sauget, the Prince of Ischitella (1788-1875) and Francesco Casella (1781-1875) had refused the post. ^[23]

During that period Pianell wrote several times to the government and the king. To Francis II he declared that to save the country it was necessary to implement the newly promulgated Constitution, accept a confederation of Italian states, and completely reorganize the army, focusing above all on discipline. ^[24]

On July 6, 1860, Francis II recalled Pianell from Abruzzo, who on the 13th, at a Council of War at which the king and Spinelli were also present, argued that the loss of Palermo had demoralized the troops and that from Messina it was at present impossible to get a reconquest of Sicily off the ground. Politically, he added, the continuation of hostilities would be counterproductive, and he urged a truce to forge an Italian League with Piedmont. ^[25] The truce would also have the purpose of reorganizing the army and implementing the constitutional regime to gain the confidence of the progressives and ultimately attempt to reconquer Sicily. These ideas were validly supported by Foreign Minister Giacomo De Martino (1811-1877). ^[26]

Minister of War of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1860)

With the Constitution of June 1860, the Kingdom of Two Sicilies aspired to an agreement, to protect common interests, with Piedmont (Sardinia).

The flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies after the proclamation of the Constitution in June 1860

At this stage, the government, faced with the refusal of some garrisons to obey the Constitution feared a plot by reactionary courtiers and decided on a renewal in favor of more liberal personalities. The day after the War Council, July 14, 1860, Pianell was appointed Minister of War in place of Ritucci, and Liborio Romano replaced Interior Minister Federico Del Re. ^[27]

The Order of the Day issued by Pianell to the Neapolitan Army on July 15, 1860, concludes as follows: "[...] The Officers [...] and soldiers, have therefore in mind that the Constitutional King, the Italian Alliance, ^[28] the Italian Flag, ^[29] our own autonomy, now unite us in one family, in order thus to show that we are all the benefactors of these new institutions profitable to all, and particularly to those who are setting out on the glorious career of arms." ^[30]

The next day Francis II decorated Pianell with the Cross of Commander of the Order of Francis I for his services in Abruzzo. ^[5]

Operations in Sicily

Consistent with his ideas, Pianell immediately gave orders to the commander of troops in Messina, General Tommaso Clary, to remain on the defensive. On July 14, he allowed the brigade commanded by Ferdinand Bosco to leave for Milazzo, which was threatened by Garibaldi's troops. After some clashes, on the 20th, Bosco was forced to fall back toward the Sicilian town.

Pianell asked Clary, in vain, to march to Bosco's aid and transferred three foreign battalions and a Swiss battery to Castellammare to land behind the enemy. The reinforcements, however, could not be embarked on because of serious disagreements between Louis, Count of Aquila (Francis II's uncle) and the Bourbon navy. ^{[31] [32]}

Once this attempt failed, which further demoralized the army, Pianell, in agreement with the rest of the government, decided to withdraw the troops from Milazzo and take them back to Naples.

Moreover, taking advantage of France's proposal to Piedmont to impose an armistice on Garibaldi, he determined to withdraw the troops from Messina as well in order not to expose them to further defeat, and to favor the diplomats negotiating for the Italian League (which Pianell looked to with excessive hope).

Nevertheless, Garibaldi did not agree with Piedmont, and General Clary was forced to negotiate the capitulation himself by handing over the city on July 28, 1860. The terms of surrender, however, allowed the troops from Messina to be embarked and assigned to the defense of Calabria. ^[33]

Attempts to reorganize the Army

Having almost completely abandoned Sicily, Pianell focused on the continental reorganization of the Bourbon Army. He endeavored to provide the corps that had returned from Palermo with the necessary equipment, set standards of discipline in several departments, forced returnees to reach their destinations, rejected applications for leave or resignation, took care of promotions where needed, especially in the Engineer Corps, and increased the number of staff officers. ^[34]

For the returning officers from Palermo punished by the king with a forced retreat to Ischia, Pianell set up a Military Council to determine responsibilities and recover meritorious men and assign them to the defense of Calabria. The Military Junta, at the end of its investigation, declared that it had found no serious elements of guilt, so all the suspects were released and returned to Naples. Contrary to what he had hoped, Pianell found himself having to deal with a multitude of officers who said they were disgraced and discredited, some of whom wanted to be tried while others demanded their resignations. Some of them, however, were recovered and returned to duty. ^[35]

At court, meanwhile, insinuations by Francis of Bourbon, Count of Trapani accusing Pianell of having connections with revolutionary committees did not prevent the latter from continuing his work and forming the brigades and divisions of the new Continental Army. For the command-in-chief, Pianell decided on General Giambattista Vial, in view of the fact that he was young and educated, had not been involved in the events in Sicily, inspired confidence in the king and was not opposed by the troops. Above all, he was one of the few available. ^{[36] [37]}

Conflicts with the generals

The Count of Trapani, Pianell's most influential opponent at the Bourbon court.

Vial gladly accepted the assignment, but not all commanders were enthusiastic. General Bartolo Marra telegraphed on August 2 complaining about the lack of instructions and topographical maps, and a few days later he sent a telegram in which, with disrespectful words, he considered himself relieved of command. The event caused quite a stir; Pianell had to reprimand the general, and the latter still responded insolently, until, on August 8, he was recalled to Naples and placed under arrest at Castel Sant'Elmo. ^[38]

In those same days, Pianell's former colleague Mariano d'Ayala, sent by Cavour to further the Italian cause, proposed to the Minister of War that the Bourbon army be turned over to Piedmont, and was refused. ^[39]

On August 19, 1860, evading the surveillance of the few ships of the Bourbon navy, Garibaldi crossed the Strait of Messina and landed south of Reggio Calabria. Wanting to take advantage of numerical superiority, Pianell and Francis II ordered attacks to be concentrated on the landed enemies; but Vial, from the first moment, lost contact with his generals, who, on the other hand, instead of keeping the troops together exhausted them in inconclusive marches. ^[40]

On August 21 Pianell, in a telegram, spurred Vial to attack:

"I receive your report of 10.25 a.m. ^[41] I have to remark to you that it is no longer time to wait until necessity requires you to march. I earnestly beg you to concentrate the troop you have in hand, should you be well assured that you are the largest force landed between Scilla and Bagnara [...] Do not cease to comply with the instructions you have received." ^[42]

Events in Calabria

Meanwhile, rumors began to spread about contacts of senior Bourbon officers with the Garibaldians. Neapolitan Colonel Giuseppe Ruiz de Ballestreros telegraphed the king on August 22 that the brigades of Generals Nicola Melendez and Fileno Briganti had surrendered at Villa San Giovanni without firing a shot. The news, rightly deemed false, outraged Pianell and Francis II, who multiplied their efforts to call the commanders back to a sense of duty. ^[40]

Ruiz, who had announced his retreat, received a telegram from Pianell, which left the same day, August 22, at 6 p.m., ordering him to return and rejoin the bulk of the troops immediately. ^[43] The next day Ruiz resigned his command. Meanwhile, Pianell was still inciting Vial, whom he had failed to replace, to attack with what was the last telegram, sent from Naples on August 23, 1860, to Calabria, as the Basilicata insurgents cut the telegraph line. ^[44]

Given the worsening situation, on the morning of the same August 23, Pianell asked Francis II if he could leave and assume command of the troops in Calabria. The king acceded to the proposal, but as soon as word spread that the Minister of War would be leaving Naples with a brigade, alarm spread that a revolt, ready for action, would break out in the capital. Preparations for departure proceeded, however, when a message came from Vial that eight steamships loaded with enemy troops were at Torre Faro ready to sail. Fearing a landing near the capital, Pianell's departure was suspended until the steamships' destination was known. ^[45]

Meanwhile, in Calabria, the situation deteriorated. General Melendez surrendered with three thousand men to Garibaldi on August 24, and General Briganti, who had fraternized with a Garibaldian acquaintance, in an attempt to reach Vial in plain clothes, was recognized and killed by his soldiers. At that point it became difficult to even maintain control of the troops. ^[46]

The extreme plan

Pianell, who saw his plans for the defense of Calabria fading, devised another one for the defense of the capital, to be implemented near Salerno. This plan provided, in order to boost the morale of the soldiers, for the king to march with the troops. The elderly General Raffaele Carrascosa was enthusiastic about it, as was Francis II's consort, Maria Sophie of Bavaria (in favor of any plan of action). The general Prince of Ischitella, very close to the king, on the other hand, rejected it as did the neo-general Ferdinando Bosco. Both did not want Francis II to leave Naples, who eventually, undecided about what to do, gave up moving. ^[47]

Resignation

Giuseppe Salvatore Pianell in the 1860s.

Francis II of Bourbon, whose willingness to resist Pianell underestimated after his defeats south of Naples.

Having again arranged Pianell's departure for Salerno where he was to take command of a division, Francis II, on the 27th again suspended it. At this point the government, unofficially, asked the king if he could resign since he had failed in his mission to have the Constitution peacefully accepted. ^[48]

Francis II stalled but when Liborio Romano and Pianell announced to him on the night of August 29–30 that they had uncovered a reactionary conspiracy and the king responded ironically, ^[49] Pianell decided to insist on resignation no matter what. To get the entire government to agree to be replaced, on the 30th, Spinelli went to Francis II and found the Count of Trapani there, who accused the ministers, and especially Pianell, of lies and disloyalty. ^[50]

During these events, on August 30, completely surrounded, General Giuseppe Ghio's division also surrendered at Soveria Mannelli.

On August 31 Pianell, determined to act even on his own, wrote a letter to the king (which he delivered to him on September 2) in which he declared himself de facto exonerated from his position as Minister of War. ^[51] The next day, the government officially resigned. For opposite reasons, the Count of Trapani and the Count of Trani (who, however, returned to the ranks a few months later) also resigned from their military posts. ^[52]

A second letter from Pianell to Francis II, delivered on September 3, clearly explained the reasons for the resignations, which were mainly caused by the incompatibility between the general and the court environment. ^[53]

As he reveals in the memoirs and an 1877 letter addressed to Francis II but never sent, Pianell underestimated the king's willingness to resist. When Francis II spoke of leaving the capital, Pianell believed that he would eventually embark on the Spanish steamer Villa di Bilbao and leave for Spain. ^[54] Similarly, Pianell underestimated the resistance of the remaining loyal Neapolitan troops. ^[55]

Having obtained leave of absence from the king, he left on September 5 by sea for France where his wife had relatives and where he spent several months nearly until the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy. On March 2, 1861, with the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies dissolved, Pianell returned to Italy.

Major general of the Italian Army (1861-1866)

General Manfredo Fanti, probably the closest person to Pianell after his return to Italy in 1861.

Two days after crossing the French-Piedmontese border, on March 4, 1861, Pianell had a long talk with Cavour and the next day with General Manfredo Fanti, who received him under his protection. On March 17 he obtained an appointment as lieutenant general in the Italian Army. In the following days in Milan and Bologna he had long and cordial talks with Alfonso La Marmora and Enrico Cialdini. On June 12 he passed into the active role as Inspector of Infantry. ^[56]

Accused on both sides

On August 4, 1861 Pianell was appointed Commander of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus and had to defend himself against the accusations of the Democrats, who considered it inadmissible for a former Bourbon general to be decorated along with Medici, Bixio and Turr. On the other hand, in September, the French newspaper L'Ami de la Réligion accused Pianell and another former Bourbon general, Alessandro Nunziante, of being bribed by the Piedmontese government. Outraged, Pianell responded with a strong letter in the same newspaper rejecting the accusations. ^[57]

On October 26, 1861, he was appointed commander of the active 7th Division in Forli. The appointment aroused perplexity in some quarters, which did not consider Pianell, a former Bourbon minister who had not immediately joined the national cause, fit for the post. On February 4, 1862, in the Senate, Minister of War Alessandro Della Rovere defended the choice of appointment and together with General Fanti took Pianell's side, confirming the esteem he had for him. ^[58]

Member of Commissions

On April 5, 1862 Pianell received the Cross of Grand Officer of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus. In May he left for Turin as a member of the Commission for the Revision of the Recruitment Law, and on November 17 he passed to command the 19th Division in Alessandria. In August 1863 he was included in the Commission for the Revision of the Military Penal Code and assigned to inspect the commands in Alessandria, Genoa and Turin. In October he was a member of the Commission for the Revision of Honors and in February 1864 a member of a second Commission for the Revision of the Military Code. ^[59]

Toward the Battle of Custoza

In the Battle of Custoza Pianell was in command of the 2nd Division, the only one, among the Italian divisions involved in the center of the battle, that held the position.

After the alliance with Prussia was concluded, in April 1866 Italy prepared to attack Austria. On May 4 Pianell received command of the 2nd Division of General Giovanni Durando's Army Corps, stationed in Lodi.

A few weeks before the start of hostilities, along with the other former Bourbon general Alessandro Nunziante, Pianell fell victim to a plan, probably hatched in papal Rome, that was aimed at fomenting unrest in the Italian Army's divisions. False reports were spread among the soldiers that General Nunziante had been shot for treason and Pianell had been arrested on the charge that he intended to hand over his division to the Austrians at the first opportunity. ^[61]

At the opening of hostilities on June 23, 1866, Pianell, with the 2nd Division deployed just north of Monzambano, had no orders other than to contain the Austrian garrison at the fortress of Peschiera, should it come out, and to protect the left flank of the rest of the 1st Army Corps that would cross the Mincio.

Some Austrian outposts were made to fall back into the fortress; positions were taken on the road by which the Austrians could have attacked; and the other units of the 1st Corps crossed, undisturbed, the river. ^[62]

The next day, across the Mincio River, Italian troops clashed with Austrian troops. In the confusion only 7 divisions out of 21 deployed for the war by the Italians took part in the battle. Nevertheless, some Austrian divisions fell back to Verona, but all the Italian divisions engaged beat a retreat, often ruinous, in the face of the enemy counteroffensive.

Custoza (June 24, 1866)

See also: Battle of Custoza (1866)

Although distant, noticing the beginning of the battle, Pianell took the initiative by advancing several battalions and ordering the "Siena" Brigade to march on Monzambano. At the same time a large number of straggling soldiers from the other divisions were arriving from the eastern bank of the Mincio. Pianell, always holding his positions on the bridge road to guard against an attack from Peschiera, organized to drain off the fugitives and have the "Siena" Brigade cross the river and take up position east of Monzambano. ^[63]

Soon after, his Cavalleggeri Guide divisions attacked the slopes of Monte Rosso suffering heavy losses but putting the Croatian troops positioned there to flight. Turning his attention back to the infantry, noticing a hesitation in the 5th Regiment, Pianell joined it in the front line and reinvigorated its confidence. So did the 6th, which was repulsed three times by the Austrians, but which reached Pianell finding victory: the advanced troops of General Rupprecht's Austrian reserve division were put to flight or surrendered. ^[64]

Pianell's 2nd Division, which was nevertheless later ordered to fall back, was the only Italian division engaged in the Battle of Custoza to hold its position (on both sides of the Mincio River) and repel enemy forces that might have outflanked the left flank of the deployment. Pianell captured 560 Austrians including 8 officers and enabled and escorted the retreat from the 1st Division. As General Durando was wounded, he assumed command of the 1st Army Corps as the senior division general on June 25, 1866. ^[65]

Alfonso La Marmora, commander of the army where Pianell's division was framed, admitted in his report the valor of the former Bourbon general: "The retreat was carried out without disorder, contributing essentially to it the opportune arrangements made by Generals Durando and Pianell. General Pianell [...] alerted to the unfavorable turn of the combat in which the division [of General Enrico] Cerale was engaged, on his own initiative made a brigade with four pieces [of artillery] cross the Mincio, and arrived in time to stop the march of enemy columns that intended to turn to the left. He drove them back and took several hundred prisoners." ^[66]

General of Army Corps (1866-1892)

Palazzo Carli in Verona, seat of military command, Pianell's residence and place of death.

The undertaking of Monzambano spread throughout Italy and even beyond the Alps the fame of Pianell, who became one of the symbols of national unity. At the same time, the feat served to offset, at least in part, Italy's loss of prestige due to the defeat at Custoza.

Continuing the state of war, the problem of the Austrian prisoners became burdensome in September 1866, whose distressing conditions were improved by Pianell, who had meanwhile moved his command to Treviso. The prisoners were moved to more spacious quarters, the ration was reorganized, arrangements were made for improved hygienic conditions, and they were provided with necessary clothing. A bocce court and other amusements to pass the time were even arranged. ^[67]

At the end of hostilities (October 3, 1866) due to agreements made earlier with France, Austria had to cede Venetia to Italy, and Pianell's 1st Army Corps was given the task of occupying the region. In mid-October Pianell was appointed commander of the Department of Verona (rank corresponding to General of Army Corps), and on November 7, 1866, he took part in the ceremonies of Victor Emmanuel II's takeover of Venice. A month later he was decorated with the Cross of Grand Officer of the Military Order of Savoy for the initiative taken at the Battle of Custoza. On the same day, December 8, he refused Cialdini's offer to him of the post of Minister of War. ^[68]

Deputy

On May 17, 1867, Pianell's election to the Chamber of Deputies for the seat of the 1st College of Naples (Chiaia District) was validated by ballot. He began, therefore, to participate in parliamentary work in Florence, then the capital of the Kingdom. Joining the Historical Right, he fought, in vain, against the abolition of the Army's territorial Grand Commands and the Ecclesiastical Axis Law. Although, then, the government headed by Leftist Rattazzi, accepted his proposals to enhance troop training. ^[69]

The trip to Central Europe

The monument to Pianell erected in Verona's Via Piave gardens.

Pianell commanding forces in northern Italy

After receiving from Austria the title of Commander of the Imperial Order of Leopold in March 1867, and also turning down Menabrea's offer of the post to Minister of War (October 1867), Pianell, in the summer of 1868, left for a trip of military interest to Austria and Prussia. ^[70]

The general began the trip in Munich and proceeded to Steyr, Austria, where he visited rifle factories. On July 23 in Vienna he met War Minister Kuhn and in the following days visited the large Franz-Joseph barracks, the Geographical Office, the Central Cavalry School, and the Arsenal, where he became interested in the Gatling gun, the forerunner of the machine gun. ^[71]

In early August he witnessed the maneuvers of the Hussars, and in Tulln he visited the Engineer Barracks and a railroad plant. In the following days he traveled to Budapest, Prague, and Dresden. On August 26, 1868, he arrived in Berlin, where on the 31st he witnessed, the first Italian general, the maneuvers of the Prussian Army, which surprised him by their vivacity and precision. On the same day he was received by both King Wilhelm and the heir to the throne Frederick, who had liberal ideas, with whom he held long and cordial talks and with whom he left in mid-September to attend military maneuvers in Pomerania for three days. ^[72]

Back in Verona Pianell, in late November, was awarded the Prussian Order of the Red Eagle, 1st class. ^[73]

Commander of the forces in northern Italy

As part of the reorganization of military units, Pianell was notified on July 2, 1869, of his appointment as commander of the 2nd Army Corps, with jurisdiction over all of northern Italy. On January 14, 1870, the general went on an institutional trip to Naples, where, with Prince Umberto, he attended a gala evening at the Royal Palace, the former home of the Bourbons, on February 7. Back in Verona, as the Franco-Prussian War broke out, Pianell was urgently summoned to Florence to replace War Minister Govone, who had had serious nervous problems; once again he firmly refused. After the seizure of Rome in November 1870, Pianell suffered a defeat in the elections for the Chamber of Deputies in Naples, but in 1871 he was appointed senator for life at the behest of Victor Emmanuel II. ^[74]

Last years

In 1882 Pianell, as commander of the Northern Italian forces, successfully organized and led relief efforts for the Verona and Polesine floods. In gratitude, the Verona city council appointed him an honorary citizen, and in 1887 he was awarded the highest honor of the Kingdom of Italy: the Collar of the Most Holy Annunciation. He asked for, but was never granted, a leave of absence.

He fulfilled, then, his duty to the very end: on March 20, 1892, on the occasion of the annual parade in Verona for King Umberto I's birthday, despite the persistent rain, he stood motionless on horseback waiting for all the departments involved to parade. A few days later, in his apartment in Palazzo Carli, also the seat of the military headquarters, he took to his bed with bronchitis, and on April 5, 1892, after receiving his last rites, he passed away among his family, at just over 73 years of age. ^[75]

Giuseppe Salvatore Pianell
Minister of War of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
In office July 14, 1860 –August 31, 1860

Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit - ribbon for ordinary uniform	Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit

Order of Saint George of the Reunion - ribbon for ordinary uniform	Order of Saint George of the Reunion

Royal Order of Francis I - ribbon for ordinary uniform	Royal Order of Francis I

Savoy honors

Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation - ribbon for ordinary uniform	Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation

Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus - ribbon for ordinary uniform	Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus

Military Order of Savoy - ribbon for ordinary uniform	Military Order of Savoy
	— December 6, 1866 [76]

Commemorative Medal of the Unity of Italy - ribbon for ordinary uniform	Commemorative Medal of the Unity of Italy

Order of the Crown of Italy - ribbon for ordinary uniform	Order of the Crown of Italy

Foreign honors

Order of Leopold (Austria) - ribbon for ordinary uniform	Order of Leopold (Austria)

Order of the Red Eagle - ribbon for ordinary uniform	Order of the Red Eagle

Works by Pianell

• Giuseppe Salvatore Pianell, Le grandi manovre autunnali del II corpo d'esercito nell'anno 1869, istruzioni alle truppe e rapporto al Ministero della Guerra, del luogotenente generale conte Pianell, Carlo Voghera, Firenze, 1870.
• Giuseppe Salvatore Pianell, Le grandi manovre dell'anno 1871. Rapporto del luogotenente generale conte Pianell, Carlo Voghera, Roma, 1872.
• Giuseppe Salvatore Pianell, I corpo d'armata di manovra : ordine del giorno generale n. 1, G. Vianini, Verona, 1878.
• Giuseppe Salvatore Pianell, Relazione sommaria sulle esercitazioni d'assedio intorno a Verona nel Luglio 1887, Carlo Voghera, Roma, 1887.
• Giuseppe Salvatore Pianell, Lettere del generale Pianell e Ricordi familiari, Francesco Giannini e Figli, Napoli, 1901.
• Giuseppe Salvatore Pianell e Eleonora Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie (1859-1892), Firenze, G. Barbera, 1902.

References

1. Carlo Agrati, Da Palermo al Volturno, Milano, Mondadori, 1937, p. 176; also in Marziano Brignoli, Cesare Correnti e l'unita d'Italia, Milano, Istituto Editoriale Cisalpino, 1971, p. 152
2. The variant "Pianelli" was used by the general's political opponents. They claimed that his real surname was Pianelli, and that out of vanity he had suppressed the last letter of it. Cf. de Cesare, La fine di un regno, Milano, 1969, p. 808.
3. Certification dated October 18, 1836 of the "characteristics" reported by student Giuseppe Salvatore Pianell in the competitive examination at the Royal Military College of the Nunziatella. Mechanics: Great; Geodesy and Mapmaking: Great; Theoretical and Practical Artillery: Great; Fortification and Drawing Part I, Permanent Fortification, and Defilement: Great; Part II, Attack and Defense, Mines and Country Fortifications: Great; Topography and Drawing: Great plus; Philosophy: Close to Great. Cf. Felissent. Il generale Pianell e il suo tempo, Verona, 1902, pp. 427, 428.
4. Felissent. Il generale Pianell e il suo tempo, Verona, 1902, pp. 157, 158.
5. Felissent. Il generale Pianell e il suo tempo, Verona, 1902, p. 28.
6. Pianell wrote to Colonel Garofalo in Naples on May 2, 1848: "[...] The National Guard here is not organized because by rejecting the provisional law that constituted it, it was arbitrarily formed, and therefore it does not have the prestige of legality and moreover contains in its ranks [...] people who could not by any reflection belong to such a noble institution [...] Here there is no police of any kind. Here the authorities have no such elements to be able [...] to judge on the state of the public spirit. [...] Could the troop become profitable when firm, intelligent, constitutional authorities knew how to find the means in order to come to the light of what occultly troubles the province, and repair by applying the rigor of the laws against the proponents of disorder. [...] In Palermo the revolution was announced and not believed. Here it is announced likewise. [...] The Calabrias sympathize with Sicily and there are many hearts that wish to run the destiny of that one." Cf. Felissent. Il generale Pianell e il suo tempo, Verona, 1902, pp. 167, 168, 169, 171, 172.
7. On September 6, 1848, the 1st Battalion of Riflemen commanded by Pianell was among the first two to land near the village of Contessa two miles from Messina, a town in the hands of the insurgents. Impetuously attacking the village, Pianell held the position with his unit alone for four hours suffering numerous casualties (77 killed and wounded). Having finished the occupation of Contessa, the entire column moved toward Messina. Having occupied the heights around the city, on the 7th the clash was decided at the Zaera creek whose banks were traversed downhill by the 1st Riflemen. While another part of the contingent took the Magdalena area, Pianell's men arrived on Gonzaga Castle, which easily capitulated. The Bourbon troops besieged in the citadel, meanwhile, had come out and joined the fighting; so that, after a short time, all resistance in Messina ceased. Cf. Felissent. Il generale Pianell e il suo tempo, Verona, 1902, pp. 198, 199, 201, 202, 203.
8. Felissent. Il generale Pianell e il suo tempo, Verona, 1902, pp. 28, 217, 218.
9. Having recaptured Taormina and moved on to Acireale, Bourbon troops on April 6 set out for Catania, which was attacked after a diversionary maneuver by all battalions of Riflemen. Pianell's men were, however, in the front ranks by the time the entire column was blocked by insurgents at "a vast square." Reached by reinforcements, the Riflemen joined them and completed the occupation of the city. Pianell, who on the same 6th was wounded while attacking at the head of his unit, concluded his report by declaring that his soldiers were "deserving of any possible commendation for the manner in which they fought." Cf. Felissent. Il generale Pianell e il suo tempo, Verona, 1902, pp. 228, 229, 230, 231.
10. Felissent. Il generale Pianell e il suo tempo, Verona, 1902, pp. 428, 429.
11. Through her father's interest, Eleonora Ludolf received the title of Count transmissible to all legitimate and natural heirs and relatives up to the 4th degree.
12. Felissent. Il generale Pianell e il suo tempo, Verona, 1902, pp. 29, 430.
13. His father had been ambassador of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies to Constantinople and St. Petersburg, and his brother was in London.
14. Felissent. Il generale Pianell e il suo tempo, Verona, 1902, pp. 252, 253.
15. The circumstance is recalled by Pianell to Francis II in his letter to the monarch dated September 3, 1860. Cf. Pianell e Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie, Firenze, 1902, p. 591.
16. Pianell wrote to his wife on November 23 from Chieti: "[...] the roads under construction, three fortified places that must be pulled from the total abandonment in which they lay, the arming of the same, the command of the troops, subsistence; lodgings, instructions, movements, correspondence with all the authorities of the provinces, with the Ministers of Naples, with the King, internal and external Police, pleas by the thousands [...]." Cf. Pianell e Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie, Firenze, 1902, p. 115.
17. Acton, Gli Ultimi Borboni di Napoli, Firenze, 1977, p. 469.
18. Even today in Chieti there is a street named after Giuseppe Salvatore Pianell.
19. Felissent. Il generale Pianell e il suo tempo, Verona, 1902, pp. 68, 256.
20. Pianell e Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie, Firenze, 1902, p. 131.
21. He wrote to his wife, "They report slanderous things to the King; and today I had to write to X, to send him certain irrefutable documents of the falsity of the things asserted." A letter with an obvious tricolor cockade was also delivered to him: "The criminal letter implies my connivance to subversive projects. The person who wrote it hoped that the Police would open it, even if it was not forged by the Police themselves. I sent it to the King." Cf. Pianell e Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie, Firenze, 1902, pp. 137, 138.
22. Pianell e Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie, Firenze, 1902, p. 150.
23. Felissent. Il generale Pianell e il suo tempo, Verona, 1902, p. 303.
24. Pianell e Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie, Firenze, 1902, p. 18.
25. In those days Napoleon III of France had proposed the promulgation of the constitution in Naples and an alliance between the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and the Kingdom of Sardinia as a precondition for an armistice. Francis II immediately complied while the Piedmontese government disguised its refusal with the operational autonomy of Giuseppe Garibaldi. Cf. Rosario Romeo, Vita di Cavour, Laterza, Bari, 2004, pp. 459-460.
26. Pianell e Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie, Firenze, 1902, pp. 12, 13, 14.
27. Acton, Gli Ultimi Borboni di Napoli, Firenze, 1977, p. 520.
28. Pianell overestimated the hope of an agreement with Piedmont contained in the new Constitution and some of the negotiations being held on the formation of an Italian League.
29. Since June 25, 1860, with the proclamation of the Constitution, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies had adopted the tricolor flag with the Bourbon coat of arms on the white band.
30. Felissent. Il generale Pianell e il suo tempo, Verona, 1902, p. 288.
31. On this last point historian Harold Acton speaks of "a navy mutiny." Cf. Acton, Gli Ultimi Borboni di Napoli, Firenze, 1977, p. 523.
32. Pianell e Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie, Firenze, 1902, p. 23.
33. Pianell e Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie, Firenze, 1902, pp. 24, 25.
34. Pianell e Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie, Firenze, 1902, p. 25.
35. Pianell e Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie, Firenze, 1902, pp. 26, 27.
36. Pianell e Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie, Firenze, 1902, pp. 33, 34, 35.
37. Giambattista Vial was also a general who had never fought and who did not have a good reputation in military circles, where it was said, he had made a career through his father: old General Pietro Vial. Cf. de Cesare, La fine di un regno, Milano, 1969, p. 896.
38. Jaeger, Francesco II di Borbone, Milano, 1982, p. 53. Pianell e Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie, Firenze, 1902, p. 37.
39. de Cesare, La fine di un regno, Milano, 1969, p. 835.
40. Jaeger, Francesco II di Borbone, Milano, 1982, p. 55.
41. In a telegram on the same 21st Vial had informed Pianell that "130 Sicilian boats, two Sardinian steamers, 16 longboats and four brigantines are between Scilla and Bagnara, and that the boats are carrying out landings of armed people." Cf. Pianell e Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie, Firenze, 1902, p. 52.
42. Pianell e Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie, Firenze, 1902, p. 53.
43. "The news that you have with blameworthy credulity accepted, are entirely false, and perhaps ambush of our enemies, by which you have been deceived. Marshal Vial [...] is in Reggio, where the honorable Generals Melendez and Briganti are fulfilling their duty heroically. Suspend your obnoxious retreat, and go forth without delay to support the aforementioned troops [...] Measure the enormous responsibility that weighs upon you." Cf. Pianell e Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie, Firenze, 1902, p. 60.
44. "It is surprising how you, instead of being at the head of your troops on the Piale, have returned to Monteleone. His corps of Army without order and command wanders at the venture moved by vain and false or malicious rumors. I repeat to you that all corps must march forward to support the Melendez and Briganti brigades, defend Altafiumara and Torrecavallo." Cf. Pianell e Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie, Firenze, 1902, pp. 72, 75.
45. Pianell e Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie, Firenze, 1902, pp. 78, 79.
46. Jaeger, Francesco II di Borbone, Milano, 1982, pp. 55, 56, 57.
47. de Cesare, La fine di un regno, Milano, 1969, pp. 900, 901.
48. Pianell e Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie, Firenze, 1902, pp. 84, 85.
49. Jaeger, Francesco II di Borbone, Milano, 1982, p. 66.
50. Pianell e Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie, Firenze, 1902, p. 90.
51. Felissent. Il generale Pianell e il suo tempo, Verona, 1902, p. 318.
52. Jaeger, Francesco II di Borbone, Milano, 1982, p. 67.
53. "[...] Your Majesty has not shown any doubts about me and my actions. Not so other powerful personages, with whom I have had openly to contend. These have been tireless in fighting me, and have gone so far as to denigrate me before the troops with the abhorred name of traitor [...]. The imputations hurled at me as Minister of War, I have shared with my colleagues, and therefore our position has become impossible: those to which I have been subjected as a military man are intolerable [...]." Cf. Felissent. Il generale Pianell e il suo tempo, Verona, 1902, p. 321.
54. Pianell e Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie, Firenze, 1902, pp. 86, 611.
55. Felissent. Il generale Pianell e il suo tempo, Verona, 1902, p. 93.
56. Felissent. Il generale Pianell e il suo tempo, Verona, 1902, pp. 26, 27. Pianell e Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie, Firenze, 1902, pp. 205, 207, 214.
57. Felissent. Il generale Pianell e il suo tempo, Verona, 1902, pp. 332, 333, 337, 338.
58. Pianell e Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie, Firenze, 1902, pp. 229, 231, 232.
59. Felissent. Il generale Pianell e il suo tempo, Verona, 1902, pp. 27, 29. Pianell e Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie, Firenze, 1902, pp. 233, 238, 261, 283, 285, 299.
60. Dipinto di Julius Kossak.
61. Pianell e Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie, Firenze, 1902, pp. 391, 392.
62. Felissent. Il generale Pianell e il suo tempo, Verona, 1902, p. 360.
63. Felissent. Il generale Pianell e il suo tempo, Verona, 1902, pp. 380, 381.
64. Count Annibale Rinaldi, wounded near Monzambano that June 24, testifies about Pianell: "Steady on his horse, at the right distance to dominate and correct the action of his battalions, cold and serene as if it were a maneuver in the parade ground, of those for which he made all of Turin interested the year before, nothing escaped his gaze. [...] In a moment of impatience the general in his native dialect vibrates energetic accents against someone who is slow to execute, infusing energy into those who were to act. [After the battle] one cannot imagine Pianell's ascendancy over his troops on that day. [...] Nothing was spoken of but him with the most outspoken enthusiasm. [...] We want victory with you, shouted a second lieutenant whose right arm was amputated [...] With Pianell to the death! Continued to shout the officers and soldiers that evening and the next day...." Cf. Felissent. Il generale Pianell e il suo tempo, Verona, 1902, pp. 371, 372.
65. On the facade of "Casa Zocca" in Monzambano, near the bridge, a plaque was placed in 1901 with the following inscription: "Here, on June 24, 1866, while fighting for Italy at Villafranca, at Custoza, on the Tione and Monte Vento, General Giuseppe Salvatore Conte Pianell commander of the 2nd Italian Division, placed to observe toward Peschiera, with ingenious martial insight and happy daring, ferried across the Mincio with part of his troops and repelled the enemy right wing on the way to Valeggio." Cf. Pianell e Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie, Firenze, 1902, p. 453.
66. Sidney Sonnino, Diario (1866-1912), Laterza, Bari, 1972, p. 65.
67. Pianell e Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie, Firenze, 1902, p. 453.
68. Felissent. Il generale Pianell e il suo tempo, Verona, 1902, p. 29. Pianell e Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie, Firenze, 1902, pp. 464, 467.
69. Pianell e Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie, Firenze, 1902, pp. 471, 473, 474, 476.
70. Felissent. Il generale Pianell e il suo tempo, Verona, 1902, p. 29. Pianell e Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie, Firenze, 1902, pp. 486, 489.
71. Pianell e Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie, Firenze, 1902, pp. 515, 516, 517, 519, 520, 522.
72. Pianell e Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie, Firenze, 1902, pp. 489, 526, 536, 538, 540, 522.
73. Felissent. Il generale Pianell e il suo tempo, Verona, 1902, p. 29.
74. Pianell e Pianell Ludolf, Il generale Pianell. Memorie, Firenze, 1902, pp. 497, 499, 500, 501.
75. Felissent. Il generale Pianell e il suo tempo, Verona, 1902, pp. 548, 549, 551.
76. Sito web del Quirinale: dettaglio decorato.

Bibliography

• Carbonelli di Letino, Salvatore (1871). Lettera all'onorevolissimo signore luogotenente generale Pianell. Napoli: Stab. Tip. Dell'Unione.
• Ferrarelli, Giuseppe (1901). Lettere del generale Pianell e ricordi familiari. Roma: Forzani e C.
• Lampertico, Fedele (1901). Il generale Pianell. Firenze: Ufficio della rassegna nazionale.
• Quandel-Vial, Ludovico (1901). Annotazioni al libro Lettere del generale Pianell e ricordi familiari in quanto si riferisce in esso per gli avvenimenti calabri del 1860. Napoli: Artigianelli.
• de Felissent, Giangiacomo (1902). Il generale Pianell e il suo tempo. Verona: F.lli Drucker.
• Corsi, Carlo (1903). Confutazioni alle lettere del generale G. S. Pianell e ricordi familiari della contessa Eleonora Ludolf-Pianell ed all'opera Il generale Pianell ed il suo tempo del capitano Giangiacomo Felissent. Napoli: Salvatore Batelli.
• Salvemini, Gaetano (1904). Il generale Pianell nella crisi napoletana del 1860. Messina: D'Amico.
• Battaglini, Tito (1913). Il generale Pianell in Abruzzo nel 1859-60. Città di Castello: Unione arti grafiche.
• Pagano, Salvatore (1915). Il generale Pianell e l'addestramento delle truppe. Roma: E. Voghera.
• Fettarappa Sandri, Carlo (1938). Il generale Salvatore Pianell. Milano: O. Zucchi.

On the historical context

• de Cesare, Raffaele (1969). La fine di un regno. Milano: Longanesi & C.
• Giusto Jaeger, Pier (1982). Francesco II di Borbone. L'ultimo re di Napoli. Milano: Mondadori.
• Acton, Harold (1997). Gli ultimi Borboni di Napoli (1825-1861). Firenze: Giunti. ISBN   88-09-21256-8.