Gumbo Point Archeological Site | |
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| Nearest city | Malta Bend, Missouri |
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| Coordinates | 39°13′32.4″N93°23′17.8″W / 39.225667°N 93.388278°W Coordinates: 39°13′32.4″N93°23′17.8″W / 39.225667°N 93.388278°W |
| Built | ca1725 |
| NRHP reference No. | 69000125 |
The Gumbo Point Site is a Native American archaeological site in Saline County, Missouri, located near the Missouri River north of the city of Malta Bend. The site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1969. [1]
Excavations since 1939 at Gumbo Point Archeological Site have produced numerous artifacts which indicate the results of cultural contact between the Little Osage and the Missouri Indian tribes. Archaeologists believe that the site will continue to produce significant remains.
Bruce McMillan summarized the history and significance of the site:
[T]he Missouria occupied the Utz site on the Pinnacles until sometime after their initial contact with Europeans. Based on Bourgmont’s description of the Missouria village, Bray believes that some of the tribe had already moved by 1714 from their ridgetop village to the Petitesas (Teteseau) Plain, an extensive prairie on the floodplain. The site, known as Gumbo Point (Chapman 1959b:1–3), would certainly have given the tribe better access to Fort Orleans and, after the fort was abandoned, to traders ascending the Missouri River.
France ceded Louisiana to Spain in November 1762, but it was five years later before a Spanish expedition reached St. Louis (Foley 1989:31–32). The advent of Spanish rule terminated what had been nearly a century of French domination and control of the Missouria and Osage tribes.
Spanish officials, suspicious of the Big Osage because of their raids against tribes friendly to Spain, adopted harsh measures against the Big Osage, Little Osage, and Missouria (Chapman 1959b:4). This led to a turbulent period in the lives of many tribes including the Missouria. They occupied Gumbo Point until the late eighteenth century when they finally moved west following a series of depredations by the Sauk and Fox, as well as smallpox epidemics. By 1794, the Missouria tribe was reported to have been virtually destroyed, with a few survivors joining the Little Osage and the Kansa, while a larger group numbering about 80 joined the Otoe on the Platte River (Schweitzer 2001:448). The Missouria were removed along with the Otoe in 1882 to Oklahoma, where the last full-blooded Missouria Indian died in 1907 (Berry 1936:113, 120). [2]
The Missouria or Missouri are a Native American tribe that originated in the Great Lakes region of what is now the United States before European contact. The tribe belongs to the Chiwere division of the Siouan language family, together with the Iowa and Otoe.
Arrow Rock is a village in Saline County, Missouri, United States, located near the Missouri River. The entire village is part of the National Historic Landmark Arrow Rock Historic District, designated by the Department of the Interior, National Park Service in 1963. It is significant in the history of Westward Expansion, the Santa Fe Trail, and 19th-century artist George Caleb Bingham.
The Iowa or Ioway, known as the Bah-Kho-Je or Báxoje in their language, Chiwere, are a Native American Siouan people. Today, they are enrolled in either of two federally recognized tribes, the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma and the Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska.
The Otoe are a Native American people of the Midwestern United States. The Otoe language, Chiwere, is part of the Siouan family and closely related to that of the related Iowa, Missouria, and Ho-Chunk tribes.
The Quapaw people are a tribe of Native Americans that coalesced in the Midwest and Ohio Valley. The Dhegiha Siouan-speaking tribe historically migrated from the Ohio Valley area to the west side of the Mississippi River and resettled in what is now the state of Arkansas; their name for themselves refers to this migration and traveling downriver.
The Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma is one of two Federally recognized tribes for the Iowa people. The other is the Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska. Traditionally Iowas spoke the Chiwere language, part of the Souian language family. Their own name for their tribe is Bahkhoje, meaning, "grey snow," a term inspired by the tribe's traditional winter lodges covered with snow, stained grey from hearth fires.
Fort Atkinson was the first United States Army post to be established west of the Missouri River in the unorganized region of the Louisiana Purchase of the United States. Located just east of present-day Fort Calhoun, Nebraska, the fort was erected in 1819 and abandoned in 1827. The site is now known as Fort Atkinson State Historical Park and is a National Historic Landmark. A replica fort was constructed by the state at the site during the 1980s–1990s.
Fort Osage was an early 19th-century factory trading post system run by the United States Government, on the American frontier being located in present-day Sibley, Missouri. The Treaty of Fort Clark was signed with certain members of the Osage Nation in 1808 calling for the creation of Fort Osage. It was one of three forts established by the U.S. Army to establish control over the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase territories. Fort Madison in SE Iowa was built to control trade and pacify Native Americans in the Upper Mississippi River region. Fort Belle Fontaine near St. Louis controlled the mouth of the Missouri. The fort ceased operations in the 1820s as the Osage in subsequent treaties ceded the rest of their land in Missouri. A replica of the fort was rebuilt on the site between 1948 and 1961. The Fort Osage school district, which serves northeast Independence and the surrounding area, was named after it.
The Otoe–Missouria Tribe of Indians is a single, federally recognized tribe, located in Oklahoma. The tribe is made up of Otoe and Missouria Indians. Traditionally they spoke the Chiwere language, part of the Siouan language family.
Chiwere is a Siouan language originally spoken by the Missouria, Otoe, and Iowa peoples, who originated in the Great Lakes region but later moved throughout the Midwest and plains. The language is closely related to Ho-Chunk, also known as Winnebago.
Fort Osage High School is a high school located at 2101 N. Twyman Rd. in unincorporated Jackson County, Missouri, in the Kansas City metropolitan area, adjacent to Independence. It belongs to the Fort Osage R-1 School District and serves a section of northern Independence.
Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont was a French explorer who documented his travels on the Missouri and Platte rivers in North America and made the first European maps of these areas in the early 18th century. He wrote two accounts of his travels, which included descriptions of the Native American tribes he encountered. In 1723, he established Fort Orleans, the first European fort on the Missouri River, near the mouth of the Grand River and present-day Brunswick, Missouri. In 1724, he led an expedition to the Great Plains of Kansas to establish trading relations with the Padouca.
Fort Belle Fontaine is a former U.S. military base located in St. Louis County, Missouri, across the Mississippi and Missouri rivers from Alton, Illinois. The fort was the first U.S. military installation west of the Mississippi, in the newly acquired Louisiana Territory, and served as a starting point for many expeditions to the American West.
The Utz Site, designated by the Smithsonian trinomial 23SA2, is a major Native American archaeological site in Saline County, Missouri, located on bluffs overlooking the Missouri River. Partially preserved in Van Meter State Park, it is the site of one of the largest early Contact Native villages in the region, which was occupied by the Missouri tribe from c. 15th to the late 18th centuries, and was probably the principal village area occupied by them at the time of their first contact with Europeans. The site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964.
American Indians of Iowa include numerous Native American tribes and prehistoric cultures that have lived in this territory for thousands of years. There has been movement both within the territory, by prehistoric cultures that descended into historic tribes, and by other historic tribes that migrated into the territory from eastern territories. In some cases they were pushed by development pressure and warfare.
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Saline County, Missouri.
Claude Charles Du Tisne led the first official French expedition to visit the Osage and the Wichita Indians in 1719 in what became known as Kansas in the present-day United States.
The Nodena Phase is an archaeological phase in eastern Arkansas and southeastern Missouri of the Late Mississippian culture which dates from about 1400–1650 CE. The Nodena Phase is known from a collection of villages along the Mississippi River between the Missouri Bootheel and Wapanocca Lake. They practiced extensive maize agriculture and artificial cranial deformation and were members of a continent wide trade and religious network known as the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, which brought chert, whelk shells, and other exotic goods to the area.
The Dhegihan migration and separation was the long journey on foot by the North American Indians in the ancient Hoga tribe. During the migration from present-day Illinois/Kentucky and as far as Nebraska, they gradually split up into five groups. Each became an independent and historic tribe. They are the Omaha, Ponca, Kaw or Kansa, Osage and Quapaw.
