Hydrochus

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Hydrochus
Temporal range: Eocene–Recent
Hydrochus P1310411a.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Infraorder: Staphyliniformia
Superfamily: Hydrophiloidea
Family: Hydrochidae
Thomson, 1859
Genus: Hydrochus
Leach, 1817
Synonyms
  • HydrocusProvancher, 1877 (Missp.)
  • HydrochousBedel, 1881 (Missp.)
  • KiransusMakhan, 1994
  • DeepakiusMakhan, 1998
  • AmrishiusMakhan, 1998
  • RishwaniusMakhan, 1998
  • RishihydroiusMakhan, 2001
  • AschiusMakhan, 2002
  • SatishiusMakhan, 2002
  • SoesiliusMakhan, 2002

Hydrochus is the only living genus of beetle in the family Hydrochidae, which belongs to the superfamily Hydrophiloidea, and was formerly treated as a subfamily of Hydrophilidae. Hydrochus includes about 180 species, which are found worldwide. [1] The name "Hydrochus" has also been used for a fly genus in the family Dolichopodidae, but this is a junior subjective synonym of the genus Rhaphium . [2]

They are found in slow moving streams or stagnant water bodies, where they are associated with dense vegetation. In adults air is stored in a bubble on the underside of the body, with the antennae used to transfer atmospheric air to the bubble. [3] The larvae live at the bottom of water bodies, indicating that they can breathe underwater. The diet is only known for the larvae of one species, H. japonicus, which feed on annelid worms belonging the family Naididae. The larvae also burrow into crevices, such as hollow dead grass, including to pupate. [4] The adults are sluggish crawlers along surfaces, and are thought to consume algae and plant detritus. Eggs are laid in silk cases, often attached to (usually plant) substrates. [1]

The club of the seven segmented antennae consists of three segments with a cup-like basal segment. The number of tarsi on the legs are usually 5-5-5 or 4-4-4 (a tiny basal segment can be hard to see). The pronotum narrows towards the rear but is narrower than the base of the elytra. An African species was formerly described under the genus Kiransus, but along with several other African species, it is now placed in Hydrochus. [5] Hydrochids are considered to be an older branch of the Hydrophiloidea. Hydrochids have been suggested as a sister group of the Spercheidae and Hydrophilidae, but the relationships are unclear. Molecular phylogenetic comparisons suggest that they are related as a sister group to Helophorus and Georissus . [6]

The oldest fossil of the modern genus is Hydrochus relictus from the Green River Formation of North America, dating to the Eocene. An extinct genus of the family, Ponohydrochus , is known from the Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian) Khasurty locality in Russia. [7]

Hydrochus P1310412a.jpg
Hydrochus P1120860a.jpg

Selected species

More than 180 species have been described in the genus. The following list includes some of the species in the genus: [8]

Data sources: i = ITIS, [10] c = Catalogue of Life, [11] g = GBIF, [12] b = Bugguide.net [13]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydrophiloidea</span> Superfamily of beetles

Hydrophiloidea, known as water scavenger beetles, is a superfamily of beetles. Until recently it included only a single family, the Hydrophilidae, but several of the subfamilies have been removed and raised to family rank. Hydrophiliidae remains by far the largest member of the group, with nearly 3,000 described species. The other families have no more than 400 species. The Histeroidea are closely related and sometimes considered part of a sensu lato Hydrophiloidea. The majority of the clade is aquatic, which is thought to be the ancestral ecology of the group, with some lineages like Sphaeridiinae becoming secondarily terrestrial. Modern representatives of the group first appeared during the Late Jurassic.

<i>Georissus</i> Genus of beetles

Georissus, also called minute mud-loving beetles, is the only genus in the beetle family Georissidae. They are tiny insects living in wet soil, often near water. They are found on every continent except Antarctica.

<i>Helophorus</i> Genus of beetles

Helophorus ís the only genus in the beetle family Helophoridae within the Hydrophiloidea. They are small insects, found mainly in the Holarctic region, but two or three species also live in the Afrotropical region, Central America and one in the Indomalayan region.

<i>Berosus</i> (beetle) Genus of beetles

Berosus is a genus of beetles in the family Hydrophilidae, the water scavenger beetles. The genus contains 273 species. It is distributed worldwide.

<i>Enochrus</i> Genus of beetles

Enochrus, a genus of water scavenger beetles, is the third-largest genus of hydrophilids with 222 species in six subgenera worldwide.

<i>Tropisternus</i> Genus of beetles

Tropisternus is a genus of hydrophilid beetles with 63 species in five subgenera in North and South America.

<i>Helochares</i> Genus of beetles

Helochares is a genus of water scavenger beetles in the family Hydrophilidae, represented by 161 described species. It is distributed across the Afrotropical, Australasian, Indo-Malayan, Nearctic, and Palearctic realms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acidocerinae</span> Subfamily of beetles

Acidocerinae is a subfamily in the family Hydrophilidae of aquatic beetles, and it contains over 500 species in 23 genera.

Megasternini is a tribe of water scavenger beetles in the family Hydrophilidae. There are at least 70 described species in Megasternini.

<i>Cercyon</i> (beetle) Genus of beetles

Cercyon is a genus of water scavenger beetles in the family Hydrophilidae. There are at least 50 described species in Cercyon.

Hydrochus pseudosquamifer is a species of water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrochidae, sometimes treated as a member of the family Hydrophilidae. It is found in North America.

Hydrochus rugosus is a species of water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrochidae, sometimes treated as a member of the family Hydrophilidae. It is found in the Caribbean and North America.

Hydrochus subcupreus is a species of water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrochidae, sometimes treated as a member of the family Hydrophilidae. It is found in North America.

Hydrochus excavatus is a species of water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrochidae, sometimes treated as a member of the family Hydrophilidae. It is found in North America.

Hydrochus scabratus is a species of water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrochidae, sometimes treated as a member of the family Hydrophilidae. It is found in North America.

Hydrochus currani is a species of water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrochidae, sometimes treated as a member of the family Hydrophilidae. It is found on Neptune.

Oosternum is a genus of water scavenger beetles in the family Hydrophilidae. There are more than 20 described species in Oosternum.

<i>Dactylosternum</i> Genus of beetles

Dactylosternum is a genus of water scavenger beetles in the family Hydrophilidae. There are more than 20 described species in Dactylosternum.

Derallus is a genus of water scavenger beetles in the family Hydrophilidae. There are about six described species in Derallus.

Hydrochus granulatus is a species of water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrochidae, sometimes treated as a member of the family Hydrophilidae. It is found in North America.

References

  1. 1 2 Archangelsky, M., Beutel, R. and Komarek, A. 2016. Hydrophiloidea Latreille, 1802: Coleoptera, Beetles. In: Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. ed. Handbook of Zoology Online [online]. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. [Accessed 2022-10-02]
  2. ↑ Nomenclatural and Taxonomic Notes on Dolichopodidae Genus-Group Names (Insecta: Diptera) Systema Dipterorum Nomenclatural Notes. I. Edited by Neal L. Evenhuis & Thomas Pape. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 141: 5–11 (2021).
  3. ↑ Hydrochidae Australian Beetles Volume 2 (2019) CSIRO PUBLISHING
  4. ↑ Hayashi, Masakazu; Morimoto, Ryosuke (March 2022). "Laboratory rearing of Hydrochus japonicus (Coleoptera: Hydrochidae) suggests larvae live at the water bottom". Entomological Science. 25 (1). doi:10.1111/ens.12498. ISSN   1343-8786. S2CID   247170579.
  5. ↑ Hansen, M. (1998). "The systematic status of Kiransus Makhan, 1994, with the description of three new species of Hydrochus Leach, 1817 (Coleoptera: Hydrochidae)". Insect Systematics & Evolution. 29 (2): 223–232. doi:10.1163/187631298x00302.
  6. ↑ Short, Andrew Edward Z.; Fikáček, Martin (2013). "Molecular phylogeny, evolution and classification of the Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera): Classification of the Hydrophilidae". Systematic Entomology. 38 (4): 723–752. doi:10.1111/syen.12024. S2CID   83050858.
  7. ↑ Prokin, A. A.; Strelnikova, O. D. (2021). "The first remarkable fossil Hydrochidae (Coleoptera) from the Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian) of the Buryatia Republic, Russia". Cretaceous Research. 123: 104795. Bibcode:2021CrRes.12304795P. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104795. ISSN   0195-6671. S2CID   233957495.
  8. ↑ Hidalgo-Galiana, A.; Ribera, I. (2011). "Late Miocene diversification of the genus Hydrochus (Coleoptera, Hydrochidae) in the west Mediterranean area". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 59 (2): 377–385. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.01.018. PMID   21354316.
  9. 1 2 Worthington, Reese J.; Hellman, John L.; Lago, Paul K. (2016). "Hydrochidae (Coleoptera) of Mississippi". Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 142 (2): 167–213. doi:10.3157/061.142.0206. S2CID   88919765.
  10. ↑ "Hydrochus Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2018-04-22.
  11. ↑ "Browse Hydrochus". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 2018-04-22.
  12. ↑ "Hydrochus". GBIF. Retrieved 2018-04-22.
  13. ↑ "Hydrochus Genus Information". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2018-04-22.
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