iCE is the brand name used for a family of low-power field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) produced by Lattice Semiconductor. Parts in the family are marketed with the "world's smallest FPGA" tagline, and are intended for use in portable and battery-powered devices (such as mobile phones), [1] where they would be used to offload tasks from the device's main processor or system on chip. By doing so, the main processor and its peripherals can enter a low-power state or be powered off entirely, potentially increasing battery life.
Lattice received the iCE brand as part of its 2011 acquisition of SiliconBlue Technologies.
Type | Private |
---|---|
Industry | Integrated circuits |
Founded | April 12, 2005 [2] |
Founders |
|
Defunct | December 9, 2011 |
Fate | Acquired by Lattice Semiconductor |
Headquarters | , |
Products | FPGAs |
Website | www.siliconbluetech.com (archived copy from 2012) |
The iCE brand was originally used by SiliconBlue Technologies Corporation, a former Santa Clara, California-based fabless designer of integrated circuits. SiliconBlue was a start-up founded in 2005 by former employees of Actel, AMD, Lattice, Monolithic Memories, and Xilinx. [2] [3] Most notable among the founders was John Birkner, one of the inventors of programmable array logic. [4]
In 2006, SiliconBlue was funded with $16 million in "Series A" capital, [5] and in June 2008 announced the iCE65 L series of devices. The devices were to be fabricated on TSMC's 65 nm CMOS process node, which SiliconBlue claimed would provide reduced power consumption compared to contemporary FPGAs from other manufacturers. [6] In October 2008, SiliconBlue raised a further $24 million in Series B capital. [5]
In 2009, the first iCE65 L devices were shipped to customers. [7] SiliconBlue also registered SiliconBlue Technologies (Hong Kong) Limited, which remains as a subsidiary of Lattice Semiconductor. [8] [9]
In 2010, the lowest-end of the iCE65 P devices was announced by SiliconBlue. The devices were claimed to be as much as 30% faster than iCE65 L devices while maintaining similar power consumption. [10] [11] In the June of the same year, SiliconBlue closed a $15 million Series C funding round. [12]
In April 2011, SiliconBlue announced that it was to release new product families, code-named "Los Angeles" and "San Francisco," using a TSMC 40 nm process node. [13] The production of devices on a 40 nm process node was further confirmed in June 2011, when SiliconBlue received $18 million in Series D funding to bring 40 nm devices to market. [14] [15] The iCE40 product family was officially released in July 2011. [16]
On 9 December 2011, SiliconBlue Technologies was acquired by Lattice Semiconductor in a $63.2 million cash buyout. As part of this buyout, Lattice received the iCE brand, manufacturing capabilities with TSMC, and a licence for various patents from Kilopass Technologies, including for its XPM one-time programmable (OTP) memory technology. [17] : 15, 8, 11
In April 2012, Lattice announced that the iCE65 families would be discontinued. [18] The iCE40 LP and HX device families entered volume production the following month. [19] The iCE40 LP family won the Elektra Digital Semiconductor Product of the Year award for 2012. [20]
In July 2014, the iCE40 Ultra family was announced. [21]
In February 2015, Lattice launched the iCE40 UltraLite device family. The devices in this family are claimed to operate at 30% less power than those of unspecified competitors, and are claimed to be the world's smallest FPGAs, being available in 1.4×1.4 mm packages. [22] The family won the 2015 Elektra Digital Semiconductor Product of the Year award. [23]
In December 2016, Lattice launched the iCE40 UltraPlus device family. UltraPlus devices provide additional memory, additional processing elements, and support for newer interfaces and protocols compared to previous iCE40 Ultra/UltraLite devices. [24] [25]
iCE65 and iCE40 devices are constructed as an array of programmable logic blocks (PLBs), where a PLB is a block of eight logic cells. Each logic cell consists of a four-input lookup table (sometimes called a 4-LUT or LUT4) with the output connected to a D flip-flop (a 1-bit storage element). Within a PLB, each logic cell is connected to the following and preceding cell by carry logic, intended to improve the performance of constructs such as adders and subtractors. Interspersed with PLBs are blocks of RAM, each four kilobits in size. The number of RAM blocks varies depending on the device. [26] : . 2-1 to 2-3 [27] : . 5–9
Compared to LUT6-based architectures (such as Xilinx 7-series devices and Altera Stratix devices), a LUT4-based device is unable to implement as-complex logic functions with the same number of logic cells. For example, a logic function with seven inputs could be implemented in eight LUT4s or two LUT6s.
iCE devices use volatile SRAM to store configuration data. As a result, the data must be loaded onto the device each time power is lost. All iCE devices support loading configuration data from a programmer, from an external flash memory chip, or, with the exception of iCE40 LM devices, [28] from a so-called NVCM, or non-volatile configuration memory. The NVCM is a one-time-programmable (OTP) memory integrated into the FPGA to negate the need for an external memory chip. Lattice claims that using the NVCM can improve design security by making reverse engineering more difficult. [29]
The I/O pins on iCE devices are separated into up to four banks. On some devices each bank has its own power-supply pin (labelled VCCIO), allowing the logic-high voltage level of the I/O bank to be adjusted. [26] : 2–7 Configurable I/O voltage levels are used by iCE devices to allow support for multiple interface standards with voltage levels between 1.8 V and 3.3 V, such as LVDS. [26] : 3–1 iCE65 devices also listed being able to support SSTL through this method. [27] : 11
iCE FPGAs, as with most FPGAs and CPLDs, are typically designed for using a hardware description language (HDL), which describes an electronic circuit. Lattice iCEcube2, the IDE provided by Lattice for developing on their FPGAs, supports the VHDL and Verilog languages, as well as the EDIF format.
The details of a specific FPGA's bitstream format (which defines how the internal elements of the FPGA are connected and interact with each other) are not usually published by FPGA vendors. This means that, generally, an engineer creating a design for an FPGA must use the tools provided by the FPGA's manufacturer.
In December 2015, at 32C3, [30] Project IceStorm, a toolchain consisting of Yosys (Verilog synthesis frontend), Arachne-pnr (place and route and bitstream generation), and icepack (plain text-to-binary bitstream conversion) tools was presented by Claire Wolf, one of the two developers (along with Mathias Lasser) of the toolchain. [31] The toolchain is notable for being one of, if not the only, fully open-source toolchains for FPGA development. At the same December 2015 presentation, Wolf also demonstrated a RISC-V SoC design built using the open-source toolchain and running on an iCE40 HX8K device. As of March 2021, the toolchain supports iCE40 LP/HX1K/4K/8K and UP devices. [32]
The iCE65 name was used by SiliconBlue Technologies for the devices it designed for a 65 nm process node. Following the acquisition of SiliconBlue in 2011, the name was used by Lattice Semiconductor until the family was discontinued in April 2012. [18]
Series | Device | LEs | RAM | PLLs | Max. I/Os |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
iCE65 L | L01 | 1280 | 64 kbit | — | 95 |
L04 | 3520 | 80 kbit | 176 | ||
L08 | 7680 | 128 kbit | 222 | ||
L16 | 16 896 | 384 kbit | Unknown | ||
iCE65 P | P04 | 3520 | 80 kbit | 1 | 174 |
P08 | 7680 | 128 kbit | 2 | Unknown | |
P12 | 12 160 | 160 kbit | 2 | Unknown |
The iCE65 L series of devices was intended for low-power applications and handheld devices. The series was first announced in mid 2008, [6] and first shipped to volume customers in early 2009. [7]
Information about a larger device in the series, the iCE65L16, was listed on the SiliconBlue website in 2010, [33] but no mention is made in a 2012 revision of the L-series datasheet. [27] It is unclear whether the device was ever produced commercially.
The iCE65 P-series devices were marketed as a higher-performance version of the L-series devices, intended for use in display, memory, and SERDES applications, [34] and were announced in early 2010. [10] [11] Three devices were listed as being part of the series but only one device, the lowest-end iCE65P04, was fully specified. The latest datasheet for the family, published in 2011, lists the other two parts but does not give specifications. [35] Whether these other two devices were ever commercially produced is unclear.
Lattice uses the iCE40 name for its iCE-branded devices produced on a 40 nm process node. The company has also used the codename "Los Angeles" in press releases. The iCE40 family was launched in July 2011 with iCE40 LP and HX parts, [16] and was updated in July 2014 with the iCE40 Ultra parts, [21] in February 2015 with the iCE40 UltraLite parts, [22] and in December 2016 with the iCE40 UltraPlus parts. [24]
Family | Device | LEs | RAM | I²C | SPI | DSP | PWM | Max. I/Os |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UltraLite | UL640 | 640 | 56 kbit | 2 | — | 26 | ||
UL1K | 1280 | 56 kbit | 2 | 26 | ||||
Ultra | iCE5LP1K | 1100 | 64 kbit | 1 | 1 | 2 | 39 | |
iCE5LP2K | 2048 | 80 kbit | 2 | 2 | 4 | 39 | ||
iCE5LP4K | 3520 | 80 kbit | 2 | 2 | 4 | 39 | ||
UltraPlus | UP3K | 2800 | 1104 kbit | 2 | 2 | 4 | 21 | |
UP5K | 5280 | 1144 kbit | 2 | 2 | 8 | 39 |
The iCE40 Ultra, UltraLite, and UltraPlus devices are intended for applications with especially low limits on available space and power, such as in wearable technology and smart watches. [21] They are offered in chip-scale, BGA, and QFN packages, with dimensions from 1.4×1.4 mm to 7×7 mm. All devices in family integrate one or two I²C hard cores, with Ultra and UltraPlus devices also including hard SPI bus cores and DSP blocks. UltraLite devices are claimed to operate at half the static current draw of Ultra devices (35 μA compared to 71 μA). Most devices in the family also include a PWM controller, intended to be used to drive IR or RGB LEDs. [36] : 5
Lattice launched the Ultra family in mid 2014, [21] and the UltraLite family in early 2015. [22] In 2015, the UltraLite family won the Elektra Digital Semiconductor Product of the Year award. [23]
In September 2016, the Apple iPhone 7 was released and made use of an iCE5LP4K device. [37]
In December 2016, Lattice launched the UltraPlus family intended for distributed processing and so-called "mobile heterogeneous computing." The devices include a 1 Mbit (4×256 kbit) single-port RAM (compare with dual-ported RAM), additional DSP processing elements, and support for additional interfaces, such as MIPI I3C, D-PHY, and Virtual GPIO. [24] [25]
Family | Device | LEs | RAM | I²C | SPI | PLLs | Max. I/Os |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LP | LP384 | 384 | — | 39 | |||
LP640 | 640 | 32 kbit | 11 | ||||
LP1K | 1280 | 64 kbit | 1 | 97 | |||
LP4K | 3520 | 80 kbit | 2 | 180 | |||
LP8K | 7680 | 128 kbit | 2 | 180 | |||
LM | LM1K | 1100 | 64 kbit | 2 | 2 | 1 | 39 |
LM2K | 2048 | 80 kbit | 2 | 2 | 1 | 39 | |
LM4K | 3520 | 80 kbit | 2 | 2 | 1 | 39 |
The iCE40 LP (low power) and LM (low power with hard IP) parts are intended for use in battery-powered devices as hardware accelerators and I/O port expanders, and for use in the same applications as iCE40 Ultra and UltraLite parts. Compared to the Ultra parts, LP and LM parts are available in a wider range of footprints, offer a greater number of resources (I/O pins, embedded RAM, and logic elements), but consume more power. [28]
LP devices differ from the Ultra devices in that they do not include hard IP cores. Instead, any interface logic must be implemented in the FPGA fabric. This is generally less preferable, as so-called "soft cores" are less power-efficient than hard cores, and often are unable to operate at the same frequencies. A soft core also reduces the number of logic cells available to the application. LM devices integrate two I²C and two SPI hard cores, as well as two strobe generators. Most LP and LM devices integrate one or two phase-locked loops.
The families were launched in mid 2011 and entered volume production in mid 2012. [16] [19] They won the Elektra Digital Semiconductor Product of the Year award for 2012. [20] In 2015, it was announced that ZTE would use LM devices to provide sensor hub and infrared remote control functionality in its Star 2 smartphone. [38]
Device | LEs | RAM | PLLs | Static current | Max. I/Os |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HX1K | 1280 | 64 kbit | 1 | 296 μA | 98 |
HX4K | 3520 | 80 kbit | 2 | 1140 μA | 109 |
HX8K | 7680 | 128 kbit | 2 | 1140 μA | 208 |
The iCE40 HX devices are intended for high-performance applications. Compared to iCE40 LP and Ultra devices, they offer lower maximum propagation delay (7.30 ns versus 9.00–9.36 ns), [26] : 3–13, 3–15 and more I/O pins. HX series devices consume significantly more static power and are available only in significantly larger footprints compared to Ultra and LP parts (7×7 mm to 2×2 cm). Similarly to the LP devices, HX parts do not provide hard IP cores, but do provide one or two phase-locked loops. Unlike other iCE40 devices, the HX parts are also available in QFP footprints. [28]
The HX parts were launched in mid 2011 alongside the LP parts, [16] and entered volume production in mid 2012. [19]
Processor design is a subfield of computer engineering and electronics engineering (fabrication) that deals with creating a processor, a key component of computer hardware.
A field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is an integrated circuit designed to be configured after manufacturing. The FPGA configuration is generally specified using a hardware description language (HDL), similar to that used for an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). Circuit diagrams were previously used to specify the configuration, but this is increasingly rare due to the advent of electronic design automation tools.
An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece of semiconductor material, usually silicon. Large numbers of miniaturized transistors and other electronic components are integrated together on the chip. This results in circuits that are orders of magnitude smaller, faster, and less expensive than those constructed of discrete components, allowing a large transistor count. The IC's mass production capability, reliability, and building-block approach to integrated circuit design have ensured the rapid adoption of standardized ICs in place of designs using discrete transistors. ICs are now used in virtually all electronic equipment and have revolutionized the world of electronics. Computers, mobile phones and other home appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the small size and low cost of ICs such as modern computer processors and microcontrollers.
A programmable logic device (PLD) is an electronic component used to build reconfigurable digital circuits. Unlike digital logic constructed using discrete logic gates with fixed functions, a PLD has an undefined function at the time of manufacture. Before the PLD can be used in a circuit it must be programmed to implement the desired function. Compared to fixed logic devices, programmable logic devices simplify the design of complex logic and may offer superior performance. Unlike for microprocessors, programming a PLD changes the connections made between the gates in the device.
An application-specific integrated circuit is an integrated circuit (IC) chip customized for a particular use, rather than intended for general-purpose use, such as a chip designed to run in a digital voice recorder or a high-efficiency video codec. Application-specific standard product chips are intermediate between ASICs and industry standard integrated circuits like the 7400 series or the 4000 series. ASIC chips are typically fabricated using metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) technology, as MOS integrated circuit chips.
Altera Corporation was a manufacturer of programmable logic devices (PLDs) headquartered in San Jose, California. It was founded in 1983 and acquired by Intel in 2015.
Programmable Array Logic (PAL) is a family of programmable logic device semiconductors used to implement logic functions in digital circuits introduced by Monolithic Memories, Inc. (MMI) in March 1978. MMI obtained a registered trademark on the term PAL for use in "Programmable Semiconductor Logic Circuits". The trademark is currently held by Lattice Semiconductor.
A gate array is an approach to the design and manufacture of application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) using a prefabricated chip with components that are later interconnected into logic devices according to custom order by adding metal interconnect layers in the factory. It was popular during the upheaval in the semiconductor industry in the 1980s, and its usage declined by the end of the 1990s.
Xilinx, Inc. is an American technology and semiconductor company that primarily supplies programmable logic devices. The company is known for inventing the first commercially viable field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and creating the first fabless manufacturing model.
A complex programmable logic device (CPLD) is a programmable logic device with complexity between that of PALs and FPGAs, and architectural features of both. The main building block of the CPLD is a macrocell, which contains logic implementing disjunctive normal form expressions and more specialized logic operations.
Lattice Semiconductor Corporation is an American semiconductor company specializing in the design and manufacturing of low power, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Headquartered in the Silicon Forest area of Hillsboro, Oregon, the company also has operations in Shanghai, Manila,Los Angeles and Singapore. Lattice Semiconductor has more than 700 employees and an annual revenue of more than $400 million as of 2019. Founded in 1983, the company went public in 1989 and is traded on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the symbol LSCC.
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Silicon Image is a provider of semiconductors for the mobile, consumer electronics and personal computers (PCs). It also manufactures wireless and wired connectivity products used for high-definition content. The company’s semiconductor and IP products are deployed by the electronics manufacturers in devices such as smartphones, tablets, digital televisions (DTVs), other consumer electronics, as well as desktop and notebook PCs. Silicon Image, in cooperation with other companies, has driven the creation of some global industry standards such as DVI, HDMI, MHL, and WirelessHD.
Actel Corporation was an American manufacturer of nonvolatile, low-power field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), mixed-signal FPGAs, and programmable logic solutions. It was headquartered in Mountain View, California, with offices worldwide. In November 2010, Actel was acquired by Microsemi for $430 million.
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Virtex is the flagship family of FPGA products developed by Xilinx, a part of AMD. Other current product lines include Kintex (mid-range) and Artix (low-cost), each including configurations and models optimized for different applications. In addition, Xilinx offers the Spartan low-cost series, which continues to be updated and is nearing production utilizing the same underlying architecture and process node as the larger 7-series devices.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to electronics:
In computing, a logic block or configurable logic block (CLB) is a fundamental building block of field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technology. Logic blocks can be configured by the engineer to provide reconfigurable logic gates.
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