List of female chess grandmasters

Last updated

Judit Polgar, the highest-rated female player in history, was once the youngest grandmaster overall. Judit Polgar (cropped).jpg
Judit Polgár, the highest-rated female player in history, was once the youngest grandmaster overall.

There are 42 female chess players who hold the title of Grandmaster (GM), the highest title awarded by the International Chess Federation (FIDE). The Grandmaster title was formally established by FIDE in 1950. Modern regulations typically require players to achieve a FIDE rating of 2500 and three tournament norms that include a GM-level performance rating of 2600 to be awarded the title, although there are various exceptions. Since 1993, players who win the Women's World Championship are directly awarded the Grandmaster title. Like all FIDE titles, the Grandmaster title is awarded for life and does not require a player to maintain a performance level or remain active after the award.

Contents

Nona Gaprindashvili, a Soviet chess player from Georgia, was the first woman to become a grandmaster in 1978, receiving the title largely by virtue of being the first woman to achieve a GM norm a year earlier. In 1991, Susan Polgar became the first woman to achieve the Grandmaster title through a full set of standard norms based on performance rating. Later that year at age 15, her younger sister Judit Polgár became the youngest grandmaster in history, breaking the previous record set by Bobby Fischer. Although there were only six female grandmasters by 2000 and the number of female grandmasters has never been more than a few percent of the total, the turn of the century saw a substantial increase in the number of women to be awarded the title. This increase in the number of grandmasters has made it possible to stage women-only round-robin tournaments such as FIDE Women's Grand Prix events that feature predominantly grandmasters. At the same time, in an era where the Grandmaster title is no longer indicative of the upper echelon of chess overall, Hou Yifan has been the only player since 2000 to join Judit Polgár and Maia Chiburdanidze as female grandmasters who have been ranked in the top 100 among all players.

As of 2023, all female grandmasters are alive, and the vast majority who obtained the title since 2000 are still active. China and Russia have had the most female grandmasters, and seven countries have had more than one. Nearly all female grandmasters are from Europe or Asia, and Irina Krush of the United States is the only one from another continent. Judit Polgár's record for the youngest female grandmaster was beaten in 2002 by Koneru Humpy and was lowered again in 2008 by Hou Yifan, who became a grandmaster at age 14. Beyond the players who hold the GM title, there are over 400 additional women who have achieved the separate Woman Grandmaster (WGM) title, which has different requirements. [upper-alpha 1]

Background

Birth of the Grandmaster title

The International Chess Federation (FIDE) was established in 1924 as the governing body of competitive chess. At the time, the term "grandmaster" was already being informally used to describe the world's leading chess players since the players competing in the Championship section of the Ostend 1907 chess tournament were referred to as "grandmasters" in reference to them all having previously won international tournaments. [2] Separate from FIDE, the Soviet Union also designated their own grandmasters as early as 1927. [3] Informal use of the term continued until 1950 when FIDE officially awarded the Grandmaster (GM) title to 27 of the world's top past and present players who were still alive, none of whom were women. [4] Vera Menchik, who regularly competed against high-level male players and was the only Women's World Champion before that year, was not considered because she had already been killed in World War II. [5]

FIDE first established formal criteria for the Grandmaster title in 1953. These criteria included precursors to the modern-day concept of norms in that the requirements depended on a player's score in a few individual tournaments with a specified percentage of titled players. [6] FIDE modified these criteria to have GM norms (then called GM results) take into account a tournament's average rating of the competing players in 1970 when they first adopted an Elo rating system. [7] No earlier than 1977, FIDE added a requirement that players must achieve a FIDE rating of 2450, a threshold that was later increased to the modern-day requirement of 2500. [4] [8] Modern GM norms that require a performance rating of 2600 are still based on a player's score, but instead depend on the average rating of the player's opponents rather than all of the players in the tournament. [9]

Earliest female grandmasters

The Polgar sisters (pictured in 1988) all obtained GM norms before the age of 20. Susan (right) and Judit (center) both became grandmasters. Sofia, Judit, Susan Polgar sisters.jpg
The Polgár sisters (pictured in 1988) all obtained GM norms before the age of 20. Susan (right) and Judit (center) both became grandmasters.

Beginning in the 1960s, Nona Gaprindashvili was the first woman since Menchik to be competitive against high-level male players. At the 1977 Lone Pine International after about 15 years as Women's World Champion, she became the first woman to achieve a GM norm. Gaprindashvili compiled a performance rating of 2647 and scored 6½/9 to finish in joint first with three others, including GMs Yuri Balashov and Oscar Panno. The following year, FIDE decided to directly award her the Grandmaster title because of that first norm and her other accomplishments, bypassing the typical requirement for players to have achieved two or three norms to earn the GM title. [upper-alpha 2] Maia Chiburdanidze succeeded her compatriot Gaprindashvili as Women's World Champion in 1978 and became the second woman to obtain the Grandmaster title in 1984 through her three World Championship match wins. [15] Later on, she also became the first woman ranked in the top 100, peaking at No. 43 in 1988. [16] [17]

Following these first two female grandmasters from Georgia, back then still a part of the Soviet Union, the Polgár sisters ended the Soviet Union's four-decades-long domination over women's chess as all three sisters helped lead Hungary to the gold medal at the 1988 Women's Chess Olympiad and Susan Polgar had already become the top-rated female chess player in 1984 at age 15. [18] Between 1988 and 1989, all three of Susan, Sofia, and Judit Polgár earned their first GM norms as teenagers in open tournaments in Royan, Rome, and Amsterdam respectively, [19] [20] [21] the middle of which drew widespread attention because of Sofia's very high performance rating of around 2900, well above the norm requirement. [22] [23] [24] Judit was also already ranked in the top 100 in 1989 at the age of 12, [16] [25] and later peaked at No. 8 in the world in 2003. [26] In 1991, both Susan and Judit achieved the Grandmaster title. Susan was the third female grandmaster, and the first to earn the title with a complete set of GM norms based on performance rating and satisfying the rating requirement. [27] Judit achieved her final GM norm as part of her victory in the open Hungarian Championship to become the fourth female grandmaster. At the age of 15 years and 5 months, she also became the youngest grandmaster in history, breaking Bobby Fischer's previous record from 1958 of 15 years and 6 months. [28] [29] She held the overall record for a little over two years. [30] Pia Cramling and Xie Jun soon followed in obtaining the Grandmaster title in the next few years, and were the last two to do so before 2000. [15] [31] Xie was the first female grandmaster from outside Europe and the second grandmaster from China overall. [32] [33]

21st century

Koneru Humpy (right) broke Judit Polgar's record to become the youngest female grandmaster in 2002 and held the record until 2008. The President, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam presenting Padma Shri to Kumari Koneru Humpy (Chess), at an Investiture Ceremony at Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi on March 23, 2007.jpg
Koneru Humpy (right) broke Judit Polgár's record to become the youngest female grandmaster in 2002 and held the record until 2008.

After over six years without another woman achieving the Grandmaster title, the next century saw a much larger influx of new female grandmasters. Once Zhu Chen ended that stretch in 2001, the next two decades rarely saw gaps of more than a year without a new female grandmaster. Judit Polgár's record as the youngest female grandmaster lasted a little over a decade until it was broken by Koneru Humpy in 2002 at the age of 15 years and 1 month. Hou Yifan then became the youngest female grandmaster in 2008 at 14 years and 6 months. [28] Hou also reached the top 100 in 2014, peaking at No. 55 a year later. [34] At some point by 2003, FIDE changed their regulations and began awarding the Grandmaster title to players who win the Women's World Championship if they are not already grandmasters. [35] Since then, four players have obtained the Grandmaster title in this manner, most recently Tan Zhongyi in 2017. [36] [37] [38] [39] The Kosintseva sisters Tatiana and Nadezhda as well as the Muzychuk sisters Anna and Mariya both joined Susan and Judit Polgár as pairs of sisters to both be awarded the Grandmaster title. [40] Irina Krush was the first player from outside Europe or Asia to be awarded the title in 2013. [40] [41]

With the increase in number of female grandmasters, it has been possible to stage women-only round-robin tournaments featuring mostly grandmasters. These include some of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix events that have been held since 2009 and the Cairns Cup that began in 2019. [42] [43] All but one of the ten players in the 2020 Cairns Cup were grandmasters. [44] When the Candidates tournament was revived in 2019 to decide the next World Championship challenger, all of the competitors were grandmasters rated above 2500. [45] While there has continued to be more female grandmasters, the rate of new women to achieve the title has thus far peaked a little before the 2010s. [46] As the overall number of grandmasters has increased from about 300 in 1990 to over 1700 by 2020, women still make up no more than a few percent of the total. [47] [48]

Title requirements

Regulations (2022–present)

Anna Muzychuk 2011.jpg
Tatiana Kosintseva.jpg
Anna Muzychuk (left) required four norms to obtain the Grandmaster title because her first norm was achieved over seven games. [49] Tatiana Kosintseva (right) only needed two norms because a past rule counted her 11-game norm at the European championship as 20 games. [50]

The modern requirements as of 2022 to obtain the Grandmaster title are essentially to reach a minimum FIDE rating of 2500 and achieve three tournament GM norms, albeit there are exceptions. [9]

FIDE ranks players according to their official FIDE ratings published each month. These ratings are determined using an Elo rating system, which was first implemented in 1970. They depend only on the results of individual games at FIDE-rated tournaments. For a player who has previously been rated above 2400 playing against an opponent with an identical rating, a win is worth 5 rating points, a draw is worth 0 rating points, and a loss is worth -5 rating points. These values increase against higher-rated opponents and decrease against lower-rated opponents. Players can gain or lose no more than 10 rating points for a win or a loss respectively, [upper-alpha 3] and can gain or lose no more than 5 rating points for a draw. [51] Although FIDE ratings are only published at the start of every month, the required rating for the Grandmaster title of 2500 can be achieved in the middle of a rating period or even the middle of a tournament. [9]

A norm is a performance at a title level at a FIDE-rated tournament. Players need to have a performance rating of at least 2600 to achieve a GM norm at a tournament. A player's performance rating depends on their score in the tournament and the average rating of their opponents. [upper-alpha 4] The player's score is converted to a rating difference according to a published conversion table of values, and that rating difference is added to their opponents' average rating to compute their performance rating. For example, some of the scores a player may need to achieve a GM norm in a nine-round tournament are 7/9 [upper-alpha 5] against 2380-rated opponents, 6½/9 against 2434-rated opponents, or 4½/9 against 2600-rated opponents. Moreover, there are other requirements such as having one-third of a player's opponents be grandmasters. Although players generally need three GM norms, the exact requirement is for them to have 27 games between all of their norms. As a result, they may need one extra norm if their tournaments are shorter than the usual required length of at least nine games. [9]

A player can circumvent these requirements and achieve a norm or be awarded the title directly if they achieve certain results at specified tournaments. The regulation that has been most relevant to female players is that any winner of the Women's World Championship who is not already a grandmaster is directly awarded the Grandmaster title. Any runner-up receives a GM norm. [9] [52]

Previous regulations

Winning the Women's World Championship did not always confer a direct award of the title. Around the time Maia Chiburdanidze was world champion, each World Championship match win only resulted in a norm and thus three match wins or other norms were needed to obtain the title. Around the time Xie Jun was world champion, only two World Championship match wins were required to obtain the title. [15] Beginning in 1993, the requirements changed to a direct award of the Grandmaster title simply for winning the championship. [53]

In the past, FIDE had counted norms at the Chess Olympiad and continental championships as "double norms" over 20 games. As a result, it was common for players to need only one additional norm plus the rating requirement if they earned a norm at the Women's Chess Olympiad or the European Individual Women's Chess Championship (EWCC). This regulation for the Olympiad began in 2005 and was discontinued in 2017. [9] [54] [55] The regulation for the continental championships was discontinued earlier in 2014. [56] [57] Previously from 2003 to 2005, players could be directly awarded the Grandmaster title if they achieved just the performance rating of 2600 required for a typical GM norm, a feat known as a GM performance, over at least 12 games at a continental championship. [35] [58]

Key

Header key
HeaderExplanation
NamePlayer's name
FederationCurrent national federation as of July 2023. Previous federations specified in notes.
Birth datePlayer's birth date
AgePlayer's current age
Award yearYear FIDE awarded the player's GM title
Title dateMonth the last requirement for the GM title was completed. Direct awards indicated in notes. Unclear cases are italicized.
Title agePlayer's age at the time of the title date
Peak ratingHighest published FIDE rating during a player's career as of July 2023, referenced by the player's FIDE profile
WWCFirst and last years a player was the Women's World Champion (WWC). Multiple reigns are specified in notes.
Title appPlayer's GM title application, linked from their initials. Links to norm specifics.
RefsAdditional references if needed or complementary to the GM title application.

Grandmasters

Symbol key
°Active player (as of May 2024)
List of female chess grandmasters
NameFederationBirth dateAgeAward yearTitle dateTitle agePeak rating WWC Title appRefs
FirstLast
Nona Gaprindashvili °Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia [lower-alpha 1] 3 May 1941831978November 1978 [lower-roman 1] 37 2495 19621978 [13] [59] [60]
Maia Chiburdanidze Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia [lower-alpha 2] 17 January 1961631984October 1984 [upper-alpha 6] 23 2560 19781991 [17] [61]
Susan Polgar Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary [lower-alpha 3] 19 April 1969551991January 199121 2577 19961999 [27] [64] [65]
Judit Polgár Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 23 July 1976481992December 199115 2735 N/A [28] [66]
Pia Cramling °Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 23 April 1963611992February 199228 2550 N/A [31] [67]
Xie Jun Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 30 October 1970531994December 1993 [lower-roman 2] 23 2574 19912001 [lower-greek 1] [15] [68]
Zhu Chen Flag of Qatar.svg  Qatar [lower-alpha 4] 16 March 1976482001November 200024 2548 20012004 [70] [71] [72]
Koneru Humpy°Flag of India.svg  India 31 March 1987372002May 200215 2623 N/A [28] [73]
Antoaneta Stefanova °Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria 19 April 1979452002June 200223 2560 20042006 [74]
Alexandra Kosteniuk °Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland [lower-alpha 5] 23 April 1984402004April 2004 [lower-roman 3] 19 2561 20082010 AK [76]
Peng Zhaoqin°Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands [lower-alpha 6] 8 May 1968562004April 2004 [lower-roman 4] 35 2472 N/A [78]
Xu Yuhua Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 29 October 1976472007March 2006 [lower-roman 5] 29 2517 20062008 [36]
Hoang Thanh Trang°Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary [lower-alpha 7] 25 April 1980442007June 200626 2511 N/A HTT
Kateryna Lagno °Flag of Russia.svg  Russia [lower-alpha 8] 27 December 1989342007August 200616 2563 N/A KL [28]
Zhao Xue°Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 6 April 1985392008July 200723 2579 N/A ZX
Marie Sebag °Flag of France.svg  France 15 October 1986372008May 200821 2537 N/A MS [80]
Monika Soćko °Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 24 March 1978462008May 200830 2505 N/A MS
Nana Dzagnidze °Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia 1 January 1987372008September 200821 2573 N/A ND
Hou Yifan°Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 27 February 1994302008September 200814 2686 20102017 [lower-greek 2] HY [28]
Ketevan Arakhamia-Grant °Flag of Scotland.svg  Scotland [lower-alpha 9] 19 July 1968562009November 200840 2506 N/A KAG [83]
Tatiana Kosintseva Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 11 April 1986382009February 200922 2581 N/A TK
Natalia Zhukova °Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine 5 June 1979452010March 201030 2499 N/A NZ
Viktorija Čmilytė Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania 6 August 1983412010March 201026 2542 N/A VC
Elina Danielian °Flag of Armenia.svg  Armenia [lower-alpha 10] 16 August 1978462010August 201031 2521 N/A ED
Nadezhda Kosintseva Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 14 January 1985392011February 201126 2576 N/A NK [85]
Harika Dronavalli °Flag of India.svg  India 12 January 1991332011July 201120 2543 N/A HD [86]
Ju Wenjun°Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 31 January 1991332014October 201120 2604 2018Pres. JW [87]
Anna Muzychuk °Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine [lower-alpha 11] 28 February 1990342012November 201121 2606 N/A AM
Anna Ushenina °Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine 30 August 1985382012December 2012 [lower-roman 6] 27 2502 20122013 [37] [89]
Valentina Gunina ° FIDE [upper-alpha 7] 4 February 1989352013January 201323 2548 N/A VG
Bella Khotenashvili °Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia 1 June 1988362013May 201324 2531 N/A BK [90] [91]
Irina Krush °Flag of the United States.svg  United States 24 December 1983402013September 201329 2502 N/A IK [41]
Mariya Muzychuk °Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine 21 September 1992312015April 2015 [lower-roman 7] 22 2563 20152016 [38] [92]
Lei Tingjie°Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 3 March 1997272017December 201619 2554 N/A LT [28]
Tan Zhongyi°Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 29 May 1991332017March 2017 [lower-roman 8] 25 2540 20172018 [39]
Nino Batsiashvili °Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia 1 January 1987372018January 201831 2528 N/A NB [93]
Aleksandra Goryachkina ° FIDE [upper-alpha 7] 28 September 1998252018February 201819 2611 N/A AG [28]
Olga Girya Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 4 June 1991332021March 202129 2505 N/A OG [94]
Zhansaya Abdumalik °Flag of Kazakhstan.svg  Kazakhstan 12 January 2000242021May 202121 2507 N/A ZA [95]
Elisabeth Pähtz °Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 8 January 1985392022November 202136 2513 N/A EP [96] [97]
Zhu Jiner°Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 16 November 2002212023April 202320 2507 N/A ZJ [98]
Vaishali Rameshbabu°Flag of India.svg  India 21 June 2001232023December 202322 2506 N/A VR [99]

Federation switches:

  1. Gaprindashvili: Soviet Union → Georgia (1992); [59] awarded GM title with Soviet Union
  2. Chiburdanidze: Soviet Union → Georgia (1992); [17] awarded GM title with Soviet Union
  3. S. Polgar: Hungary → United States (2002), [62] United States → Hungary (2019) [63]
  4. Zhu C: China → Qatar (2006); [69] awarded GM title with China
  5. Kosteniuk: Russia → Switzerland (2023); [75] awarded GM title with Russia
  6. Peng: China → Netherlands (1996) [77]
  7. Hoang: Vietnam → Hungary (2006) [69]
  8. Lagno: Ukraine → Russia (2014); [79] awarded GM title with Ukraine
  9. Arakhamia-Grant: Soviet Union → Georgia (1992), [81] Georgia → Scotland (2008) [82]
  10. Danielian: Soviet Union → Armenia (1992) [84]
  11. A. Muzychuk: Ukraine → Slovenia (2004), [88] Slovenia → Ukraine (2014); [79] awarded GM title with Slovenia

Direct awards:

  1. Gaprindashvili: FIDE decision
  2. Xie: WWC winner
  3. Kosteniuk: GM performance over 12 games at the EWCC
  4. Peng: GM performance over 12 games at the EWCC
  5. Xu: WWC winner
  6. Ushenina: WWC winner
  7. M. Muzychuk: WWC winner
  8. Tan: WWC winner

Multiple reigns of the Women's World Championship:

  1. Xie: 1991–1996, 1999–2001
  2. Hou: 2010–2012, 2013–2015, 2016–2017

By year

Nona Gaprindaschwili 1982 (cropped).jpg
RameshbabuVaishali23b (cropped).jpg
Nona Gaprindashvili (left) was the first woman to achieve the GM title in November 1978; as of April 2024, Vaishali Rameshbabu (right) was the most recent in December 2023.

The following chart illustrates the total number of female grandmasters by year based on the date when each player achieved the GM title (the title date).

Grandmasters-by-year.png


By title age

HouYifan.jpg
Arakhamia grant rd6 4thEUIO (A).JPG
Hou Yifan (left) was the youngest woman to become a GM at age 14; Ketevan Arakhamia-Grant (right) was the oldest at age 40. Both players earned the title in 2008.

The following chart illustrates the cumulative number of female grandmasters by age based on the date when each player achieved the GM title (the title date).

Grandmasters-by-age.png


By country

Ju Wenjun (2016.09) (cropped) 2.jpg
Alexandra Goryachkina Satka 2018.jpg
As of August 2023, China and Russia have had the most female grandmasters in total. Chinese GM Ju Wenjun (left) defeated Russian GM Aleksandra Goryachkina (right) in the 2020 World Championship match.

The following table shows the number of active female grandmasters from each national federation, as well as the count of all female grandmasters according to their current federation, their federation at the time they were awarded the title, and the overall total.

FederationActive (May 2024)Current (May 2024)At award dateOverall
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 68910
Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia 4536
Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine 4445
Flag of India.svg  India 3333
FIDE [upper-alpha 7] 220N/A
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 1467
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 1333
Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States 1112
Flag of Armenia.svg  Armenia 1111
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria 1111
Flag of France.svg  France 1111
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 1111
Flag of Kazakhstan.svg  Kazakhstan 1111
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 1111
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 1111
Flag of Scotland.svg  Scotland 1111
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 1111
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland 1101
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania 0111
Flag of Qatar.svg  Qatar 0101
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union 0024
Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia 0011
Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam 0001
Total324242

See also

Notes

  1. Elsewhere in this article, the term "grandmaster" only refers to players who have achieved the GM title, and not in particular to those who have achieved the WGM title. Most women with the GM title also have the WGM title. [1]
  2. The previous year, FIDE had awarded the Grandmaster title to Rosendo Balinas even though he also only had one norm. The decision was made because he exceeded the required score in that norm and came within a ½ point of another norm at a different tournament. [10] Gaprindashvili's situation was similar in that she had also missed another norm by a ½ point. [11] The decision was also motivated by FIDE not wanting her to be affected by planned rule changes that would make it more difficult to complete the requirements in the future. [12] [13] The exact requirement to obtain the GM title through norms at the time was for players to have 24 games between all the tournaments where they earned GM norms. [8] FIDE was planning to increase the number of required games to 30, as it had been before. [14]
  3. This maximum value for the rating change of 10 is known as the K-factor or the development coefficient, and is typically stated as K=10. Lower-rated players have higher values of K=20 or K=40. [51]
  4. A player's score is their number of points divided by their number of games. A win is worth 1 point, a draw is worth a ½ point, and a loss is worth 0 points.
  5. 7 points in 9 games
  6. It is unclear if Chiburdanidze was directly awarded the GM title as a three-time WWC winner or if she earned one norm for each title and had no other norms at the time. [15]
  7. 1 2 3 Players without a national federation can play under the FIDE flag. Both such players as of 2023, Valentina Gunina and Aleksandra Goryachkina, previously played for Russia.

Related Research Articles

Grandmaster (GM) is a title awarded to chess players by the world chess organization FIDE. Apart from World Champion, Grandmaster is the highest title a chess player can attain. Once achieved, the title is held for life, though exceptionally the title can be revoked for cheating.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Judit Polgár</span> Hungarian chess grandmaster (born 1976)

Judit Polgár is a Hungarian chess grandmaster, widely regarded as the strongest female chess player of all time. In 1991, Polgár achieved the title of Grandmaster at the age of 15 years and 4 months, at the time the youngest to have done so, breaking the record previously held by former world champion Bobby Fischer. She was the youngest player ever to break into the FIDE top 100 players rating list, ranking No. 55 in the January 1989 rating list, at the age of 12.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chess prodigy</span> Young child with an aptitude for the game of chess

A chess prodigy is a young child who possesses an aptitude for the game of chess that far exceeds what might be expected at their age. Their prodigious talent will often enable them to defeat experienced adult players and even titled chess masters. Some chess prodigies have progressed to become World Chess Champions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maia Chiburdanidze</span> Georgian chess grandmaster (born 1961)

Maia Chiburdanidze is a Georgian chess Grandmaster. She is the sixth Women's World Chess Champion, a title she held from 1978 to 1991, and was the youngest one until 2010, when this record was broken by Hou Yifan. Chiburdanidze is the second woman to be awarded the title of Grandmaster by FIDE, which took place in 1984. She has played on nine gold-medal-winning teams in the Women's Chess Olympiad.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Koneru Humpy</span> Indian chess grandmaster (born 1987)

Koneru Humpy is an Indian chess player best known for winning the FIDE Women's rapid chess championship in 2019. In 2002, she became the youngest woman ever to achieve the title of Grandmaster (GM) at the age of 15 years, 1 month, 27 days, beating Judit Polgár's previous record by three months. Humpy is the first Indian female grandmaster.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nona Gaprindashvili</span> Georgian chess grandmaster (born 1941)

Nona Gaprindashvili is a Georgian chess Grandmaster. Noted for her aggressive style of play, she was the women's world chess champion from 1962 to 1978, and in 1978 was the first woman ever to be awarded the FIDE title of Grandmaster. She was inducted into the World Chess Hall of Fame in 2013 and the Presidential Order of Excellence in 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pia Cramling</span> Swedish chess grandmaster (born 1963)

Pia Ann Rosa-Della Cramling is a Swedish chess grandmaster. Since the early 1980s, she has been one of the strongest female players in the world as well as having been the highest-rated woman in the FIDE World Rankings on three occasions. She was the clear number-one-rated woman in the January 1984 rating list, and joint number-one-rated woman in the January 1983 and July 1984 lists. In 1992, she became the fifth woman to earn the FIDE title of Grandmaster (GM).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anna Muzychuk</span> Ukrainian chess grandmaster (born 1990)

Anna Olehivna Muzychuk is a Ukrainian chess player who holds the title of Grandmaster (GM). She is the fourth woman in chess history to attain a FIDE rating of at least 2600. She has been ranked as high as No. 197 in the world, and No. 2 among women. Muzychuk is a three-time world champion in fast chess, having won the Women's World Rapid Chess Championship once in 2014 and the Women's World Blitz Chess Championship twice in 2014 and 2016. In classical chess, she was the 2017 Women's World Championship runner-up.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hou Yifan</span> Chinese chess grandmaster (born 1994)

Hou Yifan is a Chinese chess grandmaster, four-time Women's World Chess Champion and professor at Shenzhen University. She is the second highest rated female player of all time. A chess prodigy, she was the youngest female player ever to qualify for the title of grandmaster and the youngest ever to win the Women's World Chess Championship.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women's World Chess Championship</span> Womens chess competition

The Women's World Chess Championship is a chess match played to determine the Women's World Chess Champion. It has been administered by FIDE since its inception in 1927, unlike the absolute World Chess Championship, which only came under FIDE's control in 1948.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anna Rudolf</span> Hungarian chess player (born 1987)

Anna Rudolf is a Hungarian chess player, chess commentator, livestreamer, and YouTuber who holds the titles of International Master (IM) and Woman Grandmaster (WGM). She is a three-time Hungarian women's national chess champion and has represented Hungary at the Chess Olympiad and the European Team Chess Championship. She has a peak FIDE rating of 2393 and a career-best ranking of No. 71 in the world among women.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chess title</span> Title bestowed on a chessplayer

A chess title is a title regulated by a chess governing body and bestowed upon players based on their performance and rank. Such titles are usually granted for life. The international chess governing body FIDE grants several titles, the most prestigious of which is Grandmaster; many national chess federations also grant titles such as "National Master". More broadly, the term "master" can refer to any highly skilled chess player.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Susan Polgar</span> Hungarian chess grandmaster (born 1969)

Susan Polgar is a Hungarian-American chess grandmaster. Polgár was Women's World Chess Champion from 1996 to 1999. On FIDE's Elo rating system list of July 1984, at the age of 15, she became the top-ranked female chess player in the world. In 1991, she became the third woman to be awarded the title of Grandmaster by FIDE. She won eleven medals at the Women's Chess Olympiad.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">FIDE titles</span> Title for chess players awarded by FIDE

FIDE titles are awarded by the international chess governing body FIDE for outstanding performance. The highest such title is Grandmaster (GM). Titles generally require a combination of Elo rating and norms. Once awarded, titles are held for life except in cases of fraud or cheating. Open titles may be earned by all players, while women's titles are restricted to female players. Many strong female players hold both open and women's titles. FIDE also awards titles for arbiters, organizers and trainers. Titles for correspondence chess, chess problem composition and chess problem solving are no longer administered by FIDE.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">41st Chess Olympiad</span> 2014 chess tournament in Tromsø, Norway

The 41st Chess Olympiad, organised by the Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE) and comprising an open and women's tournament, as well as several events designed to promote the game of chess, was an international team chess event that took place in Tromsø, Norway, between 1–14 August 2014. The organiser was Chess Olympiad Tromsø 2014 AS on behalf of FIDE.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women's World Chess Championship 2017</span>

The Women's World Chess Championship 2017 was a 64-player knock-out tournament, to decide the women's world chess champion. The final was won by Tan Zhongyi over Anna Muzychuk in the rapid tie-breaks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">R Praggnanandhaa</span> Indian chess grandmaster (born 2005)

Rameshbabu Praggnanandhaa is an Indian chess grandmaster. As of 20 June 2024, Praggnanandhaa is ranked No. 8 in the world by the International Chess Federation. Praggnanandhaa and his sister Vaishali are the first brother and sister to earn GM titles. They are also the first brother and sister to qualify for the Candidates Tournament.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abhimanyu Mishra</span> American chess grandmaster (born 2009)

Abhimanyu Mishra is an American chess grandmaster. A chess prodigy, he became the youngest player ever to qualify for the grandmaster title on June 30, 2021, at the age of 12 years, 4 months, and 25 days, beating Sergey Karjakin's record of 12 years and 7 months, which had stood since 2002.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women in chess</span> Womens participation in chess

Women represent a small minority of chess players at all ages and levels. Female chess players today generally compete in a mix of open tournaments and women's tournaments, the latter of which are most prominent at or near the top level of women's chess and at youth levels. Modern top-level women's tournaments help provide a means for some participants to be full-time professional chess players. The majority of these tournaments are organized by the International Chess Federation (FIDE) and revolve around the World Championship cycle, which culminates in a match to decide the Women's World Chess Champion. Beyond those events, among the most prominent women's tournaments are women's and girls' national and continental championships.

References

  1. "Woman Grandmaster (WGM)". Chess.com. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  2. Sunnucks 1970, p. 223.
  3. Cafferty & Taimanov 1998, pp. 28–29.
  4. 1 2 Silver, Albert (26 June 2021). "'A GM is a GM'? – FIDE title devaluation". ChessBase. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  5. Green, Nathaniel (22 February 2021). "The Top 5 Best Female Chess Players of All Time". Chess.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  6. Harkness 1956, pp. 332–336.
  7. Keene & Levy 1970, pp. 238–240.
  8. 1 2 O'Connell 1977, pp. 148–152.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "FIDE Title Regulations effective from 1 January 2022". FIDE. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  10. Ang, Bobby (27 April 2020). "Battle of GMs 1977". BusinessWorld. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
  11. O'Connell 1977, p. 83.
  12. "Interview: GM Nona Gaprindashvili". European Chess Academy. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  13. 1 2 Graham 1987, pp. 32–35.
  14. Elo 1986, p. 59.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 Xie 1998, p. 133.
  16. 1 2 Cox, David (28 September 2019). "Hou Yifan Interview: 'Competing With Top Males Is Talent And Opportunity'". Chess.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  17. 1 2 3 "Maia Chiburdanidze". Olimpbase. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  18. Shahade 2022, pp. 110–120.
  19. Polgar, Susan (13 May 2021). "My Top 10 Most Memorable Moments in Chess (Part 3)". Chess Daily News. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  20. Polgár 2012, pp. 376–377.
  21. "De sterkste schaakspeelster ooit" [The strongest chess player ever] (in Dutch). Max Euwe Centre. 24 April 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  22. Serper, Gregory (23 April 2017). "Girl Power In Chess". Chess.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  23. "Rome 1989". Sofia Polgar. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  24. "El saqueo de Roma" [The sack of Rome]. Ajedrez de Ataque (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  25. "Judit Polgar". World Chess Hall of Fame. 11 May 2021. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  26. McClain, Dylan Loeb (23 August 2014). "Best Woman to Ever Play Chess Retires From Competition". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  27. 1 2 Garcia, Leontxo (8 January 1991). "Zsuzsa Polgar". El Pais (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Steincamp, Isaac (27 February 2020). "The Youngest Chess Grandmasters In History". Chess.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  29. Polgar, Judit (2 May 2013). "Judit Polgar: How I beat Fischer's record". ChessBase. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  30. Hartson, William (1 February 1994). "Chess: Triumph of age over experience". The Independent. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  31. 1 2 "10 snabba med ... Pia Cramling" [10 fast with ... Pia Cramling] (in Swedish). Finansschac. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  32. "青岛日报:谢军--我是吉林的女儿" [Qingdao Daily: Xie Jun-I am the daughter of Jilin]. Qingdao News (in Chinese). 17 July 2007. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  33. "Announcing winners of FIDE Trainer Awards for 2020-21". FIDE. 12 May 2021. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  34. "Hou Yifan Top Lists Records". FIDE. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  35. 1 2 "FIDE Handbook 2003: International Title Regulations of FIDE" (PDF). Arbitri Lombardia Scacchi. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
  36. 1 2 "Xu Yuhua". Chess Federation of Russia. 29 October 2021. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  37. 1 2 "Anna Ushenina". Chess.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  38. 1 2 "Mariya Muzychuk". Chess.com. Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  39. 1 2 Houska, Jovanka (4 March 2017). "And The Winner Is... Women's World Champion Tan Zhongyi". Chess.com. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  40. 1 2 "List of players (Title: GM; Sex: F)". FIDE. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  41. 1 2 Klein, Mike (9 October 2013). "Irina Krush Earns GM Title". Chess.com. Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  42. "FIDE Women's Grand Prix Rostov 2011 Tournament Players". FIDE. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  43. "2019 Cairns Cup Overview". US Chess Championships. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  44. Mukhuty, Satanick (19 February 2020). "Seven things that made Cairns Cup 2020 special". ChessBase India. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  45. McGourty, Colin (12 June 2019). "Goryachkina powers towards Candidates triumph". chess24. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  46. Polgar, Judit (30 November 2019). "I might never have become a chess grandmaster if I'd stuck to women-only tournaments". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  47. "FIDE Rating List: January 1990". Olimpbase. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  48. Jensen, Matt (15 October 2020). "How Many Hours Of Chess Study Does It Take To Be A Grandmaster?". FIDE. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  49. "Anna Muzychuk GM Title Application" (PDF). FIDE. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  50. "Tatiana Kosintseva GM Title Application". FIDE. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
  51. 1 2 "FIDE Rating Regulations effective from 1 January 2022". FIDE. Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  52. "Table for Direct Titles effective from 1 July 2017". FIDE. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  53. "Requirements for the titles designated in 0.31". Arbitri scacchi. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
  54. Doggers, Peter (5 February 2008). "Chess Player Sues FIDE For Not Giving Him The GM Title". Chess.com. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  55. "FIDE Title Regulations effective from 1 July 2014 till 30 June 2017". FIDE. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  56. "FIDE Handbook 2009: International Title Regulations of FIDE" (PDF). Arbitri scacchi. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
  57. "Arbiters' Manual 2014" (PDF). FIDE Arbiters' Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
  58. "FIDE Handbook 2005: International Title Regulations of FIDE" (PDF). Arbitri scacchi. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 July 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
  59. 1 2 "Nona Gaprindashvili". Olimpbase. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  60. "Nona Gaprindashvili". Chess.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  61. "Chiburdanidze Keeps Her World Chess Title". The New York Times. 20 October 1984. Archived from the original on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  62. "Transfers in 2002". FIDE. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  63. "Transfers in 2019". FIDE. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  64. "Susan Polgar". Chess.com. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  65. Tanner 2016, p. 255.
  66. "Judit Polgar". Chess.com. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
  67. "Pia Cramling". Chess.com. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
  68. Di Felice 2018, p. 357.
  69. 1 2 "Transfers in 2006". FIDE. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  70. Di Felice 2018, p. 365.
  71. Crowther, Mark (8 March 1999). "Myanmar Ratings". The Week in Chess. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  72. "34th Chess Olympiad 2000 Women". Chess Results. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  73. "Humpy beats Judit Polgar by three months". ChessBase. 31 May 2002. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
  74. "2002 2nd quarter FIDE Presidential Board Communique". FIDE. 13 July 2002. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  75. "Transfers in 2023". FIDE. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  76. "2004 News". Alexandra Kosteniuk. Archived from the original on 12 June 2004. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  77. "Peng Zhaoqin". Olimpbase. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  78. Hut, Johan (18 May 2019). "Schaakhistorie (14): De onverwoestbare Zhaoqin Peng (1997 tot heden)" [Chess History (14): The Indestructible Zhaoqin Peng (1997 to present)]. Schaaksite.nl (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  79. 1 2 "Transfers in 2014". FIDE. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  80. Demuydt, Gérard (4 May 2008). "IX Championnat d'Europe Individuel" [IX Individual European Championship] (in French). Europe Echecs. Archived from the original on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  81. "Ketevan Arakhamia-Grant". Olimpbase. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  82. "Transfers in 2008". FIDE. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  83. Soltis, Andy (25 January 2009). "She's a 'real' GM". New York Post. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  84. "Elina Danielian". Olimpbase. Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  85. McClain, Dylan Loeb (4 February 2011). "Short Allows Ivanchuk to Overtake Him at Gibraltar". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  86. Nandanan, Hari Hara (24 July 2011). "Harika second woman GM from India". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  87. "Ju Wenjun". Chess.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  88. "Transfers in 2004". FIDE. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  89. "Anna Ushenina became the new World Champion". FIDE World Women's Chess Championship 2012. 1 December 2012. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  90. "Women's Grand Prix Geneva Round 9: Muzychuk and Khotenashvili won their games and keep on leading". FIDE. 14 May 2013. Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  91. "WGP Geneva: Khotenashvili leads alone". ChessBase. 15 May 2013. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  92. Silver, Albert (6 April 2015). "Mariya Muzychuk is the 15th World Champion". ChessBase. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  93. Saunders, John (31 January 2018). "Five in Pile-up on the Rock". Gibraltar International Chess Festival. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  94. "Olga Girya". Chess.com. Archived from the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
  95. Saunders, John (31 May 2021). "Round 9: Zhansaya's marathon victory". FIDE. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  96. Schulz, André (10 November 2021). "Elisabeth Paehtz: "For every kilo I gained, I gained ten Elo points"". ChessBase. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
  97. Schormann, Conrad (5 December 2022). "GM Elisabeth Pähtz" (in German). Perlen vom Bodensee. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
  98. Dinic, Milan (5 April 2023). "Aleksandra Goryachkina wins in New Delhi on tiebreaks". FIDE. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
  99. West, Vanessa (2 December 2023). "Vaishali Rameshbabu Achieves GM Title". Chess.com. Retrieved 27 April 2024.

Books