Chess in Armenia

Last updated

The House of Chess in Yerevan, founded in 1970 Yerevan Chess House.jpg
The House of Chess in Yerevan, founded in 1970
Two men playing chess in Yerevan Vernissage Chess, Vernissage, Yerevan.jpg
Two men playing chess in Yerevan Vernissage
Children playing at an outdoor chess set in Charles Aznavour Square of Yerevan Chess at Charles Aznavour Square0786.jpg
Children playing at an outdoor chess set in Charles Aznavour Square of Yerevan

Chess has been played in Armenia since the early Middle Ages; however, it was institutionalized during the early Soviet period. [2] Highly popular in Armenia today, [3] [4] [5] chess gained widespread recognition during the 1960s, when Soviet Armenian grandmaster Tigran Petrosian became the World Chess Champion. [2] [6] A country of about three million people, Armenia is considered one of the strongest chess nations today, [7] [8] and a chess superpower. [9] [10] Among countries, Armenia has one of the most chess grandmasters per capita. [11]

Contents

Since the country's independence, the Armenian men's chess team has won the European Team Championship (1999), the World Team Championship (2011) and the Chess Olympiad (2006, 2008, 2012). The women's team had its crowning victory at the 2003 European Championship. As of August 2021, Armenia ranks seventh in the world by the average rating of its top players. [12] Levon Aronian, formerly Armenia's best chess player, has placed as high as world No. 2 in the FIDE rankings, and has been a World Champion candidate on six occasions.

Since the 2011–12 school year, chess lessons have been made part of the curriculum in every public school in Armenia, making it the first country in the world to make chess mandatory in schools. [13] [14]

Name

Until the early 20th century, chess was known in Armenian as čatrak (ճատրակ), from Middle Persian chatrang . [15] [16] Another name was ճատրկուց, čatrkuts. [16] Today, that term—pronounced jadrag [17] —is only used in Western Armenian, which is spoken in the Armenian diaspora. [18] In modern Eastern Armenian, the variation used in Armenia, chess is known as šaxmatշախմատ ( [ʃɑχmɑt] ). It is derived from Russian šáxmaty (шахматы), itself a derivative from Persian šâh mât (شاه مات), literally meaning "the king is at a loss" or "the king is helpless." [19] The latter Persian phrase is also the etymology of the English checkmate . [20]

History

Early history

In their 1936 book on the history of chess, historians Joseph Orbeli and Kamilla Trever suggest that chess was known in Armenia since at least the 9th century during the Arab rule. According to them, the game was brought to Armenia by the Arabs from India, [21] where the game is believed to have been originated in the sixth century as Chaturanga. [22] In 1967 chess pieces were excavated by archaeologists in the citadel of Dvin, the medieval Armenian capital. [23] Chess is mentioned in manuscripts from the 12th–13th centuries, kept in the Matenadaran in Yerevan, including by Vardan Areveltsi and Mkhitar Anetsi. [24] [16] Until the mid-20th century villagers in Shenavan, in the Aparan area, used homemade chess figures similar to medieval ones. [21] [25]

A 1930 Armenian translation of Emanuel Lasker's books on chess by Simon Hovyan. Shakhmati tarerk`e Armenian translation of Emanuel Lasker.png
A 1930 Armenian translation of Emanuel Lasker's books on chess by Simon Hovyan.

Soviet period

Chess in Armenia was institutionalized after the establishment of Soviet rule in 1920. [27] In 1926-27, chemist Simon Hovyan (1869-1942) spearheaded an initiative to introduce sections dedicated to chess in numerous Armenian newspapers. He played a crucial role in the widespread popularization of the game by providing lectures on the rules and strategy of chess, as well as translating books by Emanuel Lasker, Ilya Maizelis (ru), and Yakov Rokhlin (ru) into Armenian. [27]

Tigran Petrosian, World Chess Champion in 1963-69 Anefo 910-9356 Hoogovenschaaktoernooi.jpg
Tigran Petrosian, World Chess Champion in 1963–69

The first chess competitions were held in 1927, when the Armenian Chess Federation was founded. [28] Until 1934 chess players from Armenia competed in the Transcaucasian championship. In 1934 the first Armenian Chess Championship was held in Yerevan. [16] Genrikh Kasparyan became its winner. In later years Kasparyan won the championship nine times and became the most-titled Armenian chess player with ten national championship wins. The women's championship was also held the same year, Sirush Makints and Margarita Mirza-Avagian shared the champion title. [29] [16] The first Armenian chess club was founded in Yerevan in 1936. [16] Chess clubs were also founded in Leninakan (now Gyumri) and Kirovakan (now Vanadzor) in the 1950s. [27] By the early 1980s all towns and districts (rayons) of Soviet Armenia had chess clubs. [16]

Chess became particularly popular with the unprecedented success of Tigran Petrosian in the 1960s. Born in Tiflis, the current capital of Armenia's neighbor Georgia, he started his ascent in Armenia with a 1946 victory at the national championship. He then won the Soviet champion title four times (1959, 1961, 1969, 1975). In 1963 Petrosian became the World Chess Champion, defeating Mikhail Botvinnik, another Soviet representative. Petrosian's victory not only popularized the game of chess, but also "led to an outpouring of patriotic fervour" in the smallest Soviet republic. "From that moment on, chess became a national obsession." [30] Many couples named their sons Tigran, after Petrosian. [30] Besides being World Champion for six years (1963 to 1969), Petrosian won the Chess Olympiad nine times with the Soviet team (1958 to 1974). [31]

The USSR Chess Championship was held in Yerevan twice, in 1962 and 1975. [32]

In 1962, there were 30,000 chess players in Soviet Armenia, as well as 3,000 instructors and judges. By 1986 the number of chess players had increased to 50,000, including three grandmasters: Rafael Vaganian, Smbat Lputian, and Arshak Petrosian. [27] In the late Soviet period, Rafael Vaganian (1989) [33] and Artashes Minasian (1991) [34] became Soviet Champions. Vaganian also won the Olympiad with the Soviet team twice in 1984 and 1986. [35]

Independent Armenia

Armenia gained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Since then, Armenian chess players have had the opportunity to represent the Republic of Armenia. Three major chess tournaments have taken place in independent Armenia: the 32nd Chess Olympiad was held at the Sports & Music Complex in Yerevan in 1996; [36] the 2001 World Team Chess Championship and the 2014 European Individual Chess Championship were held at the Yerevan Opera Theater. [37] [38]

A billboard in central Yerevan celebrating Armenia's victory at the 38th Chess Olympiad. It shows members of the Armenian team with the caption "The Kings of Chess". Amiryan street winter2.jpg
A billboard in central Yerevan celebrating Armenia's victory at the 38th Chess Olympiad. It shows members of the Armenian team with the caption "The Kings of Chess".

Armenia earned its first medal at the 1992 Chess Olympiad, finishing third. [39] Armenia won bronze medals at the 2002 and 2004 Olympiads as well. [40] [41] The Armenian team made a breakthrough with the sensational victory at the 2006 Chess Olympiad. [42] They also won the 2008 [43] and 2012 Chess Olympiads. [44] Their record at the World Team Championships has been similarly outstanding, finishing third in 1997, [45] 2001, [46] and 2005, [47] and winning in 2011. [48] At the European championships the team performed somewhat more poorly, placing third in 1997, [49] first in 1999, and second in 2007. [50]

Chess in schools

In 2011, the Ministry of Education of Armenia made chess part of the primary school curriculum along with such standards as math and history for children over the age of 6. [51] [52] Chess is compulsory for second, third and fourth graders. [14] Over $1.5 million was spent on the program. The inclusion of chess in schools was generally received positively by the public, but some parents claimed that their children's school program was already complicated and overloaded. [53] Grandmaster Smbat Lputian argued that "bringing chess into schools is the best way to build the future." [54] Grandmaster Rafael Vaganian criticized the program as "farce." [55]

The decision was widely reported in the international media. Journalists, chess experts and officials in various countries praised the program and advised its adoption in their respective countries. [56] [57] During his visit to Armenia in 2014 Magnus Carlsen stated: "I think Armenia's experience of teaching chess in schools is a great example for the whole world." [58] As of 2020, chess is taught in grades 2 to 4 with two classes a week. [59]

Chess players in Armenia
YearNumber
2005 [60]
1,846
2010 [61]
2,893
2021 [62]
4,969

Recent developments

On December 12, 2019 the United Nations (UN) designated 20 July as World Chess Day as proposed by the Armenian delegation. It marks the date in 1924 when the International Chess Federation was established. [63]

As of 2021, Armenia's statistics agency recorded 4,969 chess players (including 1,318 females), up from 1,846 (375 females) in 2005 and 184 coaches (including 36 females) up from 87 (17 females) in 2005. [60] [62]

In August 2022, when he met with the men's team that won a silver medal at the 44th Chess Olympiad, Armenia's Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan said Armenia should aim to win the World Chess Championship by 2050. His government has listed it as a strategic goal for Armenia. [64]

Armenian diaspora

GM Rafael Vaganian, who resides in Germany, performing a simultaneous exhibition in Yerevan. Rhafayel-Vahanyan 02.JPG
GM Rafael Vaganian, who resides in Germany, performing a simultaneous exhibition in Yerevan.

A number of ethnic Armenian chess players have achieved success outside of Armenia. Most notably, in 1985, Garry Kasparov, born in Baku, Soviet Azerbaijan to an Armenian mother and Russian Jewish father, [65] became World Champion. Although he never represented Armenia and is only half-Armenian, some sources preferred to call him Armenian, [66] partly because his last name is the Russified form of his mother's Armenian last name Kasparyan. [66]

Other notable Armenian diaspora chess players include [67] Sergei Movsesian (Czech Republic, Slovakia), Yury Dokhoian [68] and David Paravyan (Russia), Levon Ashotovich Grigorian (Uzbekistan), Tatev Abrahamyan, Samuel Sevian, Varuzhan Akobian, Melikset Khachiyan and Levon Aronian (United States), Dina Kagramanov and Natalia Khoudgarian (Canada), José Bademian Orchanian (Uruguay), Krikor Mekhitarian (Brazil), Knarik Mouradian (Lebanon).

Institutions

The national governing body for chess, the Armenian Chess Federation, was founded in 1927. [28] Serzh Sargsyan, then Defense Minister, was elected its president in 2004 and was reelected in 2011. [69] Sargsyan "is known for enthusiastically supporting Armenian chess players." [56] On one occasion, Sargsyan stated that "We don't want people to know Armenia just for the earthquake and the genocide. We would rather it was famous for its chess." [30] The Armenian government provides grandmasters with salaries and perks. [6] [14]

The Chess Academy of Armenia (Հայաստանի շախմատի ակադեմիա) is a leading education institutions of chess in Armenia. It was founded in 2002 by the initiative of Grandmaster Smbat Lputian and supported by then-Prime Minister Andranik Margaryan. The academy has also organized international and national chess tournaments. [70]

National championship

The first Armenian championship occurred in 1934 when it was part of the Transcaucasian SFSR. Championships were held sporadically in the Armenian SSR until 1945, when they became an annual event; this practice has been continued in independent Armenia. Genrikh Kasparyan has won it the most times (10 times), followed by Ashot Anastasian (8 times), Levon Grigorian (6 times) and Artashes Minasian (6 times). [71]

The first woman's championship also took place in 1934, but was not held again till 1939. Some of the most notable women champions include Elina Danielian (6 times), Lilit Mkrtchian (4 times) and Siranush Andriasian (3 times). [29]

Media

The logo of Chess in Armenia magazine "Chess in Armenia" magazine logo.png
The logo of Chess in Armenia magazine

In 1972, the magazine Chess in Armenia (Շախմատային Հայաստան Shakhmatayin Hayastan) was founded by Gaguik Oganessian. It was published monthly until 1997, when it became a weekly magazine. [72] In 1972, the TV show Chess-64 (originally named Chess School) started to be aired by the Public Television of Armenia. Hosted by Gaguik Oganessian, it is the "longest lived program series" in the channel's history. [73] Another more recently created show, Chess World, is aired after the First News. [74]

Individual statistics

FIDE, the World Chess Federation, lists 24 active Armenian grandmasters, 4 woman grandmasters, 17 international masters and 4 woman international masters. [75]

Men

The Top 10 Armenian grandmasters as of November 2023 are listed below. [76]

#2 player in Armenia
#PlayerBirth yearGM TitleRatingWorld rank [lower-alpha 1]
1 Haik M. Martirosyan 20002017270834
2 Gabriel Sargissian 19832002268648
3 Hrant Melkumyan 19892008265094
4 Karen H. Grigoryan 19952013264697
5 Shant Sargsyan 200220192625133
6 Samvel Ter-Sahakyan 199320092618150
7 Aram Hakobyan 200120182616153
8 Robert Hovhannisyan 199120102611169
9 Sergei Movsesian 197819972605188
10 Manuel Petrosyan 199820172604189

Women

The Top 10 women Armenian chess players are listed below as of November 2023. [77]

#1 Armenian women player
#PlayerBirth yearTitleRatingWorld rank [lower-alpha 2]
1 Elina Danielian 1978GM241343
2 Lilit Mkrtchian 1982IM238764
3 Anna M. Sargsyan 2001IM236483
4 Mariam Mkrtchyan 2004WIM2347100
5 Maria Gevorgyan 1994WGM2260-
6 Siranush Andriasian 1986WIM2192-
7 Susanna Gaboyan 2001WIM2171-
8 Armine Babayan 1990-2155-
9 Astghik Hakobyan 20052073-
10 Sona Asatryan 1999WIM2069-

Team records

Chess Olympiads

Open (Men's)
YearEventLocationPlayersPositionRef
1992 30th Chess Olympiad Flag of the Philippines (navy blue).svg Manila, Philippines Vaganian, Akopian, Lputian, Minasian, A. Petrosian, Anastasian Bronze medal icon.svg [39]
1994 31st Chess Olympiad Flag of Russia.svg Moscow, RussiaVaganian, Akopian, Lputian, Anastasian, Minasian, Yegiazarian 13 [78]
1996 32nd Chess Olympiad Flag of Armenia.svg Yerevan, ArmeniaAkopian, Vaganian, Lputian, Minasian, Anastasian, A. Petrosian5 [79]
1998 33rd Chess Olympiad Flag of Russia.svg Elista, RussiaVaganian, Lputian, Akopian, Minasian, Asrian, Anastasian16 [80]
2000 34th Chess Olympiad Flag of Turkey.svg Istanbul, TurkeyVaganian, Lputian, Minasian, Anastasian, Asrian, Sargissian 17 [81]
2002 35th Chess Olympiad Flag of Slovenia.svg Bled, SloveniaAkopian, Lputian, Asrian, Sargissian, Minasian, AnastasianBronze medal icon.svg [40]
2004 36th Chess Olympiad Flag of Spain.svg Calviá, SpainAkopian, Aronian, Vaganian, Lputian, Sargissian, MinasianBronze medal icon.svg [41]
2006 37th Chess Olympiad Flag of Italy.svg Turin, ItalyAronian, Akopian, Asrian, Lputian, Sargissian, MinasianGold medal icon.svg [42]
2008 38th Chess Olympiad Flag of Germany.svg Dresden, GermanyAronian, Akopian, Sargissian, T. Petrosian, MinasianGold medal icon.svg [43]
2010 39th Chess Olympiad Flag of Russia.svg Khanty-Mansiysk, RussiaAronian, Akopian, Sargissian, Pashikian, Grigoryan 7 [82]
2012 40th Chess Olympiad Flag of Turkey.svg Istanbul, TurkeyAronian, Movsesian, Akopian, Sargissian, T. PetrosianGold medal icon.svg [44]
2014 41st Chess Olympiad Flag of Norway.svg Tromsø, NorwayAronian, Sargissian, Movsesian, Akopian, Kotanjian 8 [83]
2016 42nd Chess Olympiad Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Baku, Azerbaijan did not participate
2018 43rd Chess Olympiad Flag of Georgia.svg Batumi, GeorgiaAronian, Sargissian, Melkumyan, Hovhannisyan, Martirosyan 8 [84]
2022 44th Chess Olympiad Flag of India.svg Chennai, IndiaSargissian, Melkumyan, Ter-Sahakyan, Petrosyan, R. HovhannisyanSilver medal icon.svg [85]
Women's
YearEventLocationPlayersPositionRef
1992 30th Chess Olympiad Flag of the Philippines (navy blue).svg Manila, Philippines Aslanian, Khalafian, Danielian, Karakashian 33 [86]
1994 31st Chess Olympiad Flag of Russia.svg Moscow, RussiaDanielian, Aslanian, Grigorian, Airapetian 24 [87]
1996 32nd Chess Olympiad Flag of Armenia.svg Yerevan, ArmeniaDanielian, Hlgatian, Mkrtchian, Khalafian20 [88]
1998 33rd Chess Olympiad Flag of Russia.svg Elista, RussiaDanielian, Hlgatian, Mkrtchian, Aginian 21 [89]
2000 34th Chess Olympiad Flag of Turkey.svg Istanbul, TurkeyDanielian, Mkrtchian, Hlgatian, Aginian10 [90]
2002 35th Chess Olympiad Flag of Slovenia.svg Bled, SloveniaDanielian, Mkrtchian, Hlgatian, Galojan 15 [91]
2004 36th Chess Olympiad Flag of Spain.svg Calviá, SpainDanielian, Mkrtchian, Aginian, Andriasian 11 [41]
2006 37th Chess Olympiad Flag of Italy.svg Turin, ItalyMkrtchian, Danielian, Aginian, Andriasian8 [92]
2008 38th Chess Olympiad Flag of Germany.svg Dresden, GermanyDanielian, Mkrtchian, Aginian, Galojan, Andriasian6 [93]
2010 39th Chess Olympiad Flag of Russia.svg Khanty-Mansiysk, RussiaDanielian, Mkrtchian, Galojan, Aginian, Kharatian 11 [94]
2012 40th Chess Olympiad Flag of Turkey.svg Istanbul, TurkeyDanielian, Mkrtchian, Galojan, Kursova, Hairapetian 6 [95]
2014 41st Chess Olympiad Flag of Norway.svg Tromsø, NorwayDanielian, Mkrtchian, Galojan, Kursova, Sargsyan 5 [96]
2016 42nd Chess Olympiad Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Baku, Azerbaijan did not participate
2018 43rd Chess Olympiad Flag of Georgia.svg Batumi, GeorgiaDanielian, Mkrtchian, Sargsyan, Kursova, Ghukasyan6 [97]

World Team Championships

Men's
YearLocationPlayersPositionRef
1993 Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Lucerne, Switzerland Vaganian, Akopian, Lputian, Minasian, Anastasian, Petrosian 4 [98]
1997 Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Lucerne, SwitzerlandAkopian, Vaganian, Lputian, Minasian, Anastasian, Khachiyan Bronze medal icon.svg [45]
2001 Flag of Armenia.svg Yerevan, ArmeniaAkopian, Vaganian, Lputian, Asrian, Anastasian, MinasianBronze medal icon.svg [46]
2005 Flag of Israel.svg Beersheba, Israel Aronian, Akopian, Asrian, Vaganian, Lputian, AnastasianBronze medal icon.svg [47]
2010 Flag of Turkey.svg Bursa, TurkeyAronian, Akopian, Sargissian, Pashikian, Petrosian, Kotanjian 5 [99]
2011 Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Ningbo, ChinaAronian, Movsesian, Akopian, Sargissian, Hovhannisyan Gold medal icon.svg [48]
2013 Flag of Turkey.svg Antalya, TurkeyAronian, Movsesian, Akopian, Sargissian, Petrosian5 [100]
2015 Flag of Armenia.svg Tsaghkadzor, ArmeniaAronian, Sargissian, Movsesian, Akopian, Melkumyan Bronze medal icon.svg [101]
2017 Flag of Russia.svg Khanty-Mansiysk, Russiadid not participate
2019 Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Astana, Kazakhstandid not participate
Women's
YearLocationPlayersPositionRef
2007 Flag of Russia.svg Yekaterinburg, Russia Danielian, Mkrtchian, Aginian, Andriasian, Aghabekian 8 [102]
2009 Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Ningbo, ChinaDanielian, Mkrtchian, Galojan, Aginian, Andriasian 5 [103]
2011 Flag of Turkey.svg Mardin, TurkeyDanielian, Mkrtchian, Galojan, Kursova, Aginian6 [104]
2013 Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Astana, Kazakhstandid not participate [105]
2015 Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Chengdu, China Danielian, Mkrtchian, Galojan, Kursova, Gaboyan 7
2017 Flag of Russia.svg Khanty-Mansiysk, Russiadid not participate
2019 Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Astana, Kazakhstan8 [106]

European Team Championships

Men's
Armenia vs Azerbaijan at the 2011 European Team Chess Championship. Levon Aronian (left) and Teimour Radjabov (right) pictured in the foreground. Armenia vs Azerbaijan.jpg
Armenia vs Azerbaijan at the 2011 European Team Chess Championship. Levon Aronian (left) and Teimour Radjabov (right) pictured in the foreground.
YearLocationPlayersPositionRef
1992 Flag of Hungary.svg Debrecen, Hungary Vaganian, Akopian, Lputian, Minasian, Anastasian 19 [107]
1997 Flag of Croatia.svg Pula, CroatiaAkopian, Vaganian, Lputian, Minasian, AnastasianBronze medal icon.svg [49]
1999 Flag of Georgia.svg Batumi, GeorgiaLputian, Minasian, Anastasian, Petrosian Gold medal icon.svg [108]
2001 Flag of Spain.svg León, Spaindid not participate [109]
2003 Flag of Bulgaria.svg Plovdiv, Bulgariadid not participate [110]
2005 Flag of Sweden.svg Gothenburg, SwedenAkopian, Aronian, Vaganian, Lputian, Anastasian12 [111]
2007 Flag of Greece.svg Heraklion, GreeceAronian, Akopian, Sargissian, Asrian, LputianSilver medal icon.svg [50]
2009 Flag of Serbia.svg Novi Sad, SerbiaAronian, Akopian, Sargissian, Pashikian, Petrosian 4 [112]
2011 Flag of Greece.svg Porto Carras, GreeceAronian, Movsesian, Akopian, Sargissian, Hovhannisyan 4 [113]
2013 Flag of Poland.svg Warsaw, PolandAronian, Movsesian, Akopian, Sargissian, Petrosian4 [114]
2015 Flag of Iceland.svg Reykjavik, IcelandAronian, Sargissian, Movsesian, Melkumyan, Grigoryan Silver medal icon.svg [50]
2017 Flag of Greece.svg Halkidiki, Greece
Women's
YearLocationPlayersPositionRef
1992 Flag of Hungary.svg Debrecen, Hungary Aslanian, Hlgatian, Grigorian 19 [115]
1997 Flag of Croatia.svg Pula, Croatia Danielian, Hlgatian, Mkrtchian 5 [116]
1999 Flag of Georgia.svg Batumi, GeorgiaDanielian, Mkrtchian, Hlgatian5 [117]
2001 Flag of Spain.svg León, Spaindid not participate [118]
2003 Flag of Bulgaria.svg Plovdiv, BulgariaDanielian, Mkrtchian, Aginian Gold medal icon.svg [119]
2005 Flag of Sweden.svg Gothenburg, SwedenDanielian, Mkrtchian, Aginian, Andriasian, Galojan 6 [120]
2007 Flag of Greece.svg Heraklion, GreeceDanielian, Mkrtchian, Aginian, Andriasian, Aghabekian Bronze medal icon.svg [121]
2009 Flag of Serbia.svg Novi Sad, SerbiaDanielian, Mkrtchian, Galojan, Aginian, Andriasian 5 [122]
2011 Flag of Greece.svg Porto Carras, GreeceDanielian, Mkrtchian, Galojan, Kursova, Aginian7 [123]
2013 Flag of Poland.svg Warsaw, PolandDanielian, Mkrtchian, Galojan, Kursova, Hairapetian 5 [124]

Club championships

In 1995, the Yerevan city club won the European Chess Club Cup men's tournament. [125] In 2006, the Yerevan MIKA club won the European Club Cup women's tournament. [126]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tigran Petrosian</span> Soviet-Armenian world chess champion (1929–1984)

Tigran Vartanovich Petrosian was a Soviet-Armenian chess grandmaster and World Chess Champion from 1963 to 1969. He was nicknamed "Iron Tigran" due to his almost-impenetrable defensive playing style, which emphasized safety above all else. Petrosian is often credited with popularizing chess in Armenia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vladimir Akopian</span> Armenian chess grandmaster (born 1971)

Vladimir Akopian is an Armenian-American chess Grandmaster.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Karen Asrian</span> Armenian chess player

Karen Asrian was an Armenian chess player. Awarded the title of Grandmaster by FIDE in 1998, he was a three-time Armenian champion. Asrian was a member of the gold medal-winning Armenian team in the 37th Chess Olympiad.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gabriel Sargissian</span> Armenian chess grandmaster (born 1983)

Gabriel Eduardi Sargissian is an Armenian chess grandmaster. He was a member of the gold medal-winning Armenian team at the Chess Olympiads in 2006, 2008 and 2012 and at the World Team Chess Championship in 2011. Sargissian was awarded the Movses Khorenatsi medal in June 2006 and awarded the Honoured Master of Sport of the Republic of Armenia title in 2009.

A wide array of sports are played in Armenia. Popular sports in Armenia include football, basketball, volleyball, and ice hockey. Further, the country sends athletes to the Olympics in boxing, wrestling, weightlifting, judo, gymnastics, track and field, diving, swimming, and shooting. Armenia's mountainous terrain provides great opportunities for the practice of sports like skiing and rock climbing. Being a landlocked country, water sports can only be practiced on lakes, notably Lake Sevan. Competitively, Armenia has been very successful at chess, weightlifting, and wrestling at the international level. Armenia is also an active member of the international sports community, with full membership in the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA), Federation of International Bandy (FIB), International School Sport Federation, International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF), among others. It also hosts the Pan-Armenian Games.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ashot Nadanian</span> Armenian chess player and coach

Ashot Nadanian is an Armenian chess International Master (1997), chess theoretician and chess coach.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tigran L. Petrosian</span> Armenian chess player (born 1984)

Tigran Levoni Petrosian is an Armenian chess player who holds the title of grandmaster, which FIDE awarded him in 2004. A two-time national champion, he competed in two Chess Olympiads, winning team gold in 2008 and 2012.

Ashot Anastasian was an Armenian chess Grandmaster. He won two team bronze medals and one individual gold medal at Chess Olympiads. On the March 2011 FIDE list, he had an Elo rating of 2556, making him ranked number 14 in Armenia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Melikset Khachiyan</span> Armenian-American chess player

Melikset Khachiyan is an Armenian-American Grandmaster of chess who now resides in Los Angeles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Georg Meier (chess player)</span> German chess grandmaster (born 1987)

Georg Meier is a German-Uruguayan chess grandmaster who represents Uruguay.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arsen Yegiazarian</span> Armenian chess grandmaster (1970–2020)

Arsen Yegiazarian was an Armenian chess player who received the FIDE titles of Grandmaster (GM) in 2000 and FIDE Senior Trainer (FST) in 2011.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elina Danielian</span> Armenian chess grandmaster (born 1978)

Elina Danielian is an Armenian chess grandmaster and six-time Armenian women's champion. She has represented Armenia twelve times during the Women's Chess Olympiads (1992–2014). She played in the gold medal-winning Armenian team at the 5th Women's European Team Chess Championship in Plovdiv 2003. In 2021 she won the European Individual Chess Championship.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nelly Aginian</span> Armenian chess Woman Grandmaster

Nelly Aginian is an Armenian chess Woman Grandmaster (WGM).

Anda Šafranska is a Latvian-born chess player who holds the title of Woman Grandmaster. Anda Šafranska for many years was one of the best women's chess players in Latvia. She won the Latvian Chess Championship for women eight times: 1982, 1984, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1996, and 1997.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chess Federation of Armenia</span>

The Chess Federation of Armenia, also known as the Armenian Chess Federation, is the governing chess organization in Armenia and is affiliated to FIDE. The body was founded in 1927. Responsible for organizing individual and club championships for men and women and the various important international tournaments in Armenia, it also forms the Armenian national men's and women's teams. The Federation is a member of the European Chess Union.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chess in Azerbaijan</span> Overview of Azerbaijans participation in professional chess

Chess is one of the most popular sports in Azerbaijan, where it is governed by the Azerbaijan Chess Federation (ACF). On May 5, 2009 Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev, who is also the chairman of the National Olympic Committee, signed an executive order initiating a state-supported chess development program, covering the years 2009–2014.

Alexei Mikhailovich Bezgodov is a Russian chess grandmaster and writer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elena Sedina</span> Ukrainian-Italian chess player

Elena Sedina is a Ukrainian-Italian chess player who holds the FIDE titles of International Master (IM) and Woman Grandmaster (WGM). She has won the Ukrainian Women's Chess Championship, the Australian Open Chess Championship, and is a Chess Olympiad and Mitropa Cup gold medalist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maria Kursova</span> Russian-Armenian chess player (born 1986)

Maria Kursova is a Russian-Armenian chess player. She was awarded the title of Woman Grandmaster by FIDE in 2007. Kursova was the world girls champion and European girls champion in her age category.

Marina Sheremetieva is a Moldovan chess player who holds the FIDE title of Woman Grandmaster. She is a four-time Moldovan Women's Chess Championships winner.

References

Notes

  1. active players only
  2. active female players only

Citations

  1. "Շախմատի տուն [House of Chess]". chesshouse.am (in Armenian). Chess House after Tigran Petrosian. Archived from the original on 8 August 2021.
  2. 1 2 "In Armenia chess is king and grandmasters are stars". The Independent . 13 May 2010. Archived from the original on 15 September 2014.
  3. "Compulsory chess lessons might be making Armenia's kids supersmart". msnNOW . Microsoft. 25 March 2013. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013.
  4. Shahrigian, Shant; Werman, Marco (1 November 2011). "Learning Chess in Elementary School". The World . Public Radio International. Archived from the original on 15 September 2014.
  5. Garry Kasparov has compared the popularity of chess in Armenia with the popularity of football (soccer) in Latin America. "Garry Kasparov: "There's No Doubt That Carlsen Is the Strongest Player"". Chess-News.ru. 1 October 2012. Archived from the original on 15 September 2014. In Armenia chess became something like soccer in Latin America and it's even an obvious subject at schools.
  6. 1 2 Parkinson, Joe (3 December 2012). "Winning Move: Chess Reigns as Kingly Pursuit in Armenia". The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 8 August 2021.
  7. Moss, Stephen (16 November 2011). "Armenia's killer chess move". The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Armenia is an obsessive chess-playing country, one of the strongest in the world despite a population that is the same as – yes, you guessed it – Wales.
  8. "Armenia: the cleverest nation on earth". BBC World Service. 19 October 2009. Archived from the original on 3 May 2021.
  9. Chakelian, Anoosh (May 24, 2014). "Armenia Is an International Superpower—at Chess". The New Republic . Archived from the original on 4 September 2022.
  10. "Speech by President Sargsyan on the occasion of the gold victory of the men's national chess team at the World Chess Olympiad". president.am. The Office to the President of the Republic of Armenia. 26 November 2008. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. The Armenian chess players through their splendid performance, talent and will power proved once again that our country is a chess superpower.
  11. "Armenia Wins World Chess Title, Ukraine Takes Third". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 27 July 2011. Archived from the original on 5 May 2021. Chess has been one of Armenia's most popular sports since Tigran Petrosian, a Tbilisi-born Armenian, became a world champion in 1963. The country currently boasts one of the largest per capita numbers of chess grandmasters in the world.
  12. "Federations Ranking". fide.com. World Chess Federation. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
  13. Akhmeteli, Nina (19 January 2012). "Chess lessons introduced to the curriculum in Armenian schools". BBC News. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020.
  14. 1 2 3 Parameswaran; Gaedtke, Gayatri; Felix (24 March 2013). "Chess mania captures Armenia's attention". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. Adjarian, Hrachia (1926). Հայերեն Արմատական Բառարան [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian). Vol. 3. Yerevan University Press. p.  190.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Petrosian, Tigran; Hakobian, G. (1982). "Շախմատ [Chess]". Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia (in Armenian). Vol. 8. Yerevan: Armenian Encyclopedia. pp.  414–415.
  17. Awde, Nicholas; Davidian, Vazken-Khatchig (2006). Western Armenian Dictionary & Phrasebook. New York: Hippocrene Books. p. 168. ISBN   978-0-7818-1048-7.
  18. Kouyoumdjian, Mesrob G. (1981). Ընդարձակ Բառարան Անգլիերէնէ Հայերէն [A Comprehensive English - Armenian Dictionary]. Beirut: G. Doniguian & Fils. p.  226.
  19. Chess: East and West, Past and Present. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1968. p.  xxv.
  20. "checkmate (n.)". etymonline.com. Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 6 March 2021.
  21. 1 2 Orbeli, Joseph; Trever, Kamilla (1936). Шатранг. Книга о шахматах [Shatrang: The Book of Chess] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: State Hermitage. p. 195. OCLC   82233681. Archived from the original on 2023-12-06.
  22. United States Chess Federation; Kurzdorfer, Peter (2003). The Everything Chess Basics Book. Avon, Massachusetts: Adams Media. p. 2. ISBN   978-1-4405-2229-1. Chess is a descendant of a game called Chaturanga believed to have originated in India in the sixth century and which may have been related to a much older Chinese game.
  23. Ghafadarian, Karo (1970). "Հնագիտական աշխատանքը Հայաստանում սովետական շրջանում [Archaeological Research in Armenia in Soviet Years]". Patma-Banasirakan Handes (in Armenian). Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences (3): 16. Archived from the original on 2018-09-20. Retrieved 2013-12-07.
  24. Thomson, Robert W. (1989). "The Historical Compilation of Vardan Arewelcʿi". Dumbarton Oaks Papers . 43: 192. doi:10.2307/1291609. JSTOR   1291609.
  25. Arakelian, Babken N. (1977). "Ակադեմիկոս Հովսեփ Օրբելի (Ծննդյան 90-ամյակի առթիվ) [Academician Hovsep Orbeli (on his 90th birth anniversary)]". Patma-Banasirakan Handes (in Armenian). Yerevan: Armenian National of Sciences (1): 27. Archived from the original on 2017-11-13. Retrieved 2013-12-07.
  26. Lasker, Emanuel (1930). Շախմատի տարերքը: Ուղեցույց սկսնակների համար [Lasker's How to Play Chess: An Elementary Text Book for Beginners] (in Armenian). Translated by Simon Hovyan. Yerevan: Pethrat.
  27. 1 2 3 4 Karpov, Anatoly, ed. (1990). "Армения [Armenia]". Шахматы: Энциклопедический словарь (in Russian). Moscow: Советская энциклопедия. p. 21. ISBN   978-5-85270-005-6. LCCN   97214322. OCLC   23533106.
  28. 1 2 "Info – Federation". Armenian Chess Federation. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  29. 1 2 "All Women's Champions of Armenia". Chess in Armenia Magazine. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
  30. 1 2 3 "Armenia revels in its chess prowess". BBC News. 26 September 2009. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  31. "Petrosian, Tigran". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  32. Gabelli, Giuseppe. "The Soviet Chess Championship 1920-1991". Archived from the original on 28 January 2008.
  33. "Vaganian Rafael Artemovich". Chess Network Company. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  34. "Minasian Artashes". Chess Network Company. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  35. "Vaganian, Rafael". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  36. "32nd Chess Olympiad: Yerevan 1996". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  37. "5th World Team Chess Championship: Yerevan 2001". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  38. "European Individual Chess Championship launches in Yerevan". Armenpress. 3 March 2014. Archived from the original on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  39. 1 2 "30th Chess Olympiad: Manila 1992". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 27 September 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  40. 1 2 "35th Chess Olympiad: Bled 2002". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  41. 1 2 3 "36th Chess Olympiad: Calvia 2004". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  42. 1 2 "37th Chess Olympiad: Turin 2006". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  43. 1 2 "38th Chess Olympiad: Dresden 2008". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 28 August 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  44. 1 2 "40th Olympiad Istanbul 2012 Open tournament". Turkish Chess Federation. Archived from the original on 2012-09-05. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  45. 1 2 "4th World Team Chess Championship: Lucerne 1997". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 1 May 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  46. 1 2 "5th World Team Chess Championship: Yerevan 2001". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 1 May 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  47. 1 2 "6th World Team Chess Championship: Beer Sheva 2005". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 1 May 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  48. 1 2 "8th World Team Chess Championship: Ningbo 2011". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 28 June 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  49. 1 2 "11th European Team Chess Championship: Pula 1997". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  50. 1 2 3 "16th European Team Chess Championship: Heraklion 2007". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  51. "Armenia Introduces Chess As Mandatory School Subject". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 19 September 2011. Archived from the original on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  52. "Armenia makes chess compulsory in schools". The Guardian . 15 November 2011. Archived from the original on 1 October 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  53. Hakobyan, Julia (26 April 2013). "Reading, Writing, Chess: Experts evaluate Armenia's progress on introducing the oldest board game at primary schools". ArmeniaNow. Archived from the original on 20 June 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
  54. Grigoryan, Marianna (27 July 2011). "Armenia: Can Chess "Build the Country's Future?"". EurasiaNet . Archived from the original on 27 August 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  55. "Գրոսմայստեր Ռաֆայել Վահանյանը դեմ է դպրոցներում շախմատի դասավանդմանը" (in Armenian). A1plus. 17 December 2019. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019.
  56. 1 2 Fraiman, Michael. "Armenia's gambit to become chess superpower". National Post . Retrieved 15 September 2014. Alt URL
  57. Berezow, Alex (15 April 2013). "Why Chess Should Be Required in U.S. Schools". Pacific Standard . Archived from the original on 15 September 2014.
  58. "Carlsen: World should take example from Armenia". sport.news.am. 23 June 2014. Archived from the original on 23 June 2014.
  59. "Իրազեկում. «Շախմատ» [Announcement on Chess]". escs.am (in Armenian). Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sport of the Republic of Armenia. 9 August 2020. Archived from the original on 13 August 2022.
  60. 1 2 "Սպորտային կազմակերպությունների գործունեությունը 2005 թվականին" (PDF). armstat.am (in Armenian). Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2021.
  61. "Սպորտային կազմակերպությունների գործունեությունը 2010 թվականին" (PDF). armstat.am (in Armenian). Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2021.
  62. 1 2 "Սպորտային կազմակերպությունների գործունեությունը 2021 թվականին" (PDF). armstat.am (in Armenian). Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2022.
  63. "General Assembly Adopts Three Resolutions on Culture of Peace, Highlighting Need to Foster Interreligious Dialogue, Moderate Social Media". un.org. 12 December 2019. Archived from the original on 13 December 2019.
  64. "Պատրաստ ենք բոլոր ջանքերը գործադրել՝ զարգացման հաջորդ քայլն անելու համար. վարչապետը պարգևատրել է ՀՀ շախմատի տղամարդկանց հավաքականի անդամներին [We are ready to make all efforts to take the next step of development. The Prime Minister awarded the members of the RA men's chess team]". primeminister.am (in Armenian). The Office to the Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia. 12 August 2022. Archived from the original on 13 August 2022.
  65. Saunders, Robert A.; Strukov, Vlad (2010). Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 299. ISBN   978-0-8108-7460-2.
  66. 1 2 Byrne, Robert (11 July 2004). "CHESS; Even Loosely Defined, Armenia Can't Beat the Rest of the World". New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 September 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2014. Kasparov was dubbed Armenian because his mother is Armenian.
  67. Terekhov, Andrey (May 21, 2020). "Армянское шахматное чудо". chess24.com (in Russian). chess24.com. Archived from the original on 7 August 2021.
  68. McClain, Dylan Loeb (July 9, 2021). "Yury Dokhoian, Chess Coach Who Guided Kasparov, Dies at 56". The New York Times . Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
  69. "Serzh Sargsyan re-elected President of Armenian Chess Federation". Chessdom. 2 February 2011. Archived from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  70. "The History of Academy". Chess Academy. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
  71. "All champions of Armenia". Chess in Armenia Magazine. Archived from the original on 20 January 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  72. "Chess in Armenia (Shakhmatayin Hayastan), Armenia". FIDE. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  73. "Chess-64". Public Television of Armenia. Archived from the original on 2 September 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  74. "Chess World". Public Television of Armenia. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  75. "General ratings statistics for Armenia". World Chess Federation (FIDE). Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  76. "Federations Ranking: Armenia". World Chess Federation (FIDE). Archived from the original on 1 July 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  77. "Federations Ranking: Armenia, Women". World Chess Federation (FIDE). Archived from the original on 1 July 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  78. "31st Chess Olympiad: Moscow 1994". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  79. "32nd Chess Olympiad: Yerevan 1996". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  80. "33rd Chess Olympiad: Elista 1998". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  81. "34th Chess Olympiad: Istanbul 2000". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  82. "39th Chess Olympiad: Khanty-Mansiysk 2010". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  83. Bartelski, Wojciech. "41st Chess Olympiad: Tromsø 2014". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 13 January 2021.
  84. Bartelski, Wojciech. "43rd Chess Olympiad: Batumi 2018". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 21 July 2021.
  85. "44th Chess Olympiad: Chennai 2022". Chess Olympiad.
  86. "30th Chess Olympiad (women): Manila 1992". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  87. "31st Chess Olympiad (women): Moscow 1994". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  88. "32nd Chess Olympiad (women): Yerevan 1996". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  89. "33rd Chess Olympiad (women): Elista 1998". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  90. "34th Chess Olympiad (women): Istanbul 2000". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  91. "35th Chess Olympiad (women): Bled 2002". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  92. "37th Chess Olympiad (women): Turin 2006". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  93. "38th Chess Olympiad (women): Dresden 2008". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  94. "39th Chess Olympiad (women): Khanty-Mansiysk 2010". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  95. "40th Olympiad Istanbul 2012 Women tournament". Turkish Chess Federation. Archived from the original on 2012-08-30. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  96. Bartelski, Wojciech. "41st Chess Olympiad (women): Tromsø 2014". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 5 November 2019.
  97. "43rd Olympiad Batumi 2018 Women". chess-results.com. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020.
  98. "3rd World Team Chess Championship: Lucerne 1993". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  99. "7th World Team Chess Championship: Bursa 2010". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 24 June 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  100. Bartelski, Wojciech. "9th World Team Chess Championship: Antalya 2013". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020.
  101. Bartelski, Wojciech. "10th World Team Chess Championship: Tsakhkadzor 2015". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020.
  102. "1st World Team Chess Championship (women): Ekaterinburg 2007". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  103. "2nd World Team Chess Championship (women): Ningbo 2009". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  104. "FIDE Women's World Chess Team Championship – 2011". FIDE Women's World Chess Team Championship 2011 / Turkish Chess Federation. Archived from the original on 17 April 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  105. "Women's World Chess Team Championship Astana, Kazakhstan, 2-13 March 2013 Final Ranking". FIDE Women World Team Championship 2013. Archived from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  106. "Chess-Results Server Chess-results.com - FIDE Women's World Team Championship 2019". Archived from the original on 2021-08-08. Retrieved 2021-08-08.
  107. "10th European Team Chess Championship: Debrecen 1992". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  108. "12th European Team Chess Championship: Batumi 1999". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  109. "13th European Team Chess Championship: Leon 2001". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  110. "14th European Team Chess Championship: Plovdiv 2003". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  111. "15th European Team Chess Championship: Gothenburg 2005". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  112. "17th European Team Chess Championship: Novi Sad 2009". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  113. "18th European Team Chess Championship: Porto Carras 2011". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  114. "European Team Championship 2013". ETCC 2013. Archived from the original on 10 December 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
  115. "1st European Team Chess Championship (women): Debrecen 1992". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  116. "2nd European Team Chess Championship (women): Pula 1997". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  117. "3rd European Team Chess Championship (women): Batumi 1999". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  118. "4th European Team Chess Championship (women): Leon 2001". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  119. "5th European Team Chess Championship (women): Plovdiv 2003". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  120. "6th European Team Chess Championship (women): Gothenburg 2005". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  121. "7th European Team Chess Championship (women): Heraklion 2007". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  122. "8th European Team Chess Championship (women): Novi Sad 2009". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  123. "9th European Team Chess Championship (women): Porto Carras 2011". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  124. "European Women's Team Championship". ETCC 2013. Archived from the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
  125. "11th European Chess Club Cup: 1995". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
  126. "11th European Chess Club Cup (women): Fügen 2006". OlimpBase. Archived from the original on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2012.