PTPN22

"LYP" redirects here. For the IATA code LYP, see Faisalabad International Airport.

PTPN22
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 2P6X, 2QCJ, 2QCT, 3BRH, 3H2X, 3OLR, 3OMH, 4J51
Identifiers
Aliases	PTPN22 , protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 22 (lymphoid), LYP, LYP1, LYP2, PEP, PTPN8, protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 22, PTPN22.6, PTPN22.5, protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22
External IDs	OMIM: 600716; MGI: 107170; HomoloGene: 7498; GeneCards: PTPN22; OMA:PTPN22 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 1 (human) [1] Band 1p13.2 Start 113,813,811 bp [1] End 113,871,753 bp [1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 3 (mouse) [2] Band 3|3 F2.2 Start 103,767,111 bp [2] End 103,819,563 bp [2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in bone marrow cells monocyte granulocyte buccal mucosa cell blood Achilles tendon superficial temporal artery lymph node epithelium of nasopharynx spleen Top expressed in thymus spleen granulocyte lymph node mesenteric lymph nodes zygote blood secondary oocyte primary oocyte morula More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function phosphoprotein phosphatase activity SH3 domain binding phosphatase activity kinase binding protein binding hydrolase activity ubiquitin protein ligase binding protein tyrosine phosphatase activity Cellular component cytoplasm perinuclear region of cytoplasm cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane nucleus cytosol Biological process positive regulation of protein K63-linked ubiquitination regulation of NIK/NF-kappaB signaling regulation of innate immune response regulation of natural killer cell proliferation positive regulation of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway regulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway phosphoanandamide dephosphorylation immune system process negative regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathway negative regulation of p38MAPK cascade protein dephosphorylation negative regulation of gene expression negative regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway cellular response to muramyl dipeptide autophagy response to lipopolysaccharide T cell differentiation positive regulation of gene expression positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade positive regulation of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production negative regulation of autophagy negative regulation of JUN kinase activity negative regulation of T cell activation positive regulation of type I interferon production lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway dephosphorylation peptidyl-tyrosine dephosphorylation T cell receptor signaling pathway Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 26191 19260 Ensembl ENSG00000134242 ENSMUSG00000027843 UniProt Q9Y2R2 P29352 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001193431 NM_001308297 NM_012411 NM_015967 NM_008979 RefSeq (protein) NP_001180360 NP_001295226 NP_036543 NP_057051 NP_033005 Location (UCSC) Chr 1: 113.81 – 113.87 Mb Chr 3: 103.77 – 103.82 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) is a cytoplasmatic protein encoded by gene PTPN22 and a member of PEST family of protein tyrosine phosphatases. This protein is also called "PEST-domain Enriched Phosphatase" ("PEP") or "Lymphoid phosphatase" ("LYP"). The name LYP is used strictly for the human protein encoded by PTPN22, but the name PEP is used only for its mouse homolog. However, both proteins have similar biological functions and show 70% identity in amino acid sequence. PTPN22 functions as a negative regulator of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling, which maintains homeostasis of T cell compartment. ^{[5] [6]}

Gene

Gene PTPN22 is located on the p arm of the human chromosome 1. It is nearly 58 000 base pairs long and contains 21 exons. ^[7] In the case of mouse genome, it is located on the q arm of the chromosome 3. It is nearly 55 700 base pairs long and contains 23 exons. ^[8]

Structure

PTPN22 is composed from 807 amino acids, and it weighs 91,705 kDa. On its N terminus it possesses catalytic domain, which shows the highest level of conservation between human and mouse proteins. Other parts of PTPN22 are less conserved. After catalytic domain PTPN22 has approximately 300 amino acids long domain called "Interdomain". On the C terminus of PTPN22 there are 4 proline-rich motifs (P1 - P4), which can mediate interactions with other proteins. P1 motif is the most important among them, because it is crucial for binding of CSK kinase, and allele encoding PTPN22 with mutated P1 motif is associated with increased risk of numerous autoimmune diseases. ^[5]

Function

Regulation of T cell receptor signaling

A T cell receptor activation by a cognate peptide triggers a signaling pathway activating a T cell. The first event of this pathway is activation of the SRC family kinase LCK by a dephosphorylation of its C terminal inhibition tyrosine (Y505) and by a phosphorylation of its activation tyrosine (Y394). ^[9] LCK then phosphorylate tyrosines in the CD3 complex creating a docking site for the SH2 domain of the SYK family kinase ZAP70, which is there phosphorylated too. The Phosphorylated ZAP70 then propagate a signal from a TCR, phosphorylating other proteins and creating a multi-protein complex, which activates downstream signaling pathways. ^[10] PTPN22 possess the ability to dephosphorylate proteins included in proximal events of the TCR signaling and serves as an important negative regulator of a T cell activation. PTPN22 is able to bind the LCK with phosphorylated Y394, the phosphorylated ZAP70 and the phosphorylated ζ chain of CD3 complex. Thus, it binds molecules of a proximal TCR signaling only after their activation. PTPN22 can dephosphorylate those proteins and decrease the activating signal obtained by a T cell. Dephosphorylation of kinases LCK and ZAP70 by a PTPN22 is specific concerning the phosphorylated tyrosine in those proteins – only the Y394 of LCK and the Y493 of ZAP70 are dephosphorylated. ^[11] In the absence of PTPN22, an activated T cell receive a stronger activation signal, which is reflected by a greater influx of Ca²⁺ cations into the cytosol, bigger phosphorylation of an LCK, ZAP70 and ERK and larger expansion of those cells. ^{[5] [6] [12] [13] [14] [15]} The inhibitory effect on a TCR signaling was also verified with the usage of PTPN22 inhibitor on a Jurkat T cell line and on human primary T cells, ^[14] and also with the experiments of PTPN22 overexpression in vitro. ^{[16] [17]} The expression of PTPN22 is upregulated after an activation of T cells and an antigen-experienced T cell have higher expression of PTPN22 than a naive T cell. ^{[17] [18]}

The regulatory function of PTPN22 is particularly important during an activation by low affinity peptides. In the absence of PTPN22, T cell cannot discriminate between strong and weak antigens sufficiently and those T cells become more responsive, which can be detected like increased upregulation of transcription factors and CD69, increased ERK phosphorylation, increased ability to expand in vivo and to produce cytokines. Increased responsiveness can also break the tolerance against low affinity self-antigens and is well visible, when PTPN22-deficient T cells get into a lymphopenic environment. ^{[15] [19]}

Regulation of regulatory T cells

One particular population of T cells, which is influenced by a PTPN22 deficiency is the population of regulatory T cells (Treg cells). PTPN22-deficient mice contain higher amount of Treg cells in lymph nodes and spleens and this difference is more visible with increasing age of mice. There is also a change of the effector Treg cells : central Treg cells ratio in favor of the effector Treg cells. PTPN22 deficiency increases abilities of Treg cells to survive, differentiation of Treg cells from naive T cells, but not the ability to proliferate in vivo, and it also supports transition of central Treg cells to effector Treg cells. ^{[13] [20] [21] [22]} One of the reasons, of the increased survival of PTPN22-deficient Treg cells, is that those cells have upregulated expression of GITR, which increases their expansion in vivo. Treatment of PTPN22-deficient mice with an anti-GITR-L blocking antibody suppresses the expansion of Treg cells. ^[20] PTPN22 deficiency does not impair the suppressive function of Treg cells. Actually there are some articles suggesting that PTPN22-deficient Treg cells possess an enhanced suppressive function or have a bigger ability to obtain an effector phenotype. ^{[13] [19] [21]}

Regulation of adhesiveness and motility

Next to a TCR signaling PTPN22 regulates an adhesiveness and a motility of T cells. PTPN22-deficient T cells have a prolonged interval of contact with an antigen presenting cell, which present a low affinity peptide. With a high affinity peptide the difference is not detectable. Part of the reason of the increased adhesiveness of those T cells is that enhanced TCR signaling results in a higher activation of the RAP1 and a boosted inside-out signaling to activate the adhesive molecule LFA-1. ^[15] In migrating T cells we can see the polarized localization of the PTPN22 at the leading edge of a migrating T cell, where it colocalizes with its substrates LCK and ZAP70. A downregulation of the PTPN22 increases motility, adhesivity and levels of phosphorylated LCK and phosphorylated ZAP70 in those cells. On the contrary, an overexpression of the PTPN22, but not the catalytically inactive PTPN22, increases motility of migrating T cells. An association of the PTPN22, but not its disease associated mutant form, with the LFA-1 results in a decreased LFA-1 clustering and a decreased adhesion. ^[23] The role of the PTPN22 in the regulation of LFA-1-mediated adhesion and motility is also supported by the observation of increased LFA-1 expression in PTPN22^-/- Treg cells. ^[13]

Interaction partners

The C-terminal part of the PTPN22 bare proline-rich motifs providing binding sites for putative interaction partners. One of those interaction partners is the cytoplasmatic tyrosine kinase CSK, which is a negative regulator of SRC family kinases and a TCR signaling as well as the PTPN22. CSK binds two prolin-rich motifs (P1 and P2) in the structure of PTPN22 through its SH3 domain and the P1 motif is more important in this interaction. A deletion of the P1 motif greatly diminish the inhibitory effect of the PTPN22 on a TCR signaling. The Interaction of those enzymes is needed for their optimal function and the inhibition of TCR signaling. ^{[16] [24]} It was also proposed that the interaction of PTPN22 and CSK regulate a localization of the PTPN22 and a dissociation of this complex enables translocation of the PTPN22 to lipid rafts of a plasma membrane, where it can inhibit a TCR signaling. The mutant PTPN22, which is unable to bind CSK, is effectively recruited to a plasma membrane. ^[14]

Another interaction partner of the PTPN22 is TRAF3. This protein bind the PTPN22 and regulate its translocalization to a plasma membrane, in the absence of TRAF3 there is  a bigger amount of the PTPN22 localized at a plasma membrane. ^[25]

Regulation of PTPN22

It was revealed that PTPN22 is regulated by a phosphorylation. PTPN22 is phosphorylated on the serine in the position 751 by the protein PKC (most probably isoform PKCα) after activation of a T cell. This phosphorylation negatively regulates the TCR-suppressing function of the PTPN22. It also suppresses the polyubiquitination of PTPN22, which targets this protein for degradation, and by this mean, it prolongs half-life of the PTPN22. Phosphorylared PTPN22 interacts better with the CSK which hold PTPN22 away from a plasma membrane, where it can dephosphorylate proteins of a TCR signaling pathway. PTPN22 with the mutated serine 751 has shorter half-life, enhanced recruitment to plasma membrane and reduced interaction with CSK. ^[26]

PTPN22-deficient mice

Young PTPN22-deficient mice do not display any abnormality in peripheral lymphoid organs, but older PTPN22-deficient mice (older than 6 months) develop a splenomegaly and a lymphadenopathy. In these older mice we can see an increased number of the T cells with phenotype of the effector/memory T cells (CD44 ^hi, CD62L ^lo), which have higher expression of the PTPN22 than naive T cells in Wild Type mice. The expansion of those T cells is supported by the PTPN22 deficiency. A compartment of Treg cell is also influenced by the PTPN22 deficiency in vivo. ^[12] Same as with the effector/memory T cells, PTPN22-deficient mice contain a bigger amount of Treg cells in lymph nodes and spleens and this difference is more visible with increasing age of mice. There is also a change of the effector Treg cells : central Treg cells ratio in favor of the effector Treg cells. ^{[13] [20] [21] [22]} Influence of the PTPN22 deficiency on Treg cells number is consistent with the higher expression of PTPN22 in Treg cells than in naive T cells. ^[17] Another abnormality of PTPN22-deficient mice is a spontaneous formation of large germinal centers in spleens and peyer's patches. This formation of germinal centers is dependent on the costimulation molecule CD40L and it is another consequence of the T cell dysregulation. PTPN22-deficient mice have increased levels of antibodies. However, there is no increase in levels of autoantibodies. Despite those effects of the PTPN22 deficiency on a T cell compartment and an antibody production, PTPN22-deficient mice do not show signs of any autoimmune disease. ^{[12] [13]}

Disease associated variant of PTPN22

In 2004, Bottini et al. discovered the single-nucleotide polymorphism in the PTPN22 gene at nucleotide 1858. In this variant of the gene, normally occurring cytosine is substituted by thymine (C1858T). This cytosine encodes the codon for an amino acid arginine in the position 620 of the linear protein structure, but the mutation to thymine cause change of an arginine to a tryptophan (R620W). The amino acid 620 is placed in the P1 motif, which is involved in the association with CSK and the mutation to tryptophan diminish the ability of the PTPN22 to bind CSK. The article reporting the existence of this variant also discovered that it is more frequent in Diabetes mellitus type 1 patients. ^[27] The association of C1858T allele with type 1 diabetes was then confirmed by other studies. ^{[28] [29] [30]} In addition, C1858T allele of PTPN22 is associated with other autoimmune diseases including Rheumatoid arthritis, ^[31] systemic lupus erythematosus, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, ^[32] anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis, Graves’ disease, myasthenia gravis, Addison's disease. The contribution of the C1858T PTPN22 allele to those diseases was confirmed by more robust meta-analysis. On the other hand, this allele is not linked to autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis, Ulcerative colitis, pephigus vulgaris and others. ^{[33] [34] [6]} The exact way how the function of the PTPN22 is influenced by this mutation is still unknown. Throughout past years there were appearing evidences supporting that C1858T mutation is a loss-of-function mutation, but also evidences supporting that it is a gain-of-function mutation. ^{[6] [5]}

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000134242 – Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000027843 – Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
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6. Tizaoui K, Terrazzino S, Cargnin S, Lee KH, Gauckler P, Li H, et al. (June 2021). "The role of PTPN22 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases: A comprehensive review". Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 51 (3): 513–522. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2021.03.004. PMID   33866147. S2CID   233300534.
7. "Chromosome 1: 113,813,811-113,871,759 - Region in detail - Homo sapiens - Ensembl genome browser 89". may2017.archive.ensembl.org. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
8. "Gene: Ptpn22 (ENSMUSG00000027843) - Summary - Mus musculus - Ensembl genome browser 89". may2017.archive.ensembl.org. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
9. Palacios EH, Weiss A (October 2004). "Function of the Src-family kinases, Lck and Fyn, in T-cell development and activation". Oncogene. 23 (48): 7990–8000. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1208074. PMID   15489916. S2CID   20109652.
10. Courtney AH, Lo WL, Weiss A (February 2018). "TCR Signaling: Mechanisms of Initiation and Propagation". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 43 (2): 108–123. doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2017.11.008. PMC   5801066 . PMID   29269020.
11. Wu J, Katrekar A, Honigberg LA, Smith AM, Conn MT, Tang J, et al. (April 2006). "Identification of substrates of human protein-tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281 (16): 11002–11010. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M600498200 . PMID   16461343.
12. Hasegawa K, Martin F, Huang G, Tumas D, Diehl L, Chan AC (January 2004). "PEST domain-enriched tyrosine phosphatase (PEP) regulation of effector/memory T cells". Science. 303 (5658): 685–689. Bibcode:2004Sci...303..685H. doi:10.1126/science.1092138. PMID   14752163. S2CID   35540578.
13. Brownlie RJ, Miosge LA, Vassilakos D, Svensson LM, Cope A, Zamoyska R (November 2012). "Lack of the phosphatase PTPN22 increases adhesion of murine regulatory T cells to improve their immunosuppressive function". Science Signaling. 5 (252): ra87. doi:10.1126/scisignal.2003365. PMC   5836999 . PMID   23193160.
14. Vang T, Liu WH, Delacroix L, Wu S, Vasile S, Dahl R, et al. (March 2012). "LYP inhibits T-cell activation when dissociated from CSK". Nature Chemical Biology. 8 (5): 437–446. doi:10.1038/nchembio.916. PMC   3329573 . PMID   22426112.
15. Salmond RJ, Brownlie RJ, Morrison VL, Zamoyska R (September 2014). "The tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 discriminates weak self peptides from strong agonist TCR signals". Nature Immunology. 15 (9): 875–883. doi:10.1038/ni.2958. PMC   4148831 . PMID   25108421.
16. Cloutier JF, Veillette A (January 1999). "Cooperative inhibition of T-cell antigen receptor signaling by a complex between a kinase and a phosphatase". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 189 (1): 111–121. doi:10.1084/jem.189.1.111. PMC   1887684 . PMID   9874568.
17. Perry DJ, Peters LD, Lakshmi PS, Zhang L, Han Z, Wasserfall CH, et al. (August 2021). "Overexpression of the PTPN22 Autoimmune Risk Variant LYP-620W Fails to Restrain Human CD4⁺ T Cell Activation". Journal of Immunology. 207 (3): 849–859. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2000708. PMC   8323970 . PMID   34301848.
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19. Knipper JA, Wright D, Cope AP, Malissen B, Zamoyska R (2020-01-28). "PTPN22 Acts in a Cell Intrinsic Manner to Restrict the Proliferation and Differentiation of T Cells Following Antibody Lymphodepletion". Frontiers in Immunology. 11: 52. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00052 . PMC   6997546 . PMID   32047502.
20. Nowakowska DJ, Kissler S (March 2016). "Ptpn22 Modifies Regulatory T Cell Homeostasis via GITR Upregulation". Journal of Immunology. 196 (5): 2145–2152. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1501877. PMC   4761465 . PMID   26810223.
21. Maine CJ, Hamilton-Williams EE, Cheung J, Stanford SM, Bottini N, Wicker LS, Sherman LA (June 2012). "PTPN22 alters the development of regulatory T cells in the thymus". Journal of Immunology. 188 (11): 5267–5275. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1200150. PMC   3358490 . PMID   22539785.
22. Zheng P, Kissler S (March 2013). "PTPN22 silencing in the NOD model indicates the type 1 diabetes-associated allele is not a loss-of-function variant". Diabetes. 62 (3): 896–904. doi:10.2337/db12-0929. PMC   3581188 . PMID   23193190.
23. Burn GL, Cornish GH, Potrzebowska K, Samuelsson M, Griffié J, Minoughan S, et al. (October 2016). "Superresolution imaging of the cytoplasmic phosphatase PTPN22 links integrin-mediated T cell adhesion with autoimmunity" (PDF). Science Signaling. 9 (448): ra99. doi:10.1126/scisignal.aaf2195. PMID   27703032. S2CID   3901060.
24. Cloutier JF, Veillette A (September 1996). "Association of inhibitory tyrosine protein kinase p50csk with protein tyrosine phosphatase PEP in T cells and other hemopoietic cells". The EMBO Journal. 15 (18): 4909–4918. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00871.x. PMC   452228 . PMID   8890164.
25. Wallis AM, Wallace EC, Hostager BS, Yi Z, Houtman JC, Bishop GA (May 2017). "TRAF3 enhances TCR signaling by regulating the inhibitors Csk and PTPN22". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 2081. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.2081W. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-02280-4. PMC   5437045 . PMID   28522807.
26. Yang S, Svensson MN, Harder NH, Hsieh WC, Santelli E, Kiosses WB, et al. (March 2020). "PTPN22 phosphorylation acts as a molecular rheostat for the inhibition of TCR signaling". Science Signaling. 13 (623): eaaw8130. doi:10.1126/scisignal.aaw8130. PMC   7263369 . PMID   32184287.
27. Bottini N, Musumeci L, Alonso A, Rahmouni S, Nika K, Rostamkhani M, et al. (April 2004). "A functional variant of lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase is associated with type I diabetes". Nature Genetics. 36 (4): 337–338. doi: 10.1038/ng1323 . PMID   15004560. S2CID   40233008.
28. Santiago JL, Martínez A, de la Calle H, Fernández-Arquero M, Figueredo MA, de la Concha EG, Urcelay E (August 2007). "Susceptibility to type 1 diabetes conferred by the PTPN22 C1858T polymorphism in the Spanish population". BMC Medical Genetics. 8 (1): 54. doi: 10.1186/1471-2350-8-54 . PMC   1976418 . PMID   17697317.
29. Zheng W, She JX (March 2005). "Genetic association between a lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN22) and type 1 diabetes". Diabetes. 54 (3): 906–908. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.54.3.906 . PMID   15734872.
30. Chagastelles PC, Romitti M, Trein MR, Bandinelli E, Tschiedel B, Nardi NB (August 2010). "Association between the 1858T allele of the protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 22 and type 1 diabetes in a Brazilian population". Tissue Antigens. 76 (2): 144–148. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.2010.01480.x. PMID   20331840.
31. Begovich AB, Carlton VE, Honigberg LA, Schrodi SJ, Chokkalingam AP, Alexander HC, et al. (August 2004). "A missense single-nucleotide polymorphism in a gene encoding a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN22) is associated with rheumatoid arthritis". American Journal of Human Genetics. 75 (2): 330–337. doi:10.1086/422827. PMC   1216068 . PMID   15208781.
32. Hinks A, Barton A, John S, Bruce I, Hawkins C, Griffiths CE, et al. (June 2005). "Association between the PTPN22 gene and rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis in a UK population: further support that PTPN22 is an autoimmunity gene". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 52 (6): 1694–1699. doi:10.1002/art.21049. PMID   15934099.
33. Zheng J, Ibrahim S, Petersen F, Yu X (December 2012). "Meta-analysis reveals an association of PTPN22 C1858T with autoimmune diseases, which depends on the localization of the affected tissue". Genes and Immunity. 13 (8): 641–652. doi: 10.1038/gene.2012.46 . PMID   23076337. S2CID   21331219.
34. Tizaoui K, Kim SH, Jeong GH, Kronbichler A, Lee KS, Lee KH, Shin JI (March 2019). "Association of PTPN22 1858C/T Polymorphism with Autoimmune Diseases: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Approach". Journal of Clinical Medicine. 8 (3): 347. doi: 10.3390/jcm8030347 . PMC   6462981 . PMID   30871019.

Further reading

• Gregersen PK (April 2005). "Pathways to gene identification in rheumatoid arthritis: PTPN22 and beyond". Immunological Reviews. 204: 74–86. doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00243.x. PMID   15790351. S2CID   30275010.
• Brand O, Gough S, Heward J (October 2005). "HLA, CTLA-4 and PTPN22 : the shared genetic master-key to autoimmunity?". Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine. 7 (23): 1–15. doi:10.1017/S1462399405009981. PMID   16229750. S2CID   841442.
• Bottini N, Vang T, Cucca F, Mustelin T (August 2006). "Role of PTPN22 in type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune diseases". Seminars in Immunology. 18 (4): 207–213. doi:10.1016/j.smim.2006.03.008. PMID   16697661.
• Gjörloff-Wingren A, Saxena M, Han S, Wang X, Alonso A, Renedo M, et al. (August 2000). "Subcellular localization of intracellular protein tyrosine phosphatases in T cells". European Journal of Immunology. 30 (8): 2412–2421. doi:10.1002/1521-4141(2000)30:8<2412::AID-IMMU2412>3.0.CO;2-J. PMID   10940933. S2CID   8132613.
• Hill RJ, Zozulya S, Lu YL, Ward K, Gishizky M, Jallal B (March 2002). "The lymphoid protein tyrosine phosphatase Lyp interacts with the adaptor molecule Grb2 and functions as a negative regulator of T-cell activation". Experimental Hematology. 30 (3): 237–244. doi: 10.1016/S0301-472X(01)00794-9 . PMID   11882361.
• Chien W, Tidow N, Williamson EA, Shih LY, Krug U, Kettenbach A, et al. (July 2003). "Characterization of a myeloid tyrosine phosphatase, Lyp, and its role in the Bcr-Abl signal transduction pathway". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (30): 27413–27420. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M304575200 . PMID   12764153.
• Bottini N, Musumeci L, Alonso A, Rahmouni S, Nika K, Rostamkhani M, et al. (April 2004). "A functional variant of lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase is associated with type I diabetes". Nature Genetics. 36 (4): 337–338. doi: 10.1038/ng1323 . PMID   15004560.
• Begovich AB, Carlton VE, Honigberg LA, Schrodi SJ, Chokkalingam AP, Alexander HC, et al. (August 2004). "A missense single-nucleotide polymorphism in a gene encoding a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN22) is associated with rheumatoid arthritis". American Journal of Human Genetics. 75 (2): 330–337. doi:10.1086/422827. PMC   1216068 . PMID   15208781.
• Kyogoku C, Langefeld CD, Ortmann WA, Lee A, Selby S, Carlton VE, et al. (September 2004). "Genetic association of the R620W polymorphism of protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 with human SLE". American Journal of Human Genetics. 75 (3): 504–507. doi:10.1086/423790. PMC   1182029 . PMID   15273934.
• Smyth D, Cooper JD, Collins JE, Heward JM, Franklyn JA, Howson JM, et al. (November 2004). "Replication of an association between the lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase locus (LYP/PTPN22) with type 1 diabetes, and evidence for its role as a general autoimmunity locus". Diabetes. 53 (11): 3020–3023. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.53.11.3020 . PMID   15504986.
• Ladner MB, Bottini N, Valdes AM, Noble JA (January 2005). "Association of the single nucleotide polymorphism C1858T of the PTPN22 gene with type 1 diabetes". Human Immunology. 66 (1): 60–64. doi:10.1016/j.humimm.2004.09.016. PMID   15620463.
• Orozco G, Sánchez E, González-Gay MA, López-Nevot MA, Torres B, Cáliz R, et al. (January 2005). "Association of a functional single-nucleotide polymorphism of PTPN22, encoding lymphoid protein phosphatase, with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 52 (1): 219–224. doi: 10.1002/art.20771 . PMID   15641066.
• Steer S, Lad B, Grumley JA, Kingsley GH, Fisher SA (January 2005). "Association of R602W in a protein tyrosine phosphatase gene with a high risk of rheumatoid arthritis in a British population: evidence for an early onset/disease severity effect". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 52 (1): 358–360. doi: 10.1002/art.20737 . PMID   15641088.
• Zheng W, She JX (March 2005). "Genetic association between a lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN22) and type 1 diabetes". Diabetes. 54 (3): 906–908. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.54.3.906 . PMID   15734872.
• Zhernakova A, Eerligh P, Wijmenga C, Barrera P, Roep BO, Koeleman BP (September 2005). "Differential association of the PTPN22 coding variant with autoimmune diseases in a Dutch population". Genes and Immunity. 6 (6): 459–461. doi: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364220 . PMID   15875058.

External links

Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt : Q9Y2R2 (Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 22) at the PDBe-KB .