Salimgarh Fort

Last updated

Salimgarh Fort
Part of Delhi
New Delhi, India
Entry to salimgarh Fort.JPG
Entrance Gate to Salimgarh Fort
Bahadur Shah Gate linking Red Fort with Salimgarh FortJPG.jpg
View of Bahadur Shah Gate at head of Arched bridge linking Salimgarh Fort and Red Fort
India location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Salimgarh Fort
Coordinates 28°39′40″N77°14′24″E / 28.661°N 77.240°E / 28.661; 77.240
Type Fort and Prison
Site information
Owner Government of India
Controlled by  Sur Empire (1546–1555)
  Mughal Empire (1555–1857)
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom Flag of India.svg  India (1947–)
Open to
the public		Yes
Condition UNESCO World Heritage Site in Red Fort Complex
Site history
Built1546 AD
Built by Islam Shah Suri of the Sur dynasty
MaterialsStones and Bricks
Battles/wars Suri dynasty siege of Delhi & British War against Indian Rebellion of 1857
Garrison information
OccupantsMuseum as Swatantrata Senani Smarak

Salimgarh Fort (Salim's Fort) was built in 1546 AD, in Delhi, in a former island of the Yamuna River, by Salim Shah Suri, son of Sher Shah Suri. There was a pause in Mughal rule when in 1540 AD Sher Shah Suri defeated the Mughal emperor Humayun (and ousted him from Delhi) and established the Sur Empire rule in Delhi. Sur dynasty rule lasted till 1555 AD when Humayun regained his kingdom by defeating Sikander Suri, the last ruler of the dynasty. During the Mughal period, in later years, while building the Red Fort and Shahjahanbad, several Mughal rulers reigned, including Emperor Shahjahan, who is credited with completing Shahjahanabad in 1639 AD had camped at the fort. It is said that Humayun had camped at the fort for three days before launching his successful attack for recapturing Delhi. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]

Contents

Aurangzeb, the Mughal emperor, converted the fort into a prison, which practice was perpetuated by the British who took control of the fort in 1857. The fort is part of the Red Fort Complex. The complex was declared as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007, which obligates the Archaeological Survey of India (ASl) to ensure well-planned conservation measures for the heritage monuments. [1] [7]

History

The location chosen for building the fortification was in the Delhi plains (with an elevation range of 80–110 feet (24–34 m), hemmed by the Yamuna River on one side and the northern spur of the Aravalli range of hills on the other side. This topography of the land area with the rock exposures at the fort's location, with a favourable link with the northeast trending ridge and the main mosque (Jama Masjid), was visualised as an ideal setting that provided the needed protection against erosion by the Yamuna River. It was also obvious that a stream on one side and a mountain ridge on the other side of any fortification would be a formidable barrier for invaders to penetrate into Delhi, as such a setting would only force the invaders to follow the river course. Keeping these advantages in view the Salimgarh Fort was built in 1546. [2] [3] [8]

However, Humayun after he won back the Empire had renamed Salimghar Fort as "Nurghar" since the first ruler of the Sur dynasty, Sher Shah Suri (father of Salim Shah Suri who had built the fort) had earlier usurped his Kingdom in 1540 AD. He had, therefore, decreed that nobody would use its original name in his court. [9]

View of Yamuna River from the Salimgarh Fort with railway bridge in the background Yamuna River with railway bridge in the background.JPG
View of Yamuna River from the Salimgarh Fort with railway bridge in the background

During the British rule, the Indian Rebellion of 1857, which was eventually put down in 1858, led to the last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar II was taken prisoner at Humayun tomb. This fort was then the scene of a lot of war activity. During the rebellion, Emperor Bahadur Shah II's "complicity with the mutinous soldiers was obvious", as seen from the British viewpoint. He operated from this fort. During August and early September 1857, he held meetings at the fort on war strategy. He also watched, from the ramparts of the fort, artillery fire aimed at the British Indian Army. He even played a psychological game with his army officers who had come in a delegation seeking salary, when he told them that he would forego some of his crown jewels for the purpose and that he would give up his life for the cause; the officers refused his offer trusting that the Emperor was stating all this in right earnest. Following this, even proclamations were issued declaring that the Emperor would lead the attack against the British and urging all his people, irrespective of caste or creed, to join him in fighting the war. But, in the middle of September 1857, British soldiers were closing in on the fort. At this stage, his trusted assistant Bhakt Khan urged the Emperor to leave the fort and accompany him to a safer place and look for a day when he could "renew war in the open country". But the Emperor refused, permitted his army to vacate the fort but he himself moved to the Humayun tomb. The fourth infantry of the British army entered the Salimgarh Fort where they encountered a single entry only. Similar experience was encountered by the Punjab Fourth infantry regiment when, earlier, they had entered the palace from the Lahore gate of the Red Fort. [10]

After the rebellion was put down, the fort was, for a time, used by the British as an army camp (with artillery units) but was subsequently, from 1945, used as a penitentiary to hold prisoners from the Indian National Army (INA). [3] [8] [11]

Structure

View of Salimgarh Fort with the arch bridge linking it to the Red Fort The Arch Bridge that links Red Fort with Salimgarh Fort.JPG
View of Salimgarh Fort with the arch bridge linking it to the Red Fort

The fort has a triangular plan, and its thick walls are built in rubble masonry. It has circular bastions. From the time it was built, the fort structure has undergone several stages of repairs over the centuries. An arch bridge links it with the Red Fort on the northeastern side, which was constructed during Bahadur Shah Zafar's reign, and hence the gate is named as Bahadur Shah Gate. The gate is built of brick masonry with selective use of red sandstone. During British rule, a railway line was constructed, after demolishing an old bridge, which divided the Salimgarh Fort and chipped part of the Red Fort, and which was then considered an uncaring action. This railway line has truncated the fort. [4] [5] [7]

As a prison

During Aurangzeb's reign, the fort was first converted into a prison. Aurangzeb had imprisoned his brother Murad Baksh (whom he had caught unawares while sleeping after a drinking binge at Mutra) who had acted as his confidant and supporter during his fight with his elder brother Dara Shikoh, at this fort for reasons of "apostasy for abandoning the fundamental tenets of Islam". He was later shifted to Gwalior where he was executed. It is also said that Auranagzeb, apart from imprisoning Murad Baksh, had the dubious credit of incarcerating his favourite eldest daughter Zebunnisa in the Salimgarh Fort for 21 years till her death. It was stated that she was imprisoned for being a poetess and a musician (both anathema to Aurangzeb's austere, more orthodox and fundamental way of life and thinking) and for being sympathetic to her brother Muhammad Akbar who was persona non–grata with the Emperor. [3] [12] [13] [14] The British had kept Bahadur Shah incarcerated at this fort, after he was taken prisoner at Humayun tomb and later shifted to Rangoon, Burma. The fort has been compared to the Tower of London in England where state prisoners were either tormented to death or faded away in the prison.

Before India got Independence from the British Rule, prisoners from the Indian National Army (INA) were also imprisoned in this fort from 1945 until India's independence in August 1947. Hence, Salimghar Fort is now renamed as Swatantrata Senani Smarak in memory of the prisoners who died in this fort prison. [11] [15]

Ghosts are said to haunt the fort area and several stories are narrated in this regard. One of them relates to Zebunnisa wearing a black veil singing poems composed by her, on moonlit nights. It is also mentioned that the moans and groans of the soldiers of INA who were tortured and who died here are heard in the vicinity. [16] Thus, this fort established a strong link between the Mughal rule and the British rule. [17]

Fort conservation measures

An impressive view from the main road of Salimgarh Fort with circular bastions View from outside of Salimgarh Fort.JPG
An impressive view from the main road of Salimgarh Fort with circular bastions

The fort which had been continuously occupied by the Army, from the time of first independence movement in 1857 till 2005, was initially under the British army control with artillery units headquartered there and also as a prison, and subsequently it was under the control of the Indian Army after India's Independence on 15 August 1947. Several other government agencies, including ASI, were also involved with the upkeep of the monuments. This became an issue when ASI had approached UNESCO in 1992 to include this monument for inscription on World Heritage List. Hence, at that time ASI withdrew the application for listing by UNESCO. The multi control of the fort was causing problems to the ASI in taking adequate conservation measures to protect and preserve this monument, along with the Red Fort and other monuments within the fort complex. ASI had petitioned the Courts through an affidavit stating: "It is impossible to maintain these portions of the fort unless and until they are completely vacated and handed over to the ASI for proper assessment of the damage already caused". ASI had also stated that the Ministry of Tourism of the Government of India would approach the UNESCO to accord world heritage status to the monument once it was transferred to their complete jurisdiction and after completing the needed restoration works. The Army transferred the fort to ASI's possession in December 2003 and thereafter, in 2006, the ASI submitted its proposal for World Heritage listing by UNESCO. Finally, the World Heritage Committee accepted Government of India's request and accorded approval for inscription of the Red Fort Complex, Delhi in the World Heritage List, in its meeting held from 23 to 27 June 2007 at Christchurch, New Zealand. The Press release issued by the ASI, after UNESCO listing was approved, states: [1] [18]

"The core zone of about hectare includes the Red Fort and Salimgarh Fort while the buffer zone measuring over 40 hectares includes the immediate surroundings of the Red Fort and Salimgarh Fort. The Red Fort Complex, Delhi is classified as a cultural property with an outstanding universal significance. The inscription of the Red Fort on the World Heritage List is very significant for Delhi since the Red Fort Complex would be the third World Heritage Site in the city, an honour that no other single location in the country can boast of."

Further to the above listing, ASI at the directive of the Supreme Court of India, prepared a draft report presenting a "Comprehensive Conservation Management Plan (CCMP)” based on a detailed study of the site's importance. The plan has taken due cognizance of the role and duties of management of the fort by various departments and agencies that operated from within the fort. The plan also envisages restoration of the old bridge that links Red Fort to Salimgarh since it provides historical link between the Mughal Rule and the British Rule. [1] [17]

Till the time the CCMP is approved and items of work are prioritised, ASI has undertaken several restoration actions in the Red Fort at a cost of Rs 27.5 million (US$0.55 million) and at Salimgarh Fort at a cost of Rs 8 million (US$160,000) to be completed before the 2010 Commonwealth Games. [6]

Museum

Salimgrah Fort named as Swatantra Senani Smarak Plaque at entrance to Salimgarh Fort.JPG
Salimgrah Fort named as Swatantra Senani Smarak

The Swatantra Sangram Museum, which opened to the public on 2 October 1995, is located in the precincts of the Red Fort Complex within the Salimgarh Fort as it was the prison where the INA prisoners were incarcerated by the British from 1945 till Independence of India from British rule on 15 August 1947. Many of the prisoners had died within the jail premises. The place was chosen as the site for the museum on the basis of initial identification provided by Colonel Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon of the location where the British had held trial of the Indian National Army prisoners for treason in 1945. Since then he retracted (after the present museum was completed) his selection of the site and indicated a new building adjoining the existing museum as the site where the trial was held. In 2007 (the 60th Year of India's Independence), ASI decided to shift the museum to the new location but

"with more documents for the new galleries, apart from providing better lighting, panelling, and displays for existing structures."

On this occasion, a section on Mahatma Gandhi was also proposed to be added to the museum with full–size depictions of the Jallianwala Bagh firing and the Salt Satyagraha. At the Prime Minister's intervention the premises of the fort and the museum have been opened to the public. To encourage tourists to visit this place, ASI has also introduced guides at the Red Fort gate to give directions to this Fort, which till recently was hardly known to the public vis-à-vis the famous Red Fort. Also, the long walk from the Red Fort gate to this place discouraged people from visiting the fort and the museum. [19]

Access

Salimgarh Fort (on the left) and Red Fort separated by the Yamuna River spill Channel (since closed and converted into a road) and linked by an arched bridge, as viewed from Metcalfe's townhouse, View of 1843 Reminiscences of Imperial Delhi View of the Delhi palace from Metcalfe House.png
Salimgarh Fort (on the left) and Red Fort separated by the Yamuna River spill Channel (since closed and converted into a road) and linked by an arched bridge, as viewed from Metcalfe's townhouse, View of 1843

. [20] In the initial years, the fort was accessed through boats only but a bridge linking the Red Fort with Salimgarh Fort was said to have been built by Jahangir, father of Shahajahan; a conflicting information also attributes its construction by Farid Khan who held the fort in Jagir. [3] This bridge was later replaced by a railway bridge at the same location. At present, an arched over bridge connects it from the Red Fort end. From this location, the fort provides a commanding view of the Red Fort, the river and the surroundings. But it is a noisy area with continuous flow of heavy traffic from the several artery roads that surround it and also from the traffic flow from the trans–Yamuna over the existing steel bridge on the main river close by. [8]

The East India Railway was brought to Delhi through the Salimgarh Fort. The line used to pass over Salimgarh and a portion of the fort. It was later extended to the Rajputana Railway. [11]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Humayun</span> Mughal emperor during 1530–1540 and 1555–1556

Nasir al-Din Muhammad, commonly known by his regnal name Humayun, was the second Mughal emperor, who ruled over territory in what is now Eastern Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Northern India, and Pakistan from 1530 to 1540 and again from 1555 to his death in 1556. At the time of his death, the Mughal Empire spanned almost one million square kilometers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dara Shikoh</span> Mughal prince, author

Dara Shikoh, also transliterated as Dara Shukoh, was the eldest son and heir-apparent of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. Dara was designated with the title Padshahzada-i-Buzurg Martaba and was favoured as a successor by his father and his elder sister, Princess Jahanara Begum. He had been given the title of 'Shah-e-Buland Iqbal' by Shah Jahan. In the war of succession which ensued after Shah Jahan's illness in 1657, Dara was defeated by his younger brother Prince Muhiuddin. He was executed in 1659 on Aurangzeb's orders in a bitter struggle for the imperial throne.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mandu, Madhya Pradesh</span> Town in Madhya Pradesh, India

Mandu or Mandavgad is an ancient city in the present-day Mandav area of the Dhar district. It is located in the Malwa and Nimar region of western Madhya Pradesh, India, at 35 km from Dhar city. In the 11th century, Mandu was the sub division of the Tarangagadh or Taranga kingdom. This fortress town on a rocky outcrop about 100 km (62 mi) from Indore is celebrated for its architecture.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agra Fort</span> Historic site in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India

The Agra Fort is a historical fort in the city of Agra, also known as Agra's Red Fort. Mughal emperor Humayun was crowned at this fort in 1530. It was later renovated by the Mughal emperor Akbar from 1565 and the present-day structure was completed in 1573. It served as the main residence of the rulers of the Mughal dynasty until 1638, when the capital was shifted from Agra to Delhi. It was also known as the "Lal-Qila" or "Qila-i-Akbari". Before being captured by the British, the last Indian rulers to have occupied it were the Marathas. In 1983, the Agra fort was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site because of its importance during Mughal rule. It is about 2.5 kilometers (1.6 mi) northwest of its more famous sister monument, the Taj Mahal. The fort can be more accurately described as a walled city. It was later renovated by Shah Jahan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Humayun's Tomb</span> Tomb in Delhi, India

Humayun's tomb is the tomb of Mughal emperor, Mirza Nasir al-Din Muhammad commonly known as Humayun situated in Delhi, India. The tomb was commissioned by Humayun's first wife and chief consort, Empress Bega Begum under her patronage in 1558, and designed by Mirak Mirza Ghiyas and his son, Sayyid Muhammad, Persian architects chosen by her. It was the first garden-tomb on the Indian subcontinent, and is located in Nizamuddin East, Delhi, close to the Dina-panah Citadel, also known as Purana Qila, that Humayun found in 1538. It was also the first structure to use red sandstone at such a scale. The tomb was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1993, and since then has undergone extensive restoration work, which is complete. Besides the main tomb enclosure of Humayun, several smaller monuments dot the pathway leading up to it, from the main entrance in the West, including one that even pre-dates the main tomb itself, by twenty years; it is the tomb complex of Isa Khan Niazi, an Afghan noble in Sher Shah Suri's court of the Suri dynasty, who fought against the Mughals, constructed in 1547 CE.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mughal architecture</span> 16th–18th-century Indo-Islamic architecture

Mughal architecture is the type of Indo-Islamic architecture developed by the Mughals in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries throughout the ever-changing extent of their empire in the Indian subcontinent. It developed from the architectural styles of earlier Muslim dynasties in India and from Iranian and Central Asian architectural traditions, particularly Timurid architecture. It also further incorporated and syncretized influences from wider Indian architecture, especially during the reign of Akbar. Mughal buildings have a uniform pattern of structure and character, including large bulbous domes, slender minarets at the corners, massive halls, large vaulted gateways, and delicate ornamentation; examples of the style can be found in modern-day Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red Fort</span> Historical fort in Delhi, India

The Red Fort, also known as Lal Qila is a historic Mughal fort in Delhi, India, that served as the primary residence of the Mughal emperors. Emperor Shah Jahan commissioned the construction of the Red Fort on May 12, 1639, following his decision to relocate the Mughal capital from Agra to Delhi. Originally adorned in red and white, the fort's design is attributed to Ustad Ahmad Lahori, the architect behind the Taj Mahal. The Red Fort represents the pinnacle of Mughal architecture during Shah Jahan's reign, blending Persian palace influences with indigenous Indian architectural traditions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Purana Qila</span> Historic fort in Delhi, India

Purana Qila is one of the oldest forts in Delhi, India. It was built by the second Mughal Emperor Humayun and Surid Sultan Sher Shah Suri. The fort forms the inner citadel of the city of Dinpanah. It is located near the expansive Pragati Maidan exhibition ground and is separated from Dhyanchand Stadium by Mathura Road, Delhi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sur Empire</span> Empire in Northern India between 1538/1540 and 1556

The Sur Empire was an empire ruled by the Afghan-origin Sur dynasty in northern India for nearly 16 or 18 years, between 1538/1540 and 1556, with Sasaram serving as its capital. It was founded by Sher Shah Suri.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Qila Rai Pithora</span> Historic site in Delhi, India

Lal Kot or Qila Rai Pithora is a fortified complex in present-day Delhi, which includes the Qutb Minar complex. It was constructed in the reign of Rajput Tomar ruler Anangpal Tomar between c. 1052 - c.1060 CE. It is termed as the "First city of Delhi". Remains of the fort walls are scattered across South Delhi, visible in present Saket, Mehrauli around Qutb complex, Sanjay Van, Kishangarh and Vasant Kunj areas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zeb-un-Nissa</span> Shahzadi of the Mughal Empire (1638-1702)

Zeb-un-Nissa was a Mughal princess and the eldest child of Emperor Aurangzeb and his chief consort, Dilras Banu Begum. She was also a poet, who wrote under the pseudonym of "Makhfi".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Delhi</span>

Delhi has been an important political centre of India as the capital of several empires. The recorded history of Delhi begins with the 8th century Tomar Rajput dynasty. It is considered to be a city built, destroyed and rebuilt several times, as outsiders who successfully invaded the Indian subcontinent would ransack the existing capital city in Delhi, and those who came to conquer and stay would be so impressed by the city's strategic location as to make it their capital and rebuild it in their own way.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malwa Sultanate</span> Late medieval kingdom in northern India (1401–1562)

The Malwa Sultanate was a late medieval kingdom in the Malwa region, covering the present day Indian states of Madhya Pradesh and south-eastern Rajasthan from 1401 to 1562. It was founded by Dilawar Khan, who following Timur's invasion and the disintegration of the Delhi Sultanate, in 1401, made Malwa an independent realm.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Munger Fort</span> Fort in Munger, Bihar, India

The Munger Fort, located at Munger, in the state of Bihar, India, is built on a rocky hillock on the south bank of the Ganges River. Its history is not completely dated but it is believed that it was built during the early rule of Slave dynasty of India. The Munger town where the fort is situated was under the control of Muhammad bin Tughluq of Delhi. The fort has two prominent hills called the Karnachaura or Karanchaura, and the other a built up rectangular mound deduced to be the location of a citadel of the fort with historical links. The fort had a succession of Muslim rulers (Khaljis, Tughlaqs, Lodis, Nawabs of Bengal, followed by Mughal rulers, till it was finally acceded to the British by Mir Quasim, after unseating his father-in-law Mīr Jafar on the grounds of old age, for a monetary reward negotiated by Vansittart. This deal involved payment by the East India Company's merchants of an ad valorem duty of 9 percent, against an Indian merchant's duty of 40%. The fort became a place of considerable importance to the British in Bengal till 1947.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Siri Fort</span> Fort in New Delhi

Siri Fort, in the city of New Delhi, was built during the rule of Alauddin Khalji, second ruler of Khalji Dynasty, of Delhi Sultanate to defend the city from the onslaught of the Mongols. It was the second of the seven cities of medieval Delhi built around 1303, which at present is seen only in ruins with a few remnants due to its poor quality construction as compared to previous fort constructions in India (pictured).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gates of Delhi</span> Historical monuments in Delhi

The Gates of Delhi were city gates at various medieval townships around Delhi, built under dynastic rulers in the period that could be dated from the 8th century to the 20th century. They are the gates in:

<i>Persian Inscriptions on Indian Monuments</i> Book by Hekmat E Shirazi

Persian Inscriptions on Indian Monuments is a book written in Persian by Dr Ali Asghar Hekmat E Shirazi and published in 1956 and 1958 and 2013. New edition contains the Persian texts of more than 200 epigraphical inscriptions found on historical monuments in India, many of which are currently listed as national heritage sites or registered as UNESCO world heritage, published in Persian; an English edition is also being printed.

The following is a timeline of the history of Delhi, including New Delhi. Changes in ruling nation are in bold, with a flag to represent the country where available.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Press Release on Inscription of the Red Fort in the World Heritage List −2007" (PDF). Archaeological Survey of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
  2. 1 2 Fanshawe. H.C (1998). Delhi, Past and Present. Asian Educational Services. pp. 1 to 3. ISBN   978-81-206-1318-8 . Retrieved 28 May 2009.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Shiri Ram Bakshi; et al. (1995). Delhi Through Ages. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. p. 213. ISBN   978-81-7488-138-0.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  4. 1 2 Y.D.Sharma (2001). Delhi and its Neighbourhood. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India. pp. 148–149. Archived from the original on 31 August 2005. Retrieved 31 May 2009.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  5. 1 2 Lucy Peck (2005). Delhi – A thousand years of Building. New Delhi: Roli Books Pvt Ltd. pp. 135, 181, & 241. ISBN   81-7436-354-8 . Retrieved 31 May 2009.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  6. 1 2 "Commonwealth Games-2010, Conservation, Restoration and Upgradation of Public Amenities at Protected Monuments" (PDF). Red Fort & Salimgarh Fort. Archaeological Survey of India, Delhi Circle. 2006. pp. 37–38 & 40. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2009.
  7. 1 2 Patrick Horton; Richard Plunkett; Hugh Finlay (2002). Delhi. Lonely Planet. p. 93. ISBN   978-1-86450-297-8 . Retrieved 28 May 2009.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  8. 1 2 3 Mohan (1992). The world of walled cities: conservation, environmental pollution, urban renewal and developmental prospects. Mittal Publications. p. 23. ISBN   978-81-7099-462-6 . Retrieved 28 May 2009.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ Alfred Frederick; Pollock Harcourt (1866). The New Guide to Delhi. PaperbackshopUS. p.  79. ISBN   0-559-47419-9 . Retrieved 5 June 2009. Travelogue by Finch 1611 Gates of Delhi.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ Gordon Sanderson; Maulvi Shuaib (2000). Delhi Fort. Asia Publication Services. pp. 80, 81 & 82. ISBN   81-206-1532-8 . Retrieved 28 May 2009.
  11. 1 2 3 Ronald Villiam Smith (2005). The Delhi that no-one knows. Orient Blackswan. p. 101. ISBN   978-81-8028-020-7 . Retrieved 1 June 2009.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ Annie Krieger Krynick; Enjum Hamid. Captive Princess; Zebunissa, Daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb . Retrieved 31 May 2009. The book revolves around Princess Zebunissa (1638–1702) who is defined as the symbol of female power of the Mughal dynasty and portrays their stature in the court life in the seventeenth century...For her the name signified a life dramatically suppressed, cut off from the world. Her mysterious and unexpected imprisonment is also described in this book: Zebunissa's fate changed drastically when she was sent to prison by her father Aurangzeb, where she died leaving a landmark near the Red Fort of Delhi.
  13. ↑ Dr. Akbar Ahmed. "The Trial of Dara Shikoh:A Play in Three Acts" (PDF). The Buxton Readings. p. 53. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 February 2012.
  14. ↑ "Memories of Ferghana". 22 May 2005. Retrieved 31 May 2009. MUSIC and dance? But wasn't that unIslamic in a country celebrating an Islamic revival, I'd thought back then, as I twirled at an Uzbek soiree at Kokand in the Ferghana Valley. My hostess had snatched up a daf (dafli in India) and was dancing slowly to a sad Persian song by Zebunissa 'Makhfi', an Uzbek-Tajik favourite. She was a princess of Delhi via Ferghana; Aurangzeb's daughter, whom he jailed for 20 years in Salimgarh, next to the Red Fort, because of her Sufi sympathies. Aurangzeb had killed music in his realm. Zebunissa's voice sang in her ancestral homeland, though lost to Delhi.
  15. ↑ Renuka Nath (1990). Notable Mughal and Hindu women in the 16th and 17th centuries A.D. Inter-India Publications. p. 161. ISBN   978-81-210-0241-7. She spent most of her time in her library, when she was imprisoned in the fort of Salimgarh. No doubt at that time her books were her only companion to console her.
  16. ↑ "मुस्लिम विरासत : स्वतंत्रता सेनानी स्मारक ..सलीम गढ़ किला" [Muslim Heritage: Freedom Fighter Memorial. Salim Garh Fort]. sd24th.com. 29 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  17. 1 2 Maneesh pandey (25 June 2006). "Red Fort to reveal its secrets". The Times of India . Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2009.
  18. ↑ "Centre to secure world heritage status for Red Fort". Milligazette Muslim Newspaper of India. Retrieved 30 May 2009.
  19. ↑ Neha Sinha (2 October 2007). "India at 60: Red Fort war museum to get gallery on Mahatma". Express India. Archived from the original on 25 September 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2009.
  20. ↑ Verma, Amrit (1985). Forts of India. New Delhi: The Director of Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 9. ISBN   81-230-1002-8.

Commons-logo.svg Media related to Salimgarh Fort at Wikimedia Commons

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.