The territorial dispute between Cambodia and Thailand escalated into a direct armed confrontation on 24 July 2025 along the Cambodia–Thailand border. Both countries subsequently agreed to an unconditional ceasefire on 28 July 2025. However, fighting broke out again in December, with Thailand seizing several towns near the border.
The situation intensified on 23 July, when a Thai soldier was seriously injured after stepping on a PMN-2 anti-personnel landmine in Nam Yuen district of Ubon Ratchathani province. The incident triggered hostilities, and the following day, direct armed clashes erupted across several sectors of the frontier. Both nations claimed to have acting in self-defence and accused the opposite side of initiating hostilities. More than 200,000 civilians were displaced across northeastern Thailand and northern Cambodia. The Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF) deployed General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon fighter jets to conduct airstrikes against Cambodian military installations along the border, marking the first time RTAF had entered combat since the Thailand–Laos border war.
The international community—particularly the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the United Nations (UN)—was urged to intervene in mediating the conflict. Although tensions gradually subsided under external diplomatic pressure, the July 2025 airstrikes and ground engagements were among the most intense episodes in the Cambodia–Thailand border dispute since the Temple of Preah Vihear case, leaving a lasting impact on the stability and security of mainland Southeast Asia.
On 7 December 2025, Cambodia and Thailand engaged in a 30-minute border skirmish. The following day, Thailand carried out ground and F-16 air operations at multiple border locations in Cambodia. On 10 December, the Royal Thai Army (RTA) launched Operation Sattawat and seized a number of localities in northern Cambodia. United States president Donald Trump urged Cambodia and Thailand to honour his brokered ceasefire agreement amid the renewed border clashes.
The border dispute between Cambodia and Thailand originates from ambiguities in the boundary demarcations established under the 1904 and 1907 agreements, which sought to define the frontier between the Kingdom of Siam (modern Thailand) and the French Third Republic in French Indochina, which included Cambodia. These treaty maps and survey documents produced by French colonial authorities were often imprecise, leading to overlapping claims over several highland areas and strategic passes.
Following Cambodia's independence from France in 1953, the sovereignty of the Preah Vihear temple complex became a focal point of the dispute. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued a ruling in 1962 awarding the temple itself to Cambodia, citing historical maps and French survey documentation.[43] However, the court did not clearly delineate the surrounding territory, leaving the adjacent highlands, cliffs, and approaches to the temple in a state of legal and military uncertainty.[44]
The dispute remained largely dormant until the late 20th century, when both Thai and Khmer sentiments intensified the sensitivity over border sovereignty. From 2008 to 2011, renewed military clashes erupted, including artillery exchanges, patrol skirmishes, and limited incursions, resulting in multiple fatalities and injuries on both sides. These clashes underscored the enduring volatility of the area and the challenge of reconciling historical treaties with contemporary nationalist claims.
Despite repeated skirmishes, the ICJ reaffirmed its 1962 ruling, confirming Cambodian sovereignty over the temple complex. Nevertheless, ambiguities in territorial limits and the absence of a mutually agreed border demarcation continued to fuel tension, making the region a recurring flashpoint for military and diplomatic crises between the two nations. Analysts emphasize that these disputes are intertwined with domestic politics, historical memory, and the strategic value of the highlands overlooking the Khao Phra Wihan National Park and surrounding areas.[45][46][47]
Prelude
On 13 February 2025, Thai soldiers prevented Cambodian tourists from singing the Cambodian national anthem at the disputed Prasat Ta Muen Thom temple.[48][49] On 28 May, Cambodian and Thai soldiers briefly exchanged fire between each other, resulting in the death of one Cambodian soldier. Attempts to de-escalate failed, with continued tensions leading to border checkpoint closures. Discussions between the Cambodian and Thai militaries were held on 29 May. Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Manet responded to the 28 May incident by seeking a ruling from the ICJ, saying that he did not want to see a conflict with Thailand.[45] Thai defense minister Phumtham Wechayachai said that neither side wanted to escalate the conflict and that it had been resolved.[50]
Emerald Triangle skirmish
On 28 May, Cambodian and Thai soldiers engaged in a brief 10-minute skirmish, resulting in the death of one Cambodian soldier, Second Lieutenant Suon Roun.[26] The skirmish occurred in the Emerald Triangle along the border of Cambodia's Preah Vihear province and Thailand's Ubon Ratchathani province.[51] Both countries claimed each other was the aggressor. Mao Phalla, spokesperson for the Cambodian army, claimed that Thai soldiers were the first to open fire on Cambodian soldiers in a trench that had been in use for a while. Meanwhile, Winthai Suvaree, spokesperson for the Thai army, claimed that Thai soldiers had attempted to persuade the Cambodian soldiers to withdraw before the Cambodians opened fire.[51][52]
Attempts to de-escalate and continued tensions
Following the clash in the Emerald Triangle, Manet responded by announcing the initiation of proceedings to submit the matter to the ICJ, while affirming he did not wish for conflict with Thailand.[45] On the Thai side, Phumtham stated that neither side wished for the situation to escalate further and confirmed that the incident had already been resolved. On 29 May, a meeting was held between General Phana Khlaeoplotthuk, Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Thai Army (RTA), and General Mao Sophan, Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Cambodian Army, to coordinate efforts to reduce tensions and prevent future incidents.[50]
Bilateral talks to de-escalate were held on 5 June, but failed to culminate to anything concrete. Phumtham claimed that Cambodia had rejected Thailand's proposals and that, on 7 June, Thailand would reinforce its military presence on the border. Separately on the same date, the Thai army claimed that Cambodian civilians were making frequent incursions into Thai territory and that "these provocations, and the buildup of military forces, indicate a clear intent to use force."[53] On 17 June, Cambodia announced that they have banned the imports of fruits and soap operas from Thailand.[54]
On 15 June 2025, Thai Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra contacted Khleang Huot, Deputy Governor of Phnom Penh, to request his assistance as an interpreter and intermediary for an informal conversation with Cambodian Senate president Hun Sen.[55] The discussion was conducted without formal protocol or official record by either government, intended merely as an exchange of personal views between senior leaders of the two countries. However, Paetongtarn was unaware that Hun Sen's mobile phone had recorded the entire conversation. On 18 June 2025, Hun Sen unexpectedly released the audio clip to the public and distributed it among 80 officials without prior notice to the Thai side, causing significant political reverberations and backlash both within Thailand and in the regional arena.[citation needed]
The release of the audio clip had immediate economic repercussions, particularly in Thailand's financial markets. The Stock Exchange of Thailand index fell significantly for three consecutive trading days following the public disclosure, with a cumulative decline of –4.17%. This reflected eroding investor confidence, both domestic and international, in the stability of the Thai government and the broader outlook for internal power struggles.[56] Tensions escalated further on the evening of 18 June 2025, when the Bhumjaithai Party, a key coalition partner, formally announced its withdrawal from the government at 20:30. This deprived Paetongtarn cabinet of its parliamentary majority, plunging the cabinet into a crisis of legitimacy and intensifying doubts about political stability among citizens and investors alike.[citation needed]
From the perspective of scholars and experts in international relations, the leaked conversation was seen as a pivotal moment exposing the fragile and complex power structure of the Thai government. Thai academic Pavin Chachavalpongpun commented via online platforms that Paetongtarn's conduct in speaking to Hun Sen without due caution amounted to an act of "submission" to a foreign leader. He argued that this not only reflected inexperience in leadership but also conveyed negative signals regarding Thailand's sovereignty. At the same time, Thai society widely questioned the appropriateness of the long-standing ties between the Shinawatra family and the Hun family, which have been suspected of shaping Thailand's diplomatic posture toward Cambodia.[57]
The most politically sensitive content of the leaked audio was Paetongtarn's remarks about the Royal Thai Armed Forces, which were interpreted as labeling it the "opposition" to her government. She acknowledged to Hun Sen that her government faced problems with the army, reportedly stating: "They are all on the opposing side." Analysts interpreted this as a reference to key figures within the military, particularly Lieutenant General Boonsin Padklang, commander of the 2nd Army Area.[58] Although Paetongtarn later issued a formal apology to Boonsin and stressed that the comments had been made outside of official duties, with no intention to undermine any institution, public criticism persisted. The incident continued to raise doubts about Paetongtarn's judgment, as well as the propriety of cultivating personal ties with foreign leaders in ways that could jeopardize Thailand's long-term national interests.[citation needed]
Border crossing closures
Thailand's first border closure order (left) and Cambodia's order (right)
Trat province became subject to new border management measures after the Ministry of Defence delegated authority over border areas to the Royal Thai Army (RTA), following a meeting of the National Security Council (NSC) on 7 June 2025. The proposal was put forward by Prime Minister Paetongtarn.[59] Under this framework, the army issued orders to local units to enforce stricter border controls, including regulating opening and closing times of crossings along the Cambodian frontier. Although no crossings were closed immediately, the delegation of authority allowed regional commanders to make decisions as deemed necessary by the situation.[citation needed]
On the evening of 21 June 2025, Boonsin exercised this discretion under NSC and army authority by approving the indefinite closure of the Chong Sai Taku temporary border crossing in Ban Kruat district, Buriram province. The decision was justified on grounds of national security, public safety, and operational appropriateness for personnel stationed at the border.[60] This move marked the first stringent enforcement measure since the delegation of authority from central government, and represented a turning point in localized policy responses between Thailand and Cambodia.[citation needed]
On 23 June 2025, at 15:20, Prime Minister Paetongtarn gave a press briefing following a meeting on measures to combat transnational crime, joined by General Songwit Noonpakdee, Chief of Defence Forces, Police General Thatchai Pitaneelabutr, Inspector-General of the Royal Thai Police, and other relevant agencies. The focus was on international cooperation, with Cambodia singled out as a hub of transnational crime affecting the wider region according to United Nations reports, and as a direct threat to Thai national security. Measures were elevated across all relevant sectors, including stricter controls at border crossings in all seven Cambodian-border provinces and enhanced scrutiny of flights into Siem Reap–Angkor International Airport.[62] This measure affected Emirates, which had only recently inaugurated a new route from Suvarnabhumi Airport on 3 June.[63]
The Thai government also ordered scrutiny of financial networks linked to cross-border crime, along with measures to suppress scams and provide economic relief to affected sectors, including industry, services, and agriculture.[64]
Subsequently, Thailand closed all border crossings along the Thai–Cambodian frontier under the mechanisms and authority granted to the army by the NSC. Beginning at 19:10, the 1st Army Area issued an order covering all crossings in Sa Kaeo province, suspending vehicle and passenger movement across the border, with exceptions for humanitarian purposes (education, emergency medical care). The 2nd Army Area then issued its own order, extending similar measures to crossings in Surin, Sisaket, and Buriram provinces, also allowing limited trade in agricultural products and essential goods. Finally, the Chanthaburi and Trat Border Protection Command issued its own directive covering crossings in Chanthaburi and Trat, likewise prohibiting all movement except for humanitarian purposes and essential trade, consistent with the Second Army Area's order.[65]
All three orders cited reasons consistent with Thailand's elevated campaign against transnational crime, including human trafficking, call center syndicates, and hybrid scams, while emphasizing the protection of Thai citizens' lives and property, and the defence of national sovereignty and territorial integrity.[17]
Landmine incident
Three RTA soldiers suffered injuries[66] during a patrol in the Emerald Triangle area when they accidentally stepped on a landmine. It was initially speculated that the mine was left over from the Cold War,[67] however later evidence suggested that they were newer Russian PMN-2 mines.[68] One of the injured lost one of his legs.[69] Thailand said it was planning to take this matter to the United Nations, as Cambodia is a signatory to the Ottawa Treaty.[70]
Heng Ratana, representative of the Cambodian Mine Action Center, claimed in a Facebook post that "In this case of new Landmines recently laid in Thailand there are a number of Social Media in Thailand have shown their armed forces did it..." and to instead take the matter to the ICJ.[71] The RTA accused Cambodia of spreading misinformation, and that footage provided by Cambodian sources were of Thai soldiers defusing mines.[72]
Following demining operations by the RTA, at least two additional PMN-2 mines were discovered near the original site of the explosion. The mines were described to be in "New and Ready to deploy conditions". Additionally, the RTA has condemned this as a "Clear Violation of Thailand's sovereignty" and called on other nations to condemn Cambodia.[73]
On 23 July 2025, another Thai patrol group consisting of five soldiers were injured by a Cambodian mine, including one severely, losing his right leg. The incident occurred at Nam Yuen district, Ubon Ratchathani province. As a response, the RTA announced a message that it severely condemned the "inhumane act which is a violation of Human rights and International Agreements" and that is was an "Act which is a threat to peace and stability in the border region."[74]
The RTA has subsequently announced it would close four border checkpoints and two temples (Prasat Ta Muen Thom and Prasat Ta Krabey) indefinitely[75] and has put its forces in the area at combat readiness.
Later on 23 July 2025, Thailand downgraded diplomatic ties with Cambodia. Thailand recalled its ambassador from Phnom Penh and expelled Cambodia's envoy from Bangkok.[76]
July clashes
Both parties have attributed responsibility for initiating hostilities on 24 July 2025 to one another.[77] According to Thailand, at least 16 soldiers and 14 civilians were killed,[41] while 14 soldiers and 32 civilians were injured.[78] An additional 149,264 civilians were evacuated.[41] According to Cambodia's Ministry of National Defence, 5 soldiers and 8 civilians were killed, and 21 soldiers along with over 50 civilians were injured.[79] As of 27 July, the Cambodian defense ministry reported that 134,707 individuals had been displaced across four border provinces, many relocated under emergency conditions.[32]
In the early morning of 24 July 2025, Thai forces reported the presence of Cambodian unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) near the Thai-administered Prasat Ta Muen Thom temple. Thai military sources claimed that six armed Cambodian soldiers were approaching the barbed wire in front of the Thai base, prompting Cambodian troops to allegedly open fire approximately 200 meters east of the temple.[80]
Cambodia accused Thai forces of launching an armed assault on Cambodian positions and restricting public access to Ta Muen Thom Temple, with a spokesperson stating that Cambodian troops acted strictly within self-defense against an unprovoked incursion.[81]
By mid-morning, Thai authorities reported that Cambodia fired a BM-21 multiple rocket launcher toward Prasat Don Tuan near a residential area.[82] Cambodian forces allegedly attempted to advance near Ta Kwai Temple, prompting Thai artillery counter-fire.[20]
By 10:58 a.m., six Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF) F-16 fighter jets bombed Cambodian positions in Chong An Ma, reportedly destroying command posts of Cambodia's 8th and 9th Infantry Divisions.[13][20] Thai citizens in Cambodia were advised to evacuate, and the Thai-Cambodian border was closed.[83][84]
Civilian areas were heavily affected, including a gas station in Sisaket province struck by BM-21 rockets, killing at least eight, including an 8-year-old child.[85] The Phnom Dongrak hospital was damaged, resulting in multiple injuries and evacuation of patients.[86]
In the afternoon, Thai forces claimed to have destroyed two Cambodian tanks at Khao Sattasom and launched Operation Yuttha Bodin, a coordinated land and air offensive commanded by General Phana Khlaeoplotthuk.[7][8] Cambodian Senate president Hun Sen defended military actions, claiming to participate in command decisions via video link. Around 5,000 civilians were evacuated from Oddar Meanchey province, with at least four Cambodian civilians wounded.[87]
Cambodian forces reportedly occupied Prasat Ta Krabey, Emerald Triangle area, and Prasat Ta Muen Thom after engagements with Thai troops.[88]
25 July
Clashes continued on 25 July in Preah Vihear and Ta Krabey areas. Heavy artillery fire was reported in border areas of Oddar Meanchey and Preah Vihear, with both sides accusing each other of initiating hostilities.[89]
Thai acting Prime Minister Phumtham Wechayachai warned the conflict could escalate into full-scale war.[90] Thailand rejected offers of third-party mediation from the United States, China, and Malaysia, opting for bilateral talks.[91]
Both sides reportedly used heavy artillery and cluster munitions, with Thai forces claiming to have struck seven locations in Cambodia.[92] Martial law was declared in Thailand in eight districts along the Cambodian border.[93]
26 July
On 26 July 2025, the Royal Thai Navy (RTN) reported that Cambodian troops had launched a new offensive in the area of Ban Chamrak, Trat province, attacking three points along the border.[94][95][96] Clashes were reported in Chanthaburi and Trat provinces beginning at 5:10 a.m. Early Thai artillery strikes on Ekphap Village, Thmar Da Commune, and Veal Veng District in Cambodia reportedly injured three civilians. Cambodia condemned the attacks as unprovoked assaults on civilians.[97][98][99][100]
In response, the RTN launched Operation Trat Phikhat Phairi 1, claiming to have repelled Cambodian advances by 5:40 a.m.[94][95][96] On the same day, ten artillery shells reportedly landed in Lao territory during clashes, causing damage. The Royal Thai Army (RTA) initially blamed Cambodia but later stated it was unclear which side fired the shells. Cambodia denied responsibility, accusing Thailand of spreading misinformation.[101][102]
Thai forces reportedly recaptured Phu Makeua, and Major General Duong Samneang, commander of Cambodia's 7th Division, was killed by artillery fire in the Chong Ta Thao–Phu Makhuea area.[103][104][3][105]
Unidentified aerial vehicles were reported in Khlong Yai, prompting authorities to urge public vigilance.[106] At 8:20 a.m., the RTN deployed a task force of four vessels, including fast attack and patrol gunboats, near Ko Kut district and Ban Hat Lek.[107] The Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF) conducted airstrikes with two F-16s and two Gripens on Cambodian strategic locations near Prasat Ta Krabey in Surin province.[108]
Thailand claimed to have captured areas in Ta Phraya District and Khok Sung District while intensifying attacks across multiple border locations. Cambodia implemented defensive measures in response.[109][110][111]
27 July
On 27 July 2025, Cambodia accused the Royal Thai Army (RTA) of continuing shelling Cambodian territory, targeting civilian and religious infrastructure, despite phone calls between Phumtham and Manet, as well as U.S. president Donald Trump the previous night.[112][113] Cambodian sources reported ongoing Thai shelling and bombings in Samraong, Oddar Meanchey province, and other civilian locations.[114] Thai media released images showing Cambodian artillery damage to a clinic in Sisaket province.[115]
At 4:30 a.m., Thailand reported that Cambodian troops fired at Thai forces at Prasat Ta Krabey.[116][117] At 6:40 a.m., Cambodian forces launched heavy assaults on Thai positions in Phanom Dong Rak district, Surin province.[118] Reports indicated that Cambodia fired BM-21 Grad rockets into Prasat Ta Muen Thom.[119] Thai forces claimed to have recaptured Chong Ahn Ma early in the morning.[120]
On the same day, Thailand returned the remains of 12 Cambodian soldiers as a gesture of battlefield respect.[122][123]
In the afternoon, the RTA claimed to have destroyed a Cambodian PHL-03 rocket artillery system. Two squadrons of RTAF F-16s bombed strategic locations in Prasat Ta Muen Thom and Prasat Ta Krabey, further intensifying the conflict along the disputed border.[124][125]
On 28 July 2025, as Cambodia and Thailand prepared to meet for ceasefire talks in Malaysia, Cambodian sources reported that the Thai military had intensified its offensive in the early morning hours across at least eight sectors along the border. Cambodia also accused Thailand of conducting a disinformation campaign aimed at distorting the realities of the conflict and misleading the international community.[130] Thai media reported that clashes began around 3 a.m. in Surin province.[131] Later that morning, Surin province was officially declared a disaster area.[132]
Cambodia falsely alleged that Thailand had used chemical weapons during a morning assault as Thailand strongly denied the accusation, describing it as groundless and part of a wider pattern of disinformation, propaganda.[133][134] The accompanying claim that Thai forces had dropped poison gas was circulated with an image of a water bomber releasing pink fire retardant, which fact-checkers later traced to a Reuters photograph of a wildfire in California from January 2025.[135][136][137] Hours before the ceasefire was set to begin, Thai sources reported heavy fighting along the frontline, particularly near Ta Krabey temple and Chong Ahn Ma.[138] Thai sources further claimed that the Bodyguard Headquarters (BHQ), the personal protective security unit of Hun Sen, became involved in combat at Ta Krabey.[139]
29–30 July
On 29 July 2025, the Royal Thai Army (RTA) reported that Cambodia had violated the ceasefire agreement.[140] Later that day, the RTA released images and videos showing captured Cambodian prisoners of war (POWs), reporting a total of 18 captured. The footage depicted the POWs being provided with food and water, with the RTA emphasizing that it "continues to uphold human rights principles, international humanitarian law, and the obligations of Thailand under the Geneva Conventions regarding the proper treatment of enemy soldiers and the deceased."[141] In the evening, Thai sources reiterated that Cambodia had violated the ceasefire, claiming that Cambodian forces launched another assault near the Chong Ahn Ma and Phu Makuea areas.[142]
On 30 July 2025, a Cambodian military commander addressed 13 foreign military attachés and diplomats, accusing Thai forces of abducting 20 Cambodian soldiers during the handshake process following the ceasefire. According to the statement, one soldier escaped while two were suspected to have been killed.[143][30] Cambodia also denied allegations that it had violated the ceasefire, asserting its commitment to a "peaceful resolution" and transparency, and facilitated a visit to the An Seh border area on 30 July for foreign diplomats and military attachés.[144]
On the same day, the Royal Thai Navy reported sporadic Cambodian small-arms fire targeting Thai positions, particularly near Preah Vihear and Phu Makhuea. Cambodian forces were also reported to have used grenade launchers against Thai positions at Pha Mor E Dang.[145]
Later, footage emerged showing Cambodian troops occupying Prasat Ta Krabey. In response, the RTA revised earlier claims, stating that Thai forces had not captured the temple itself but controlled a nearby strategic area, hill 350. The RTA cited the presence of Cambodian minefields as hindering their operations and explained that previous announcements regarding the temple’s capture resulted from communication errors.[146] The same footage also showed Cambodian soldiers in possession of PMN-2 mines, which constitute a violation of the Ottawa Treaty.[147]
1–5 August
On 1 August 2025, Thailand released two captured Cambodian soldiers, prompting the Cambodian government to demand the full release of all its soldiers held by Thai forces.[148] Reports indicated that one of the released soldiers had suffered a broken arm, while the other displayed signs of psychological trauma, reportedly post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Thai sources stated that the soldiers were sent back after medical experts determined that their condition would worsen if they did not receive care from their families.[149] Both soldiers were reported to have shown no signs of injury prior to entering battle.[150] The Royal Thai Army (RTA) stated that the release procedures complied with the Third Geneva Convention. However, the POWs were reportedly required to swear an oath that they would "never fight against Thailand again."[151]
On 2 August 2025, the Royal Thai Army (RTA) imposed a temporary nationwide ban on the operation of drones following reports of alleged attempts to use drones to spy on military positions. Army personnel were authorized to employ anti-drone systems to enforce the restriction.[152] On 3 August 2025, Cambodia's Ministry of National Defence issued a statement warning of a possible military offensive by Thai forces along the border, following reports that the Thai military had instructed the remaining civilians in Surin province’s border area to evacuate by nightfall.[153] The Royal Thai Army (RTA) later denied that it was planning an imminent strike on Cambodia, stating that it would continue to honor the ceasefire while remaining vigilant.[154]
Later that night, a drone crashed in Surin province. Initial reports suggested that Cambodia had flown drones into Thai territory, causing panic among local residents. The RTA subsequently clarified that the drone was actually a Thai CW-15 model.[155] On 4 August 2025, unverified Thai sources reported that the bodies of Cambodian soldiers along the border had not been properly recovered, raising concerns about potential health hazards and foul odors. Thai authorities condemned Cambodia, alleging that it "ignored and disrespected their deceased soldiers."[156] At the same time, Cambodia's Ministry of National Defence stated that at 11 a.m., Thai soldiers, accompanied by heavy machinery, had entered the An Ses area, located within Cambodian territory, and erected barbed wire despite strong objections from the Cambodian military. The ministry demanded that the Royal Thai Army immediately cease its actions and fully respect Cambodian sovereignty and territorial integrity.[157]
On 5 August 2025, the Royal Thai Army (RTA) invited representatives from the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) to visit the 18 Cambodian prisoners of war (POWs) held in Thai custody, in accordance with standard ICRC procedures. The RTA stated that the visit "reflects Thailand's respect for and commitment to strict adherence to international humanitarian principles" and emphasizes "transparency in operations and the care of prisoners of war with human dignity." The RTA added that the Cambodian POWs were being held in good condition, received appropriate care, and that ICRC representatives were allowed to meet and speak freely with the POWs without restrictions.[158]
6–27 August
On 6 August 2025, Acting Prime Minister Phumtham stated to Thai media that he intended to pursue legal action to seek war reparations from Cambodia, though not through the International Criminal Court (ICC).[159] In response, Cambodia expressed that the announcement was "acknowledged with disappointment" and reaffirmed its position that Thailand was responsible for the escalation of hostilities, asserting that Cambodian actions had been in self-defense.[160] On 9 August 2025, at approximately 10:00 a.m., three Thai soldiers were injured when a landmine detonated during a patrol in the contested border zone while installing barbed wire in Kantharalak District, Sisaket Province.[161]
On 10 August 2025, during a press conference at Fort Suranari, Boonsin stated that Cambodian casualties in the conflict were approximately 3,000. He also claimed that Cambodia was using drones to "deliberately find coordinates of hospitals and they have weapons that can reach them." Boonsin added that Thai forces were stationed 30 meters from Ta Krabey and asserted, "The temple is ours, and we must take it back."[162] On the same day, a Royal Thai Navy (RTN) soldier died after a weapon misfired during routine checks while he was deployed in the border area of Surin Province.[163]
On 11 August 2025, Cambodia's Ministry of National Defence condemned remarks made by Boonsin regarding his plan to seize Ta Krabey Temple and the closure of Ta Moan Thom Temple, which lie within Cambodian territory. The ministry described the statements as a clear violation of the ceasefire agreement and evidence of a deliberate attempt to instigate conflict and premeditated military action against Cambodia.[164] The ministry’s spokesperson called on the international community involved in monitoring the ceasefire to urge Thailand to respect the agreement, emphasizing that border disputes should be resolved through technical mechanisms and international law rather than armed force.[165] On 12 August 2025, Thai sources reported that civilians who had been evacuated from border areas on the Thai side began returning to their homes following a period with no reported fighting. Authorities also urged residents to report any unexploded ordnance for proper disposal. On the same day, a Thai soldier patrolling the Ta Moan Thom area was injured by a landmine.[166]
On 13 August 2025, Cambodia's Ministry of National Defence confirmed that Thai paramilitary forces and border police had erected barbed wire and placed tires in Banteay Meanchey Province, actions which were viewed as violations of the ceasefire agreement.[167][168] On 19 August 2025, the Royal Thai Army (RTA) recovered a mobile phone at Phu Makhuea, allegedly belonging to a Cambodian soldier, which reportedly contained images of Cambodian soldiers planting PMN-2 landmines.[169]
In response to Cambodian allegations that Thailand had used chemical weapons, particularly a claim by the Cambodian Mine Action Centre’s director-general Heng Ratan that a shell containing white phosphorus had been discovered, the RTA acknowledged the use of white phosphorus munitions. The army stated that these claims were distorted and misleading, emphasizing that white phosphorus is not classified as a chemical weapon under the Chemical Weapons Convention and that its use strictly follows regulations, targeting only military positions.[170][171]
On 20 August 2025, Phumtham rejected a proposal from Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim to deploy additional international observers to monitor the ceasefire, stating that border disputes are a matter to be resolved strictly between Thailand and Cambodia.[172] On 21 August 2025, Cambodia's Ministry of National Defence reaffirmed the country’s commitment to preventing the dissemination, sharing, or production of false information, in accordance with the 13-point agreement reached at the GBC meeting. The ministry also called on Thailand to fully implement all ceasefire agreements, including the release of the 18 Cambodian soldiers captured eight hours after the ceasefire took effect.[173]
On 23 August 2025, a Royal Thai Army (RTA) soldier died under unknown circumstances while deployed near Prasat Ta Moan Thom along the border region.[174] On 25 August 2025, an attempt by the RTA to install razor wire in Chok Chey village, Banteay Meanchey Province, Cambodia, was reportedly blocked by local residents and authorities.[175][176] The RTA stated that the incident resulted from a misunderstanding by Cambodian authorities, asserting that the barbed wire was deployed temporarily as a safety measure and was subsequently redeployed.[177] During the incident, the RTA also deployed a long-range acoustic device (LRAD) crowd-control device.[178]
On 27 August 2025, three Thai soldiers were injured by a landmine during a patrol near Prasat Ta Krabey, with one soldier losing his right foot. The injured personnel were subsequently transported to Phanom Dong Rak Hospital for treatment. This incident marked the sixth occasion during the border dispute in which a landmine caused injuries to Thai soldiers.[179] On the same day, during a briefing with UN secretary-generalAntónio Guterres, Cambodia stated that it had not deployed any new landmines. Cambodian representatives emphasized their commitment to the ceasefire agreement and pledged utmost restraint in response to perceived provocations by the Royal Thai Army (RTA), including the installation of barbed wire cutting off Cambodian villages, forced evictions of civilians from long-inhabited homes, and destruction of property.[180][181]
29 August—7 September
On 29 August 2025, the Royal Thai Army (RTA) declared martial law in Ban Nong Chan, Sa Kaeo province, following several incidents involving Thai and Cambodian civilian protesters. The RTA also imposed restrictions on weapons possession, filming of military activities, and the unauthorized use of loudspeakers.[182] On the same day, the Constitutional Court of Thailand formally removed Paetongtarn from office as prime minister, finding that she had violated ethical standards in a phone call with Hun Sen.[183] On 2 September 2025, Cambodia's Ministry of Defence spokesperson Maly Socheata confirmed that Major General Srey Duk was alive, following widespread rumors of his death.[184][185]
On 4 September 2025, another attempt by the Royal Thai Army (RTA) to evict Cambodian residents in Banteay Meanchey Province from long-inhabited homes sparked a confrontation between Thai troops and local villagers.[186] Cambodian military personnel were present to protect the villagers, while the provincial governor urged Thai authorities to refrain from escalating tensions and to resolve border disputes through the GBC and JBC mechanisms, as stipulated in the 2000 Memorandum of Understanding and subsequent ceasefire agreements. Officials also expressed concern over the RTA’s attempts to expand conflict zones and unilaterally alter the border.[187][188]
On 7 September 2025, Manet sent a congratulatory letter to Anutin Charnvirakul following his election as Prime Minister of Thailand. In the letter, Manet expressed his anticipation of working with Anutin to restore relations between Thailand and Cambodia to normalcy and wished him success in office.[189]
17–27 September
On 17 September 2025, the Royal Thai Army (RTA) reported that approximately 200 Cambodian civilian protesters approached Thai-installed barbed wire along the border between Ban Nong Ya Kaew in Sa Kaeo Province, Thailand, and Ou Beichoan commune, Ou Chrov District, Banteay Meanchey Province, Cambodia, and began removing it. The RTA claimed that some protesters were armed with wooden sticks and slingshots. After negotiations, the RTA stated that it deployed riot police and other crowd-control measures, including tear gas and rubber bullets, to prevent the situation from escalating. Some Thai soldiers reportedly sustained injuries from projectiles. The RTA accused Cambodian soldiers present in the area of failing to control the protesters.[190]
In response, the Cambodian government condemned the alleged cross-border incursion by Thai forces into Prey Chan Village, Ou Beichoan commune. Cambodian officials stated that Thai forces, including border patrol and paratroopers, entered Cambodian territory with batons, shields, vehicles, tear gas, and other equipment, allegedly to suppress demonstrations and seize farmland. Cambodian authorities reported that at least 24–30 civilians, including Buddhist monks, were injured. Cambodian security forces did not retaliate, and emergency services treated the wounded. The Malaysian-led Interim Observer Team visited the site to observe and verify the border situation.[191][192]
The Cambodian government described the actions of Thai forces as violations of the ceasefire, Cambodian sovereignty, and international law, emphasizing that local residents had protested peacefully to defend farmland. Cambodia reaffirmed its commitment under Prime Minister Hun Manet to resolve disputes peacefully and urged Thailand to respect ceasefire agreements and avoid actions that could escalate tensions.[193] The RTA responded by asserting that the area was within Thai territory and that its use of crowd-control measures was lawful. Thai authorities claimed that Cambodian actions violated the ceasefire by “inciting its people to enter Thai territory.”[194]
On 27 September 2025, gunfire was reported in the Chong Ahn Ma area along the Cambodia–Thailand border. Thai sources claimed that Cambodian forces fired on Thai positions. Conversely, Cambodia's Ministry of National Defence alleged that Thai troops fired mortars and rifles across the border at Cambodian positions in the An Ses area at approximately 11:52 a.m. The ministry condemned the attack as a violation of the ceasefire agreement and urged Thailand to respect its commitments, while reaffirming Cambodia’s pledge to resolve disputes peacefully. The clashes reportedly lasted around 30 minutes, with no Thai casualties reported.[195][196][197]
10–14 October
On 10 October 2025, reports emerged of Thai military movements near Prey Chan village, prompting the Cambodian government to condemn the alleged violation of the ceasefire agreement, as well as provisions from the GBC and RBC meetings, the 2000 MOU, and international human rights and humanitarian law.[198][199][200] Later that night, from approximately 22:44 until 03:53 on 11 October, Thai forces reportedly used extremely loud speakers emitting unsettling sounds, including ghost-like howls and aircraft noises, directed at residents of Prey Chan and Chouk Chey villages.[201]
On the same day, Thailand initiated mine-clearance operations at Ban Nong Chan and Ban Nong Ya Kaew, in accordance with the agreement made between Cambodia and Thailand during the GBC meeting on 10 September. Thai authorities stated that 135 Cambodian households were illegally situated on Thai territory and were ordered to evacuate by 10 October. Approximately 100 Cambodian protesters gathered to oppose Thailand’s claimed landmine clearance and villagers eviction operations.[202][203]
Between 10 and 14 October, the RTA uncovered nine landmines of various types, including PMN-2, POMZ-2, and MN-79 mines. Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) units successfully neutralized all discovered mines.[204]
Diplomatic and mediation efforts
On 2 June 2025, Manet announced that the Cambodian government would file a complaint to the International Court of Justice (ICJ), expressing hope that Thailand would agree to submit the border dispute to the ICJ in order to prevent any armed confrontations.[53] Thailand, however, proposed seeking de-escalation through bilateral negotiations, as the country does not recognize the jurisdiction of the ICJ.[205]
Following the outbreak of armed conflict in late July, on 24 July, Manet announced he had sent a letter to Asim Iftikhar Ahmad and Ishaq Dar of Pakistan, the then-President of the United Nations Security Council, requesting an urgent meeting to halt "Thailand's aggression against Cambodia's sovereignty."[206]
On 25 July, the Thai Ministry of Foreign Affairs sent a letter to the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), presenting evidence that Cambodia had violated Thai sovereignty and requesting the UNSC President to circulate the letter to member states. Thailand condemned Cambodia’s actions as repeated violations of international law, citing incidents after Thai soldiers stepped on landmines on 16 and 23 July, and called for Cambodia to immediately cease attacks on both military and civilian targets in accordance with the Geneva Conventions.[207][208]
Later on 25 July, Thailand declined mediation offers from the United States, China, and Malaysia, preferring to resolve the dispute bilaterally.[209] On the same day, Manet stated that Cambodia and Thailand had initially agreed to a ceasefire proposed by Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim, but Thailand retracted the agreement an hour before it was to take effect at midnight on 24 July.[210] Cambodia's ambassador to the United Nations, Chhea Keo, also called for an immediate and unconditional ceasefire.[41][211]
There were reports of clashes at the Laos border as well; however, Laotian government denied being involved in the conflict.[212] On 26 July, President Trump held a phone call with Phumtham and Manet to mediate the conflict, stating that both sides had agreed to a ceasefire while noting that sincerity from Cambodia would be required.[213] On 27 July, Phumtham expressed appreciation for the support from Trump and insisted on preferring bilateral dialogue with Cambodia without third-party intervention.[214] U.S. secretary of state Marco Rubio confirmed that U.S. delegates were sent to Malaysia to observe peace negotiations.[215]
On 27 July, Malaysian Foreign Affairs Minister Mohamad Hasan confirmed that both Cambodian and Thai leaders would meet in Malaysia the next day for ceasefire negotiations mediated by Prime Minister Anwar.[216]
On 28 July, Thailand and Cambodia agreed to an unconditional ceasefire, scheduled to take effect at midnight. Talks in Putrajaya involved Phumtham, Foreign Affairs Minister Maris Sangiampongsa, and General Natthaphon Narkphanit meeting with Manet at 3 p.m. (UTC+8), with U.S. and Chinese envoys attending. Co-facilitators included U.S. ambassador to Malaysia Edgard Kagan and Chinese ambassador Ouyang Yujing.[217][218][219]
Following ceasefire accusations at the United Nations General Assembly in New York City, China hosted an informal meeting in Shanghai with Cambodian official Kung Phaok and Thai executive advisor Jullapong Nonsrichai, in which both sides reaffirmed their commitment to the ceasefire.[220]
The two countries agreed to continue discussions on border issues in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in August.[221]
On 7 August, Manet announced Cambodia would officially nominate Trump for the 2025 Nobel Peace Prize for his role in restoring peace and stability along the border.[222] That same day, a General Border Committee meeting in Kuala Lumpur resulted in a 13-point agreement, including cessation of hostilities, avoidance of military provocation, protection of civilians, and maintenance of bilateral communication.[223]
During the General Border Committee meeting on 10 September, Thailand and Cambodia agreed to five additional measures to improve relations:
Removal of heavy weapons from the border area within three weeks.
Formation of a joint committee to assist in de-mining operations.
Curbing online scamming operations along the border.
Management of the Ban Nong Chan area to restore normalcy within September.
Resumption of cross-border trade in selected sections of the border.[224]
From left to right: Anwar Ibrahim, Donald Trump, Anutin Charnvirakul and Hun Manet after the signing of the Kuala Lumpur Peace Accord, 26 October 2025.
The agreement outlined a series of measures aimed at de-escalating the border conflict and restoring stability in the affected regions. Key provisions included:
The withdrawal of heavy artillery and armored vehicles from contested border areas.
The establishment of an interim ceasefire monitoring team composed of ASEAN observers and representatives from both nations.
Bilateral cooperation on landmine clearance and removal of unexploded ordnance from former combat zones.
Replacement of missing or disputed border markers with temporary markers until a permanent demarcation could be negotiated.
The release of 18 Cambodian prisoners of war detained by Thailand during the conflict.
Thai Foreign Affairs Minister Sihasak Phuangketkeow described the accords as a "pathway to peace", while President Trump officially labeled the agreement the Kuala Lumpur Peace Accord, emphasizing the role of international mediation in resolving long-standing territorial disputes.[230][231] On 27 October, Anutin insisted reopening border crossings was conditional on Cambodia implementing and committing to demilitarizing the border and cracking down on the scam centers, saying "all actions must begin with Cambodia".[232]
Renewed conflict
Suspension of peace deal
On 10 November 2025, a landmine, alleged to be Cambodian, exploded in the border in Sisaket province, injuring two Thai soldiers, with one losing their right foot and the other experiencing chest pain.[233] After this incident, Thailand announced it was suspending the implementation of a peace agreement with Cambodia.[234]
Following the incident, the Cambodian Ministry of National Defence expressed regret, stating that the explosion was caused by old landmines remaining from past conflicts. Ministry spokesperson Maly Socheata rejected Thai allegations that Cambodia had laid new mines, affirming compliance with the Ottawa Treaty. The ministry urged Thai troops to avoid patrolling in known mine-contaminated zones to prevent further accidents and affirmed Cambodia’s commitment to peace and bilateral cooperation.[235]
On 12 November 2025 at around 4:00 pm, the Royal Thai Army reported hearing gunfire from the Cambodian side of the border for about ten minutes near Nong Ya Kaeo, Sisaket province.[236] Local Cambodian authorities and Cambodia's Defence Ministry accused the RTA of injuring five Cambodian civilians in Prey Chan Village, Ou Beichoan Commune, Ou Chrov District, Banteay Meanchey province, leaving one civilian dead and several others injured.[237][238] The incident occurred two days after Thailand suspended the peace agreement following the Sisaket landmine explosion. Cambodian authorities stated that an investigation was under way and called for calm while urging both sides to avoid further escalation.[239] In early December 2025, the RTAF acquired the Barak MX air defense system from Israel Aerospace Industries with signs $108m deal.[240][241]
December clashes
On 7 December 2025 at around 2:15 p.m., Cambodia’s Ministry of Defense stated that Thai troops had opened fire with small arms, B-40 grenade launchers, and 60 mm mortars at a Cambodian position in Prolean Thmor area of Choam Khsant District, Preah Vihear Province. Cambodia stated that its troops immediately contacted their Thai counterparts to halt the attack, did not return fire, and that the shooting ceased by 2:32 p.m. Cambodian forces said they continued monitoring the situation while maintaining restraint. The ministry notified the ASEAN Observer Team and requested an investigation, reaffirming Cambodia’s commitment to the ceasefire and peaceful resolution of border issues.[242][243][244]
On Thailand's side, Thailand's Ministry of Defense stated that Cambodian forces opened fire at around 2:15 p.m. at an area around Phu Pha Lek-Phlan Hin Paet Kon of Sisaket Province while Thai soldiers were carrying out a mission to improve the route from Phu Pha Lek to Phieng Fa Checkpoint. Two Thai soldiers were injured, one shot in the leg and another shot in the chest area of his body armor. Thailand stated that Cambodian forces also fired a recoilless gun into Thai territory, prompting Thai forces to return fire in accordance with the rules of engagement and international principles of proportionality. The clash later ended at 2:50 p.m., The Ministry of Defence condemns the actions of the Cambodian side for claiming that the Thai military had fired first and that Cambodian forces did not return fire despite clear evidence that Thai soldiers were injured by Cambodian military weapons and intended to escalate tensions.[245]
Following a 35-minute clash in Sisaket Province that injured two Thai soldiers, the Second Army Region of the Thai military announced border evacuations in Buriram, Surin, Sisaket, and Ubon Ratchathani and encouraged residents to hide in shelters, citing 'current uncertainty and the possibility that the clashes may escalate'.[246]
8–9 December
Thai military vehicles on the road after clashes erupted
On the morning of 8 December, fighting erupted across the border. The 2nd Army Area of the Thai military announced that the RTAF had launched an air strike campaign along the border with Cambodia in retaliation to clashes that killed one Thai soldier in Ubon Ratchathani province.[247][248][249] The RTA also claimed that the RCA launched BM-21 rockets against Thai civilians.[250]
At around 5:04 a.m., Thai forces reportedly opened fire on Cambodian positions in Preah Vihear province, including the An Ses area, Tamoan Thom temple, and the 5 Makara zone. Cambodian authorities stated that their troops did not return fire and had not deployed heavy weapons, rejecting Thai claims that Cambodia provoked the attacks. Thailand also deployed F-16 fighter jets targeting Cambodian artillery positions. The clashes prompted evacuations in Preah Vihear and Oddar Meanchey provinces, injured several civilians, damaged several houses, and led to temporary school and hospital closures on both sides of the border to protect civilians.[251][252]
At 2:30 p.m. Thailand set a ultimatum for a ceasefire at 6 p.m. or Thailand will use its full military strength.[253] Thailand said it will continue using military action against Cambodia.[254] The Civil Aviation Authority of Thailand (CAAT) banned drone flights in several border provinces from December 9.[255]
Cambodia denied the claims that clashes resulted in the death of a Thai soldier. Cambodian information minister Neth Pheaktra later told Agence France-Presse that Thai attacks killed at least four Cambodian civilians in Oddar Meanchey and Preah Vihear and that 10 others were also wounded.[249][256]
Fighting intensified on 9 December after the ultimatum. RTA Chief of Staff, General Chaiyapruek Duangprapat, stated that the RTA's current objective is to "incapacitate the Cambodian army to prevent future threats or incursions."[257] That same day, the RTN stated that "up to 80%" of Cambodian positions including weapon and supply storage were destroyed by the Royal Thai Marine Corps (RTMC) during the operation around the "Three House" casino complex near the border of Trat province, while the RTMC suffered no casualty.[258]
According to the Cambodia's Ministry of National Defence spokeswoman Maly Socheata reported that shelling by Thai forces between 8–9 December killed seven Cambodian civilians and injured 20 others. The ministry condemned the attacks as "inhuman and brutal", calling them a violation of the ceasefire and the Cambodia–Thailand Joint Declaration signed on 26 October 2025.[259] Furthermore, reports indicated that Thailand deployed tanks and conducted airstrikes during the assault. [260] Later that night, the RTA stated that the RCA's PHL-03 long-range multiple rocket launcher was spotted in Kampong Thom province.[261]
Cambodia's Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts condemned Thai military attacks on Prasat Ta Krabey, describing them as "profoundly immoral" and a violation of cultural heritage. The ministry called on UNESCO and ASEAN to intervene and noted that nearby the Preah Vihear temple was also damaged, including facilities under a Cambodia–India conservation project. Cambodia pledged to hold those responsible accountable under international law.[262][263]
10–11 December
On 10 December, one day after the opening ceremony of the 2025 SEA Games hosted in Thailand, Cambodia announced the complete withdrawal of its delegation from the Games, citing escalating border clashes and safety fears expressed by athletes’ families.[264][265] Around 30 Cambodian athletes and officials had already taken part in the opening ceremony on 9 December, but the delegation exited the competition before any events began.[266]
An 4:30 p.m., the RTA officially codenamed the military operation as Operation Sattawat (Thai: ยุทธการศตวรรษ) to honour the fallen Thai soldiers and Sergeant Major Sattawat Sujarit, the first fallen soldier in the second clashes.[267] The RTA also announced the destruction of a tower crane near the Preah Vihear complex which were allegedly used by the RCA for observation purposes.[268] At 5.00 p.m., the RTA's Burapha command declared martial law and curfew from 9 p.m. to 5 a.m. in four districts of Sa Kaeo province.[269]
On the morning of 11 December, the RTAF's F-16 fighters bombed a casino in Banteay Ampil district of Oddar Meanchey province, in addition of destroying the nearby oil depot via the RTA's artillery strikes.[270] That same day, Cambodia accused Thai forces of shelling the Khnar Temple area as well as civilians in Banteay Meachay province.[271]
12–13 December
On 12 December, the RTA's 2nd Army Division released a statement that Cambodia employed FPV suicide drones of similar design to the one used by Ukraine in the Russo-Ukrainian war, which were allegedly controlled by foreign mercenaries.[272] On 10:00 p.m., Thailand's prime minister Anutin Charnvirakul confirmed that he has made a phone call with his Malaysian counterpart Anwar Ibrahim and the US president Donald Trump about potential ceasefire. According to Anutin, Trump "urged for a ceasefire", although he is "understanding" of Thailand's circumstance. In the press conference, Anutin reaffirmed the Thai government's position that the military operation is not an invasion, but a "defense of Thai sovereignty and people" and that Cambodia "must abide by the ceasefire, must withdraw their forces, and must disarm the minefields with observable results."[273]
On 13 December, Cambodia's prime minister Hun Manet announced that he had phone conversation with both Anwar Ibrahim and Donald Trump to find ways for a ceasefire. During the phone call, he thanked their efforts for peaceful resolution and reaffirmed Cambodia's commitment to the Kualar Lumpur Joint Declaration. He also remarked his suggestion to use satellite verification regarding the shooting on 7 December.[274][275]
The same day, Cambodia accused Thailand of continuing airstrikes hours after U.S. President Donald Trump announced that Bangkok and Phnom Penh had agreed to a ceasefire. Cambodia’s Ministry of National Defense stated that two Thai F-16 fighter jets dropped seven bombs on multiple targets, including hotel buildings and bridges in the Thmor Da area of Pursat province.[276] The ministry also reported that Thai naval forces fired artillery shells into Koh Kong province in the early hours of the morning, striking coastal areas and civilian infrastructure. The clashes, which intensified earlier, forced residents in Koh Kong province to flee their homes, according to Cambodian authorities, as hostilities spread into coastal areas.[277][278]
At 6.10 a.m., the RTAF released images confirming the destruction of the Chay Chum Nia bridge and a casino in Pursat province via bombing campaign. Both locations are considered vital for the RCA's military supply and therefore designated "military targets" by the RTAF.[279] Later, the RTN confirmed shelling against Cambodian positions on the Koh Yor island in Koh Kong province, stating that it destroyed two 130 mm battery emplacements.[280] Several BM-21 strikes were reported in Sisaket and Sa Kaeo provinces, the former struck a civilian house resulting in numerous injuries.[281][282]
At the press conference on 6:20 p.m., Anutin denied Anwar Ibrahim's Facebook post that both Cambodia and Thailand will observe a ceasefire on 10:00 p.m. that day, stating that he has not made any ceasefire agreement during any of the phone calls with Ibrahim.[283] Anutin cited the continued rocket attacks on border provinces as one of the reason for Thailand's refusal.[284] At 10:00 p.m., fighting reportedly ceased around the border of the Surin province, although sporadic clashes were reported at Chong Ahn Ma, which the RTA captured earlier that day.[285]
14–16 December
Fighting resumed on the morning of 14 December. Around 04:15 a.m., provincial officials reported that Cambodian forces fired BM-21 rockets into Kantharalak, Sisaket Province, with at least one rocket striking a residential house, killing a civilian.[286][287] At 7:20 a.m., the RTMC captured the "Three House" casino complex on the border of Trat province. The area, which allegedly encroaches the Thai border for at least 40 years, is considered of military importance due to its usage as a base by the RCA.[288]
On 15 December, Cambodia reported that the RTAF's F-16 fighter jets had stricken near evacuee camps in Srei Snam district, Siem Reap province, more than 70 kilometers from the border causing more evacuations from the conflict area.[289][290] At 12:00 a.m., the RTAF officially stated that the bombing targeted Cambodian weapon depots in the Banteay Meachay.[291] The RTA also announced that they have captured Prasat Ta Krabey[292] and Hill 500 at Chong Bok, the latter resulted into the RTA captured a large number of Chinese-made anti-tank missiles, including the GAM-102LRfire-and-forget ATGM.[293] At 5:00 p.m. the Russian Embassy of Thailand released a statement denying the allegations of Russian mercenaries employed by Cambodia.[294]
On 16 December, Thai Minister of Foreign Affairs Sihasak Puangketkaew stated during the interview that the United Nations Security Council has not yet considered holding a special meeting regarding the conflict. Regarding the capture of Chinese-made weapons on Hill 500, Sihasak stated that the Chinese ambassador has clarified that the weapons delivered to Cambodia were old ones, and that they have not delivering any new arms, however "there may be various ways these weapons were obtained."[295]
17-18 December
the Thai army clashed with the Cambodian army at "hill 350"[296][297]
By late July, approximately 138,000 civilians in Thailand had been evacuated from areas near the border, while a total of over 200,000 people were displaced across both countries.[298] Reports indicated that thousands of residents were fleeing from other towns near the frontier as civilian infrastructure, including hospitals and gas stations, came under attack.[299][300][301]
On 26 July, Cambodia announced the death of Major General Duong Samneang, commander of the 7th Infantry Division, who was killed by an artillery strike in the Chong Ta Thao–Phu Makhuea area.[302]
During the five-day clashes in July, 48 people were confirmed killed,[303] including: 16 Thai[37] and five Cambodian soldiers,[27] 17 Thai[40] and eight Cambodian civilians,[27] and two unknown persons. According to an independent analysis by Nikkei Asia, the actual combatant death toll on the Cambodian side was at least 50.[33]
According to Thai authorities, about 20 hospitals in border provinces sustained significant damages estimated at 285 million baht (US$8.78 million). The most severely affected was Phanom Dong Rak Hospital in Surin province, where full restoration was expected to take "years."[304]
In addition to infrastructure destruction, the Cambodian Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training issued a statement warning of increasing violence and harassment toward Cambodian migrant workers in Thailand, calling upon international brands and consumers to ensure their protection.[305]
Following the ceasefire in early August, Thai media reported a massive traffic congestion spanning 8 kilometres at the Ban Laem border checkpoint, where about 20,000 Cambodian nationals were attempting to return home.[306]
On 17 November, an 18-year-old Cambodian migrant worker was reported to have been raped by a group of Thai "black-uniform soldiers" (Thahan Phran) while travelling back to Cambodia from Thailand with other Cambodian migrant workers who were also subjected to violent conducts.[307] The next day, a representative of 216 Confederations, Unions, Organisations, Associations, and Communities categorically condemned the action of the perpetrators calling it 'a grave violation of human rights, women’s rights, and the national rights of migrant workers' in relation to the this assault.[308] The Royal Thai army dismissed the claims, saying that it is an attempt by Cambodia to smear Thailand’s image.[309] This incident happened after months of Cambodian migrant workers fleeing Thailand amid rising discrimination and violence, which includes at least four Cambodian workers being assaulted and social media posts calling Thais to show patriotism by attacking Cambodians.[310][311]
According to the Ministry of National Defence of Cambodia, the Thai military’s shooting targeted at civilian locations from December 8, 2025, to December 9, 2025, resulted in the death of 7 Cambodian civilians, including one infant, and 20 were seriously injured.[312][313]
The conflict also spread into South Korea, as Thai people in South Korea were assaulted by Cambodians.[314][315]
Since 10 October, Cambodia has closed the Poipet border crossing and preventing thousands of Thai citizens from leaving the country. On 12 December, the RTA released a statement accusing Cambodian authorities of detaining Thai citizens, an action that may constitute a war crime.[316] During that time, around 100 Thai citizens in Cambodia chose to return to their homeland via illegal border crossings.[317] Later on 15 December, Cambodian senate leader Hun Sen posted a statement addressing the Thai accusation of detaining their citizens at Poipet crossing, stating that Cambodia did not intend to detain the Thai citizens, but "closed the land borders for the safety of both Cambodian and Thai citizens", and urged not to interpret the border closure as a provocation.[318]
Thailand: During the initial clashes, then-suspended Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra condemned Cambodia for attacking Thai positions and civilian areas, vowing that Thailand would retaliate if its sovereignty continued to be violated.[322][323]
ASEAN member states
Brunei: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that Brunei was closely following developments at the border, urging both sides to exercise caution and engage in communication and consultations to de-escalate the crisis.[324]
Laos: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed deep concern about the situation along the Cambodia–Thailand border and called on both sides to exercise restraint and seek a peaceful solution to the ongoing tensions.[328]
Malaysia: Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim voiced concern over the border clashes and expressed his readiness to engage with both parties to help facilitate de-escalation and peace talks.[329] He described the situation as "worrying" and stated, "I have sent messages to both prime ministers and look forward to speaking with them later today or tonight." He added, "The least we can expect is for them to stand down and hopefully try to enter into negotiation."[330]
Philippines: The Department of Foreign Affairs emphasized the importance of maintaining open communication and ensuring de-escalation of the situation. It expressed hope that both countries would address their differences peacefully and in accordance with international law.[332][333] In a later statement, President Bongbong Marcos said that the Philippines was open to assisting in efforts to restore peace between the two nations.[334]
Singapore: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed serious concern about the ongoing clashes and urged both countries to cease hostilities, de-escalate tensions through diplomatic channels, and ensure the safety of civilians.[335]
Vietnam: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs called on both sides to exercise utmost restraint, refrain from the use of force, and resolve their differences peacefully in accordance with international law and regional solidarity.[336]
Elsewhere
Australia: A spokesperson for the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade stated that the Australian government was "deeply concerned" by reports of clashes along the Thai–Cambodian border, including the shelling of residential areas.[337] Foreign Minister Penny Wong urged both sides to de-escalate tensions and resolve the dispute peacefully.[338]
Bangladesh: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs welcomed the ceasefire between Thailand and Cambodia, expressing hope that both nations would continue to pursue a lasting solution through diplomatic means.[339]
Brazil: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs advised Brazilian citizens to avoid travel to the border region until the cessation of hostilities, urging both parties to show restraint and to seek a peaceful resolution.[340]
Canada: The Government of Canada voiced grave concern over reports of civilian casualties near the border and called on both sides to de-escalate hostilities and engage in dialogue to reach a peaceful settlement.[341]
China: Foreign Ministry spokesperson Guo Jiakun expressed concern over developments and urged both nations to resolve differences through dialogue and consultation.[329]Wang Yi, Director of the Office of the Central Foreign Affairs Commission, described the conflict as "heartbreaking" and attributed it to "the legacy of colonialism," while reaffirming China's support for ASEAN's mediation efforts and a "fair and impartial" stance.[342]
France: The Government of France expressed deep concern over the armed clashes and offered condolences to the victims. It urged both parties to cease fighting immediately and resolve their differences in accordance with international law.[343]
India: The Ministry of External Affairs stated that it was closely monitoring the situation, urging all parties to end hostilities and prevent further escalation. It later issued a travel advisory for citizens in Cambodia.[345][346]
Japan: Foreign Minister Takeshi Iwaya conveyed Japan's "deep concern" over the situation and called for restraint and peaceful dialogue. Japan subsequently provided US$1.8 million in emergency aid to affected border communities.[347][348] Japan's Press Secretary Kitamura Toshihiro stated “The improvement of relations between Cambodia and Thailand is indispensable for the stability and development of the entire region." on the 8th of December[349]
Norway: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs voiced alarm over the escalating situation, urging both sides to cease hostilities and pursue peaceful dialogue.[352]
Russia: Foreign Ministry spokesperson Maria Zakharova expressed concern over the escalation and called for restraint and dialogue to achieve a peaceful settlement.[354][355]
Sri Lanka: The Government of Sri Lanka called on both sides to engage in early diplomatic dialogue aimed at resolving their differences peacefully.[358]
Timor-Leste: The Government of Timor-Leste approved a resolution urging both sides to cease hostilities and supporting ASEAN's peaceful dispute resolution mechanisms.[360]
United Kingdom: Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Indo-Pacific Catherine West expressed distress over civilian casualties and called for restraint and dialogue.[362]
Uzbekistan: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that it was monitoring developments closely and called for adherence to international law and peaceful resolution of the dispute.[367]
Supranational organizations
ASEAN: ASEAN Foreign Ministers collectively expressed deep concern over the situation, called both sides to cease all hostilities, strictly undertake ceasefire, and endorsed negotiations.[368]
European Union: Foreign affairs spokesperson Anouar El Anouni expressed his concern on behalf of the bloc and called for de-escalation from both sides and to resolve the conflict with peaceful dialogue.[369]
United Nations: UN secretary-general António Guterres stated that he is following with concern reports of armed clashes at the border between Cambodia and Thailand and urged both sides to exercise maximum restraint and address any issues through dialogue and in a spirit of good neighborliness, with a view to finding a lasting solution to the dispute.[370]
Independent analysis
Nathan Ruser, a satellite data analyst at the Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI), and his researcher Angela Atitaya Suriyasenee,[371] assessed that the military tensions leading up to the 24 July 2025 clash originated mainly from the Cambodian side. He noted that Cambodian forces had reinforced multiple positions before the 28 May incident and rapidly deployed further units afterward. According to his analysis, Cambodia was responsible for 33 escalatory actions compared to 14 by Thailand, while nine were joint de-escalatory measures. These findings were based on official situation reports rather than satellite imagery as was widely assumed.[372][373][374]
In a report by its defence analyst and Asia-Pacific editor Ridzwan Rahmat, Janes Information Services likewise observed that Cambodian forces had fortified the border region in advance, with satellite imagery between March and August 2025 showing newly constructed bunkers, access roads, and defensive positions near Trapeang Kul.[375]
A BBC News article by Jonathan Head, its long-time South East Asia correspondent in Bangkok, similarly described the events of 24 July as beginning with a Cambodian rocket barrage into Thailand, followed by retaliatory Thai air strikes.[137]
Notes
↑Paetongtarn Shinawatra was ordered by the Constitutional Court to cease performing her duties as prime minister starting from 1 July 2025. The cabinet appointed Suriya Juangroongruangkit as acting prime minister, who was later replaced by Phumtham Wechayachai on 3 July. On 29 August, the Court ruled to remove her from office for serious ethical misconduct arising from the conversation with Hun Sen, with retroactive effect from 1 July.
↑"ด่วน! ผู้ว่าฯสุรินทร์ ขอประชาชน อ.พนมดงรัก อยู่ในหลุมหลบภัยใกล้บ้าน เตรียมอพยพ"[Urgent! Surin Governor asks residents of Phanom Dong Rak District to stay in shelters near their homes and prepare to evacuate]. ThaiTV5HD (in Thai). 24 July 2025. Archived from the original on 28 July 2025. Retrieved 28 July 2025. At 07.35 on 24 July, at Ta Muen Thom Temple, the Second Task Force of the Suranaree Army sent a team to coordinate border talks and inform Cambodia that Thailand had closed tourism to Ta Muen Thom Temple. The talks failed and Cambodia refused to give in. Later, Thai officials placed concertina wire around the entrance and the area around Ta Muen Thom Temple.
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